Average Annual Rate Of Increase Research Articles

Economic justification of recycling in the processing industry

The article outlines the prerequisites for implementing the principles of the circular economy in the activities of enterprises in the processing industry, and defines the peculiarities of the circular economy functioning. The absolute dynamics of environmental pollution were investigated, the average annual rate of increase in the volume of pollution, structural shifts in the use of waste by region, and the environmental friendliness of the products of the processing industry were analyzed. The methods of assessing structural changes make it possible to determine the nature of the changes that occurred within the hierarchy of priorities. On the other hand, methods of scenario analysis changes in the environmental pollution amount per unit of production of the processing industry were applied. The concept of closed ecological and economic cycle development in the processing industry is proposed, which combines modern practical experience of the circular economy implementation and economic and mathematical methods and models, allows to perform a quantitative assessment of the impact of the proposed measures on the environment and to adopt reasoned more balanced decisions. Recommendations for the implementation of the ecological and economic cycle in the processing industry of Ukraine were provided.

Growth rate of adult obesity prevalence in China and target population for prevention and control from 2013 to 2018

Objective: To investigate the annual growth rate of obesity prevalence of residents aged 18 and above in China and prevention keypoints for target populations from 2013 to 2018. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Subjects from China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance project in 2013 and 2018 were included. The prevalence of obesity and growth rate in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China were collected through survey questionnaires and on-site measurements. Other demographic data such as the proportion of obesity control measures, diet, exercise and drug use was also analyzed. Obesity among adults was defined as body mass index≥28.0 kg/m². Results: A total of 174 736 residents, aged (51.5±14.2) years, which included 74 704 (42.8%) males were recruited in 2013, and 179 125 residents, aged (55.1±13.8) years, which included 79 337 (44.3%) males were included in 2018. The average annual increase rate of adult obesity prevalence in China from 2013 to 2018 was 3.2% (uncertainty interval (UI) 2.7%-3.6%), and the average increase rate of obesity prevalence among men (5.2% (UI 4.6%-5.9%)) was higher than that of women (0.9% (UI 0.5%-1.3%)). For subgroups analysis, the average increase rate of obesity prevalence among residents aged 18 to 29 (7.4% (UI 6.9%-7.9%)), education level beyond college degree (6.3% (UI 5.5%-7.1%)), and unmarried population (11.2% (UI 10.2%-12.1%)) were higher than that of other subgroups between 2013 and 2018. The residents in Hainan province showed the highest average annual growth rate of obesity. With the exception of Shanxi, Hunan, Gansu and Ningxia province, the annual growth rate of obesity prevalence among adults increased in all other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2013 to 2018. For the obese population, the proportion of people who took weight control measures increased from 22.6% in 2013 to 32.7% in 2018. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity growth characteristics in subpopulations and regions in China are obviously different. Accordingly the focus points of obesity prevention and control in different regions should have their own emphasis.

Evaluation of agricultural and rural pollution under environmental measures in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

In this study, material flow and spatial analysis methods were used to evaluate and predict the spatial–temporal pattern evolution of agricultural and rural nitrogen (N) flow in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China from 1949 to 2050 and to analyze agricultural and rural pollution control by environmental measures. The results showed that since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the crop harvest in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has shown an overall upward trend, and the increase in the period from 1979 to 1997 was the fastest, with an average annual increase rate of 3.8%. Since the reform and opening up, N loss (storage) increased from 50.97 × 108 kgN in 1978 to 140.15 × 108 kgN in 2014, a 2.75-fold increase. In 2015, China began to implement measures to prevent and control agricultural and rural pollution, and N loss (storage) decreased yearly. In 2019, the N loss (storage) decreased by 18.22% compared with that in 2015, but it was still high. Each year, 113.44 × 108 kgN was still lost to the atmosphere, water and soil, which was 1.53 times the amount of N harvested with crops. The N loss rate was as high as 60%. Before 2014, N discharge into surface water from agricultural and rural areas in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased annually, especially after 1978, with an average growth rate of 4.76%, leading to severe nonpoint source pollution. With the implementation of the pollution control policy, the N lost to surface water began to show a downward trend in 2015, but it was still 2.17 times higher than the environmental risk threshold in 2019. According to the prediction, under the scenarios of the business-as-usual, fertilizer reduction, engineering and rural improvement patterns, the N emissions from the system to surface water in 2050 are expected to be reduced by 25.76%, 45.5%, 30% and 30%, respectively, compared with those in 2019, but will still be higher than the environmental risk threshold. Under the integrated pattern, the N emissions to surface water are reduced to 4.32 × 108 kgN in 2050, which is lower than the environmental risk threshold and can achieve the goal of nonpoint source pollution control. A single environmental measure cannot effectively control nonpoint source pollution. It is necessary to promote an integrated pattern to achieve green and sustainable development of agriculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Type 1 Diabetes Incidence Trends in a Cohort of Turkish Children and Youth.

