Average Annual Rainfall Research Articles

Application of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model for the estimation of soil erosion and prioritization of erosion-prone areas in Majuli Island, Assam, India

Soil erosion is a serious issue, causing loss of agricultural productivity, increase in sediment deposit in the riverbeds, and damage to the ecological balance of the affected areas. Proper assessment of the soil erosion rate is essential for managing natural resources. The present study employs a GIS-based RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model to estimate annual soil loss in Majuli River Island of Assam, India. Annual average rainfall, soil properties, topographic characteristics, and LULC were taken as inputs to identify the soil erosion susceptible areas. The result revealed that annual soil loss of the study area ranges between 0 to 711 t ha−1 yr−1, with a mean annual soil loss of 23.02 t ha−1 yr−1. The entire region was classified into six soil loss severity classes, around 90 % of the area was found to be very slightly affected (< 5 t ha−1 yr−1) by soil erosion, around 5 % slightly affected (5 – 10 t ha−1 yr−1), roughly 3% moderately affected (10 – 20 t ha−1 yr−1), around 1% moderate high (20 – 40 t ha−1 yr−1), nearly 0.3 % area affected severely (40 -80 t ha−1 yr−1) and very severely affected areas (> 80 t ha−1 yr−1) contributes 0.1 %. A total of six priority levels of conservation were demarcated village-wise; priority level I requires immediate attention, and so on. The research outcome can help effectively implement conservation and management practices to check soil erosion in the study area.

Flood and Food Security in the Benue Valley: Stylized Facts

The scientific consensus is that global climatic change is caused by human activities. Global climate variation has altered the pattern of annual rainfall in most parts of the world, resulting in annual flooding with devastating effects on humanity. With many rivers that crisscross the Nigerian landscape, the country has experienced a number of flood incidents along the river basins (valleys) with varying degrees of devastation. This paper, thus, focuses on the effects of flood on food security in the Benue Valley. The specific objectives of the study include: to examine the effects of flood on food supply; prices of agricultural output; and the level of public and private aids to flood victims within the study area. A sample of households and market leaders were interviewed for the purpose of data collection. Data was equally sourced from Non-governmental Organizations, State Emergency Management Agencies, and other written sources. The data was analyzed and presented using simple bar charts. Findings revealed that there is always a gross inadequacy of food supply during the years of devastating floods compared to years of normal annual rainfall. Prices of agricultural products increased by almost 200% and household income declined significantly during the flood disaster years. Findings also revealed that private organizations sometimes render more aids to flood victims than the public sector. To arrest the danger of annual devastating floods in the Benue Valley, the paper recommends better water infrastructure management strategies like the construction of more dams and dredging of River Benue.

ASSESSING THE RELATION BETWEEN LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR CHENNAI CITY, TAMIL NADU: A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH

Abstract. Land use land cover changes in coastal regions are prone to many factors like rapid urbanization and industrialization, tourism, and tideline changes etc. Chennai city, a coastal city of TamilNadu, India has witnessed tremendous changes in land use land cover over the past two decades due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. Remote sensing and GIS technologies can efficiently help in analyzing these changes. In this study, changes in land use land cover patterns of Chennai city from 2005 to 2016 were assessed using IRS P6 LISS III remotely sensed satellite images. Post classification comparison-based change detection method was used to identify the changes in LU/LC. The study shows an increase in compact built-up and industrial areas by 15.36 % and 7.22 % respectively and a decrease in agricultural land, wetlands, and water bodies by 3.66%, 1.73%, and 5.24% respectively over the past decade. The obtained LU/LC changes were correlated with environmental parameters like Land surface temperature (LST), annual average rainfall and average groundwater level to establish a relation. Observations have shown that the temperature in Chennai metropolitan city has increased by 6̊c from 2005 to 2016 and the rainfall has reduced by 100mm from 2005 to 2016. This study demonstrated the relation between LU/LC changes over the past decade and the variations in environmental parameters like increased LST, reduced rainfall and groundwater.

Large-scale atmospheric teleconnections and spatiotemporal variability of extreme rainfall indices across India

Identifying trends in hydrometeorological time series during extreme weather events and their interactions with large-scale atmospheric teleconnections is crucial for climate change research. This study evaluates 14 precipitation-based indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) across seven climatic zones of India using gridded daily rainfall data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for 120 years (1902–2021) utilised. Trend analysis was carried out using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, Theil-slope Sen's estimator, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), and other statistical tools. Change point detection is established using the Pettitte test and Cumulative Sum algorithm. The relationships between large-scale atmospheric teleconnections and ETCCDI indices are also found, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models are developed between them.The results show significant increasing trends in extreme rainfall indices in India's Ladakh region, located in the arid desert-cold climatic zone. The annual, Southwest Monsoon (SW-Monsoon), Northeast Monsoon (NE-Monsoon), and summer rainfall trends were positive, while winter rainfall had a negative trend across most climatic zones. Significant associations between large-scale atmospheric teleconnections, including Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Global Temperature Anomaly (GTA), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), SST of Niño 3.4 region, Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), and Dipole Mode Index (IOD) and ETCCDI indices were established across multiple climatic zones. Using MLR analysis, this study attempts to establish, for the first time, the relationship between teleconnections and ETCCDI indices across India. Extreme rainfall indices are influenced by climate change during the SW-Monsoon across most of the climatic zones of India. During the previous El Niño event (2014–2016), average annual rainfall decreased by 19.5%, SW-Monsoon rainfall decreased by 25.2%, and NE-Monsoon rainfall decreased by 64.1% in India. The findings may provide valuable insights into mitigation strategies to sustain the adverse effects of extreme weather conditions and enhance climate resilience.