The aim was to analyze the incidence trend and annual average incidence change of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in the population <18 years of age in Malatya province. Medical files of patients followed up with T1DM in pediatric endocri- nology clinics were reviewed. The data for the child census was taken from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), and T1DM incidence was analyzed according to the calendar year, gender, and age groups. Recently diagnosed T1DM patients per 100 000 children per year were calculated. In addition, the trend in annual incidence change over the period 2007-2019 was analyzed. The mean incidence of T1DM during the 13 years was 13.1/105 child years (13.8/105 child years for girls and 12.4/105 child years for boys). During the 13-year follow-up period, a sig- nificant increasing trend in the incidence of T1DM was detected. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was 8.3%. According to age groups, the average AAPC was 8.1% between 0 and 4 years old, 9.4% between 5 and 9 years old, 12.1% between 10 and 14 years old, and 30.1% between 15 and 17 years old. The incidence of T1DM in children under 18 years of age in Malatya, one of the larg- est cities in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, was determined as 13.1/105 child years in the last 13 years and the average annual increase rate was 8.3%.

사회복지사법 제정과 사회복지종사자 처우에 관한 연구 - 관련 조례 제정과 사회복지종사자 보수를 중심으로 -

The contents of this study are as follows. First, the Act on the Improvement of the Treatment and Status of Social Workers, etc. (hereinafter referred to as the "Act")As of March 6, 2023, 239 local governments out of a total of 243 local governments enacted ordinances, and only four local governments did not enact ordinances, reaching 98.3%.&#x0D; Second, the annual growth rate of social welfare workers was compared and analyzed to determine how the legislation affected the remuneration level of social welfare workers, and as a result, the annual increase rate was 3.73% for three years from 2012 to 2014, and for six years from 2015 to 2020, the average annual increase rate was 6.08%, an increase of 36.5%. This will require various analyses, including the overall perception of labor in society and the increase in earned income of the entire nation, but some can be judged to be effective in enacting laws. In addition, as a result of examining the remuneration level data for social welfare workers compared to the ordinance-making ratio by metropolitan and provincial governments, the highest remuneration level was assumed to be 100 in 2014 and the lowest remuneration level was 75.5%, in 2017, the ratio increased to 83.2%, and in 2020, it was found that the ratio increased to 85.5%. As such, it can be seen that local governments have improved their awareness of the enactment of ordinances, and as a result of these efforts, it was judged that the remuneration level of social welfare workers could gradually increase.&#x0D; As a result of regression analysis between the three-year ordinance-making ratio and the annual total salary of social workers in 2014, 2017, and 2020, the regression model was (the annual total salary) = 24,622,425(KRW) + 68,969(KRW)×(ordinance-making ratio)i where i = 1.2...45, and the annual total salary increased by 1% to an average of 68,969 Korean currency, won.&#x0D; And the explanatory power(R-square=.352) was analyzed as 35.2%.&#x0D; In conclusion, it can be seen that the law enacted in March 2011 influenced the enactment and revision of ordinances by local governments and contributed to the improvement of the remuneration level of social welfare workers.

Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality trends in urban Shanghai, China from 1973 to 2017: a joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis.

To provide a comprehensive overview of epidemiological features and temporal trends of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai from 1973 to 2017. Data on pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai were obtained through the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Vital Statistics System. Joinpoint analysis was used to describe the temporal trends and annual percent changes (APCs) and age-period-cohort analysis were used to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on pancreatic cancer. There were a total of 29,253 cases and 27,105 deaths of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai over the 45-year study period. The overall average annual age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 5.45/100,000 and 5.02/100,000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates demonstrated fluctuating upward trends, with an average annual increase rate of 1.51% (APC = 1.51, P < 0.001) and 1.04% (APC = 1.04, P < 0.001), respectively. The upward trend in incidence was greater for females than for males, while the trend in mortality was seen in both sexes equally and continuously. In recent years (2013-2017), the age-specific incidence rates increased further than before, with statistically significant changes in the 35-year, 45- to 55-year and 70- to 85-year age groups (P < 0.05). The age-specific mortality rates also showed obvious upward trends, which in the 50- to 55-year, and 75- to 85-year age groups increased significantly. The results of the age-period-cohort analysis suggested significant effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence of pancreatic cancer. The prevalence of pancreatic cancer, dramatically influenced by socioeconomic development and lifestyles, demonstrated a significant upward trend from 1973 to 2017 in urban Shanghai and underscored the necessity and urgency for additional efforts in primary and secondary prevention measures.

Current approaches in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HPV-associated cervical diseases: practical recommendations. A review

Papillomavirus infection is one of the most important infectious diseases of the reproductive system. The genome of human papillomavirus (HPV) transforms the cervical epithelial cells, leading to progressive changes: from cervical epithelial neoplasia to carcinoma in situ and further to invasive cancer. More than 550 000 cases of cervical cancer (CC) are reported yearly. In Russia, the incidence of CC in 2020 decreased for the first time in 20 years, and the average annual rate of increase in incidence was 1.27%. It became possible thanks to the introduction of a new system of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer, in particular, the introduction of screening and a program of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. Uniform for all countries, screening cervical diseases aims to diagnose changes in the cervical epithelium that occur due to HPV, which may be silent. Until now, the basis of screening programs was a cytological study (pap-test). Since 2018, most EU countries have switched to primary screening for HPV (HPV test) due to its greater sensitivity compared to the cytological method. No etiopathogenetic methods of HPV therapy have been developed yet. However, numerous studies have described the effective treatment of HPV-associated cervical lesions. It was shown that the most effective is a comprehensive approach involving treatment aimed at abnormal tissues and nonspecific antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy. The basis of the CC prevention strategy, of course, is primary prevention through vaccination. Studies are ongoing on the effectiveness of the new generation of vaccines based on the L2 viral protein and therapeutic vaccines against HPV.

Emission trends of air pollutants and CO2 in China from 2005 to 2021

Abstract. China is facing the challenge of synergistic reduction of air pollutants and CO2 emissions. However, the studies on its historical progress and future priorities are insufficient. This study compiled China's emission inventory of air pollutants and CO2 from 2005 to 2021 (ABaCAS-EI v2.0 dataset) based on a unified emission-source framework by considering the influences of activity level, technology evolution, and emission control policies. The characteristics of air pollutants and CO2 emissions were comprehensively analyzed from multiple dimensions such as time, space, sector, and synergies between air pollutants and CO2 emissions. Mitigation policies have decoupled the emissions of air pollutants and CO2 with economic development in China since 2013. In the context of growing activity levels, energy structure adjustment and energy and material saving reduced the average annual increase rate of CO2 emissions by 7 % after 2011. Based on this, end-of-pipe control contributed 51 %–98 % of air pollutant emission reductions after 2013. Industrial boilers and residential fossil fuel combustion sectors in seven provinces (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jilin, Henan, Sichuan, and Qinghai) achieved emission reductions in both air pollutants and CO2 during 2013–2021. The declining trends in both the sectoral and regional emission ratios of air pollutants to CO2 indicated that the potential for synergistic emission reduction in China declined from 2013 to 2021. The emission ratios in 2021 showed that residential fossil fuel combustion, iron and steel industry, and transportation exhibited relatively higher co-benefits of SO2, PM2.5, NOx, and VOC emission reductions when CO2 emissions were reduced. Most cities with a higher potential to synergistically reduce NOx, VOC, and CO2 emissions were within the Yangtze River Economic Belt, while those with a higher potential to co-control SO2 and CO2, and PM2.5 and CO2 were in southern and northeast China, respectively. Further deconstruction of the sectoral emissions in 2021 suggested future reduction measures: for example, controlling coal consumption in the energy field; promoting innovative technologies with low air pollutant emission intensities and coal-saving measures in the iron and steel industry; combining coal and carbonate replacement technologies with separated particle control measures in the cement industry; and controlling light-duty passenger vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, agricultural machinery, and inland water transport in the transportation sector. Our dataset and findings provide insights into the co-control of air pollutants and CO2 emissions in the future in China and other countries with the same demand. Our ABaCAS-EI v2.0 dataset can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21777005.v1 (S. Li et al., 2022) by species, sector, and province.

Estimating Wolf Population Size and Dynamics by Field Monitoring and Demographic Models: Implications for Management and Conservation.

We estimated the current size and dynamics of the wolf population in Tuscany and investigated the trends and demographic drivers of population changes. Estimates were obtained by two different approaches: (i) mixed-technique field monitoring (from 2014 to 2016) that found the minimum observed pack number and estimated population size, and (ii) an individual-based model (run by Vortex software v. 10.3.8.0) with demographic inputs derived from a local intensive study area and historic data on population size. Field monitoring showed a minimum population size of 558 wolves (SE = 12.005) in 2016, with a density of 2.74 individuals/100 km2. The population model described an increasing trend with an average annual rate of increase λ = 1.075 (SE = 0.014), an estimated population size of about 882 individuals (SE = 9.397) in 2016, and a density of 4.29 wolves/100 km2. Previously published estimates of wolf population were as low as 56.2% compared to our field monitoring estimation and 34.6% in comparison to our model estimation. We conducted sensitivity tests to analyze the key parameters driving population changes based on juvenile and adult mortality rates, female breeding success, and litter size. Mortality rates played a major role in determining intrinsic growth rate changes, with adult mortality accounting for 62.5% of the total variance explained by the four parameters. Juvenile mortality was responsible for 35.8% of the variance, while female breeding success and litter size had weak or negligible effects. We concluded that reliable estimates of population abundance and a deeper understanding of the role of different demographic parameters in determining population dynamics are crucial to define and carry out appropriate conservation and management strategies to address human-wildlife conflicts.

Salinisation of Reclaimed Agricultural Land in the Altai Territory: Cluster Analysis

The Altai Territory occupies a leading position among the constituent entities of the Siberian Federal District in terms of arable land, of which more than 80% are located in the zone of unstable moisture. Irrigation is the predominant form of agricultural hydraulic reclamation in the region. The area of irrigated land is about 69 thousand hectares, of which almost 10% of the area has varying degrees of salinity in the 0‑100 cm layer. Prolonged irrigation and non-compliance with irrigation technologies can lead to salinisation of land. In the Russian Federation, all irrigation systems havecommon rules for collecting data on soil condition, conducting soil salinity surveys and laboratory processing of field research material. The analysis of irrigated agricultural land by the degree of its salinisation was carried out according to the data of the land reclamation cadastre for the period from 1 January 2013 to 1 January 2022. A model of the dynamics of highly and very highly saline areas was built, statistical estimates of the quality of the model were checked, and the average annual rate of increase in the area of saline areas was determined. The most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas were analysed. These are high groundwater levels and groundwater salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. An analysis of the most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas was carried out, including high groundwater levels and salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. The dynamics of areas with different groundwater levels, different salinities of groundwater and irrigation water are given. Based on the data from the beginning of 2022, a cluster analysis of the regions of the Altai Territory was carried out according to the degree of salinisation of agricultural land. The quality of the clustering was checked.

Analysis and prediction of carbon emission in the large green commercial building: A case study in Dalian, China

Reducing carbon emissions from the construction industry has been vital to addressing the growing global environmental change challenge. Building energy consumption data is crucial to many applications, such as carbon emission auditing, energy efficiency improvement, etc. This study aims to mine the energy consumption patterns of commercial buildings and explore the applicability of a data-driven model in building carbon emissions prediction. This research selected Dalian's large-scale green commercial building as a case study. The electrical load data for the past four years were collected, and the indoor and outdoor environmental data were monitored under different seasons. Machine learning was used to develop building carbon emissions forecasting models. The average annual increase rate of building electricity consumption before the pandemic was 5.9%. Miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) is the largest electricity consumer in the target building. On typical days, indoor illuminance and CO2 are highly correlated under different seasons. A forecasting model based on ensemble learning is found to have certain advantages in building carbon emissions prediction.

Estimating population changes in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae migrating past Cape Vidal, South Africa

Shore-based surveys of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae were performed from Cape Vidal, on the east coast of South Africa (iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area, Indian Ocean), from two independent platforms between 27 June and 7 August in 2018 and 2019, to estimate the relative abundance and growth rate of the C1 breeding substock of the species. Observed whale groups were tracked by analogue survey theodolites, and observed numbers were adjusted to account for daily sighting effort and the proportions of groups missed by observers. Daily sighting frequency was aggregated across the season to result in annual relative abundance estimates of 10 499 (2018) and 11 009 (2019) individuals, with peak frequencies from 28 July to 3 August in both years. When compared with previous estimates from the same study area, we estimated an average annual increase rate of 7.4% to 8.8% over 31 years from 1988. These results indicate a slowing of the rate of increase from previous estimates, which could suggest that the population is approaching pre-exploitation numbers or that yet unidentified threats are negatively impacting the growth rate. Continued monitoring of the recovering humpback whale stocks is critical to identify any possible effects of Southern Ocean ecosystem changes on the stock health of these whales.

The analysis of the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of total factor productivity of maize: Introducing the perspective of financial support

The problem we studied is the analysis of the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of total factor productivity of maize. The importance lies in that maize is one of the prominent grain crops in China, the improvement of maize production efficiency is helpful to guarantee the national food security. From the perspective of financial support, deepened the connotation of DEA model, this paper innovatively constructs the Global Malmquist index method, in view of the data of 13 major grain producing areas in China from 2007 to 2017, talks over the temporal evolution characteristics and spatial distribution modes of total factor productivity (TFP) of maize. The main results show that the TFP of maize production in China’s major grain producing areas is mostly of a high level between 2007 and 2017, revealing a fluctuating upward drift, with an average annual rate of increase of 10.7%. The conclusion we draw from the results is that as shown in the decomposition index, the variation of TFP of maize production mainly attributes to the shift of technological progress. In terms of space, the TFP of maize production in the central district is the highest, the eastern and western districts are relatively low.

Implicit Environmental Injustice in Global Trade: Based on the MRIO Model.

To answer these questions in light of the MRIO model, this paper presents a study of environmental injustice affecting the global economy. Practical ideas and lifespan measurements are often used in studies of the embodied carbon industry. The input-output table method is an important method for industrial embodied carbon research, which can be divided into the regional input-output table method, bilateral input-output table method, and multiregional input-output table method. Bilateral and multistakeholder consultations are more accurate than regional proposals. Therefore, when studying the carbon industry implied by the two countries, the input-output table of the two countries is usually used, and the multilateral input-output table is more reliable for determining the input-output calculation. Therefore, when studying local problems, it is advisable to adopt a variety of display strategies. The results show that in 2010, the carbon content of the carbon industry was 26,593 thousand tons, down 34.6% from 17,383 thousand tons in 2011, calculated at 2%. From 2012 to 2018, the carbon content grew from 31,051 tons in 2014 to 84,248 tons in 2018, with an average annual increase rate of 18%. The experimental results show that there is a large incidence of carbon emissions in the bilateral trade between China, the United States, and Japan. The expansion of export industries is the main reason for the increase in carbon emissions between the two industries. The role of technology has narrowed this difference to some extent.

Investigating the Factors Affecting Overweight/Obese amidst Non-pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Multi-level Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the severity of being overweight/obese among non-pregnant women and its trend for change over the last 10 years in Bangladesh. This research featured 16,398 female participants and used the chi-Squared test to investigate the association between different socioeconomic variables and dependent variables. We applied the average annual rate of increase (AARI) to determine the trends of selected variables over the last decade. Next, we applied a multilevel logistic regression model to determine specific trigger factors at the individual and community levels; for this, we used the 2017–2018 data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). Individually, women between the ages of 40 and 44 years (odds ratio [OR] 5.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.68–6.89) with better education (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.34–1.80) and from the wealthiest households (OR 3.65; 95% CI 3.17–4.20) had a higher risk for being overweight or obese. On the other hand, working women (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.75–0.87) had a lower risk of becoming overweight or obese. Respondents from affluent communities had a higher probability of being overweight or obese (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.72–2.18) whereas women in rural areas were less likely (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.57–0.69) to be overweight or obese. The efforts of both individuals and communities are expected to raise awareness among wealthy and educated women.

Individual and community-level factors associated with skilled birth attendants during delivery in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis of demographic and health surveys.

BackgroundSkilled birth attendants (SBAs) play a crucial role in reducing infant and maternal mortality. Although the ratio of skilled assistance at birth has increased in Bangladesh, factors associated with SBA use are unknown. The main goal of our study was to reveal the individual- and community-level factors associated with SBA use during childbirth in Bangladesh. We also showed the prevalence and trend of SBA use and related independent variables in Bangladesh over the past decade.MethodsThis study utilized the Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey (BDHS) 2017–2018, a cross-sectional study. We used binary logistic regression to examine the extent of variation in SBA use attributable to the individual- and community-level variables.ResultsOverall, 53.35% of women received assistance from SBAs during childbirth. The average annual rate of increase (AARI) in the number of SBA-assisted births over the past 10 years was 8.88%. Respondents who gave birth at or above 19 years had 1.40 times (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.21–1.62) greater odds of having skilled delivery assistance than respondents aged 18 years old or less. Women and their husband’s education levels were significantly associated with using skilled assistance during delivery, with odds of 1.60 (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.45–2.01) and 1.41 (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.21–1.66), respectively compared to those with education up to primary level. Women from rich families and those receiving better antenatal care (ANC) visits were more likely to have professional delivery assistance. Community-level factors also showed significance towards having professional assistance while giving birth. Women from urban communities and those who utilized more than four ANC visits and had completed secondary or higher education showed a greater tendency to use an SBA during childbirth than their counterparts.ConclusionThe use of SBAs during delivery was significantly associated with some individual- and community-level factors. To reduce maternal and child mortality, there is a need to focus on rural and uneducated people who are less likely to access these facilities. Special programs could increase awareness and help the poor community obtain the minimum facility in maternal care.

Neurological factors and Cesarean section in Australian women with epilepsy

ObjectivesTo analyze the records of the pregnancies of 2283 Australian women with epilepsy in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy database to identify neurological factors relevant to the Cesarean sections carried out in these pregnancies. ResultsThe Cesarean section rate in Australian women overall increased by an average of 0.59% annually over 20 years, from 26.0% to its calculated 2020 value of 37.3%. For the operations in women with epilepsy, the corresponding figures were 0.71% annually, and 34.4% and 48.7%. The average annual rate of increase for pre-labor operations was 0.89% to a 2020 value of 39.1%, the annual rate for operations during labor showing no statistically significant change. Multivariate regression analysis identified a number of characteristics of women with epilepsy that were statistically significantly associated with an increased likelihood of Cesarean section, but of these only seizures continuing to occur in the third trimester and having chronic illness, in particular migraine, were neurological ones. In 70 migraine-affected women, the Cesarean section rate was 51.4%, compared with 39% in the remaining pregnancies (P < 0.05). ConclusionsHaving seizures in the final trimester of pregnancy and having chronic neurological illness, especially migraine, favored Cesarean section being carried out in Australian women with epilepsy, but did not adequately account for the increasing rates of occurrence of the operation over the past 20 years.

Prevalence, trends and associated factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: Evidence from BHDS 2011 and 2017-18.

The evolving pandemic of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus are globally on the rise, and the trend is also escalating in Bangladesh. We aimed to assess the prevalence trend and associated factors of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension- diabetes mellitus combined (HDC) among Bangladeshi adults from 2011 to 2018. Two nationally representative cross-sectional data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS): 2011 and 2017–18 were utilized. According to baseline characteristics, the average annual rate of change (AARC) was applied to quantify the annual rate of increase/decrease in HTN, DM, and HDC from 2011 to 2018. The prevalence ratios of HTN, DM, and HDC were assessed through modified Poisson regression with robust error variance (PR, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)). The data were prepared in SPSS version 23 and exported to Stata version 13 for further analysis. Among 11,686 participants, the overall mean age of the study participants was 52.79 years, Standard Deviation (SD)±12.99, and 42.28% were female. From 2011–2018, HTN, DM, and HDC prevalence in Bangladesh has increased by 13, 3.2, and 3.1 percentage points, respectively. The average annual rate of increase was observed in the HTN and HDC prevalence by all socio-economic and demographic categories during 2011–2018. The prevalence of HDC among Chittagong residents was approximately double in 2018: 3.95% (2011) versus 6.59% (2018). Increased age, inactive workers, overweight adults, and adults in wealthy families were common risk factors associated with HTN, DM, and HDC in Bangladesh. The prevalence of developing HTN and HDC was significantly higher among adults aged ≥ 70 years (PR: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.42–3.00; PR: 2.97, 95% CI: 2.08–4.24, respectively). A comprehensive approach of different stakeholders is required to develop appropriate strategies, including appropriate weight management, adequate physical activity, and healthier food habits. Health agencies should take initiatives to spread awareness among people at an early age, but special attention is needed for older people and those at risk for NCDs.

Individual and Community-Level Determinants of Institutional Delivery Services among Women in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Improving maternal mortality attracts considerable interest with the critical invention through institutional delivery services (IDS) in reducing maternal death during delivery and ensuring safe childbirth. The influence of both individual and community-level factors is essential to using IDS. Problem Statement. Maternal death may occur at any time, but delivery without designated healthcare is by far the most dangerous time for both woman and her baby. Therefore, to combat the global burden of maternal mortality, it is necessary to ensure IDS worldwide. Objectives This study explores the current knowledge of individual and community-level covariates and examines their extent of influence on the utilization of IDS in Bangladesh. Methods Utilizing Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data, this study has used two-level random intercept binary logistic regression, together with the average annual rate of increase (AARI) in the utilization of IDS and related variables. Results This study found appreciable changes in seeking IDS, increases from 3.4% in 2007 to 51.9% in 2017, and half of the total deliveries (51%) took place in healthcare. About 26% of the total variation in the utilization of IDS is owing to differences across communities. Further, covariates including communities with higher educated women, higher utilization of ANC and access to media and at individual level, religion, maternal and parental education, wealth index, and mother-level factors (i.e., age at birth, BMI, occupation, ANC visit, birth order, own health care decision, pregnancy intention, and exposure to media) showed significant association with the utilization of IDS. Conclusion This study observed the association between individual and community-level factors and IDS uptake. Thus, any future strategies must address individual level and community-level challenges and undertake a multisectoral approach to enhance the uptake of IDS.

Pollution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of PM2.5 in Shanxi Province Based on Wavelet Transform

Based on the daily average concentration of PM2.5, social influencing factor data, and meteorological data of 11 cities in Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2019, the concentration period of PM2.5 was determined using wavelet transform. The correlation between PM2.5 and social influencing factors and meteorological factors was explored respectively through Spearman correlation and the wavelet coherence spectrum, and the main influencing factors of long-term and short-term management and control of PM2.5 were determined. The results showed that the concentration of PM2.5 in Shanxi Province showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2017, with an average annual increase rate of 4.3% and a downward trend from 2018 to 2019, with an average annual decrease rate of 4.2%. The average concentration of PM2.5 showed a "U" distribution, with the highest value in January (95 μg·m-3) and the lowest in August (34 μg·m-3); the average value in winter was approximately twice that in summer. The ρ(PM2.5) in southern cities such as Linfen was 62 μg·m-3, and the average value in Datong and other northern cities was 45 μg·m-3, which was high in the south and low in the north. There were significant periodic changes in PM2.5 concentration in the 11 cities, including a long period of approximately 293 d and a short period of approximately 27 d. Among them, the energy consumption level and industrial structure were the strong driving factors affecting the PM2.5 concentration in the long period of Shanxi Province. In the short period, it was greatly affected by the change in atmospheric circulation, and different cities were affected by typical meteorological factors. Linfen, Yuncheng, Datong, Shuozhou, and Xinzhou were vulnerable to wind speed; Jinzhong and Luliang were vulnerable to temperature; and Taiyuan, Jincheng, Yangquan, and Changzhi were uniquely and significantly affected by relative humidity. Therefore, industrial structure adjustment and energy structure adjustment are key to the long-term control of atmospheric PM2.5 and the long-term improvement of air quality in Shanxi Province. The differential impact of different urban meteorological factors on PM2.5 should be considered when carrying out short-term regional joint prevention and control.