Post-harvest management and characteristics of melon cultivars fruits and their prospects in the Roraima savannah: a review

The melon (Cucumis melo L.) holds significant economic importance on the global stage, with Brazil standing out as a strong exporter. Climatic conditions such as high temperatures, low relative humidity, and extended periods of sunlight are beneficial for the fruit's production and quality. The Northeast region of Roraima, particularly the municipalities of Bonfim and Normandia, close to the border with Guyana, has a semi-arid climate with an average annual rainfall between 1,200 and 1,400 mm. After harvesting, horticultural products begin to respire, a process that compromises post-harvest quality, leading to a decrease in organoleptic characteristics, firmness, sugar content, and loss of mass. The Cantaloupensis and Reticulatus melons, which are climacteric, have a high synthesis of ethylene and high respiratory rates in the fruit, resulting in flavor deterioration, firmness loss, and a shorter post-harvest shelf life. In contrast, non-climacteric melons, such as the inodorus group, display reduced ethylene synthesis, white flesh, subtle aroma, no pronounced ripening, and a longer post-harvest lifespan. It's worth noting that the melon market offers a variety of significant cultivars, resistant to pests, with high productivity and excellent post-harvest quality. This study aimed to address a literature review on the management of melon cultivation, development conditions of the crop, and post-harvest of melon cultivars in the Roraima Savanna."

Climate variability, rainwater-harvesting structures and groundwater levels in Odisha, India: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACT To examine the driver of groundwater depletion, this paper estimates a dynamic panel regression model using district-level secondary data from 1995 to 2017. Results show that the number of rainwater-harvesting structures, annual average rainfall, forest cover and net sown area improve groundwater levels. Tube well irrigation and rice cultivation can adversely affect groundwater levels. The positive relationship between surface water and improved groundwater level is consistent in all the estimated models. Hence, efficient use and management of surface and groundwater are crucial for the long-term sustainability of water resources.

Impact of different water penetration criteria and cavity ventilation rates on the risk of mold growth in timber frame walls with brick veneer cladding

The present paper investigates the impact of different water penetration criteria on the risk for damage in a common type of building envelope in Nordic countries, timber frame walls with brick masonry veneer. The studied walls are evaluated based on one damage criterion, the risk of mold growth. The study investigates several parameters: water penetration criterion, type of moisture source (uniformly distributed or point source) and its position in the wall assembly, air change rate (ACR) (representing different workmanship scenarios), wind-driven rain (WDR) coefficient, and locations (Gothenburg and Rensjön, with different average annual rainfall and temperature). Two criteria on how to implement water penetration are compared: a) a commonly accepted reference model that assumes one percent of all wind-driven rain deposited on the façade to penetrate the clay brick cladding, and b) a new criterion stating that 3.8% of WDR penetrates when the water content of the brick veneer cladding is above 90% of its saturation capacity. The simulation is done for a thirteen-year period with WUFI Pro and WUFI 2D. The results indicate the greater importance of implementing water penetration compared to ventilation in cavities. Further, the findings suggest that the moisture source’s location significantly impacts the mold growth risk. The results also show that the choice of the WDR coefficient affects the risks, which suggests that this factor needs accurate quantification for hygrothermal analyses. The results in this study suggest that an effective measure for the design/maintenance of such walls should incorporate: a) limiting the amount of water penetrating through the cladding, particularly stopping water from reaching the sensitive elements, i.e., timber studs, b) removing extruded mortar stemming from poor workmanship, if any, which may act as a capillary bridge.

O- and H-isotope record of Cape Town rainfall from 1996 to 2022: the effect of increasing temperature, and the ‘water crisis’ of 2015 to 2018

Abstract The O- and H-isotope composition of rainfall collected monthly at the University of Cape Town (UCT) between 2009 and 2022 has been added to a previously published data set from 1996 to 2008 to make a continuous 27 year record. Monthly rainfall over the 27 year period has a range in δD and δ18O values from -57 to +21‰ and -8.1 to +3.5‰, respectively, and shows limited but discernible temperature and amount effects. The 27 year rainfall record defines a Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) whose equation is δD = 5.96*δ18O + 7.00 (r = 0.88), a slight change from the LMWL of 1996 to 2009 (6.41*δ18O + 8.89). Annual rainfall at UCT has varied from ~992 mm (2017) to 1996 mm (2013), with no systematic change in annual rainfall amount (r = −0.16). However, from 2015 to 2022, the average annual rainfall of 1 145 mm has been below the 27 year average of 1 313 mm. Mean monthly temperature has increased from 1996 to 2022 (r = 0.53), and the weighted mean annual δD and δ18O values have increased by ~4‰ (r = 0.53) and ~0.5‰ (r = 0.64), respectively, over the 27 years. The UCT data and the data for 1961 to 1974 from Cape Town International Airport plot around the same LMWL, with an average deuterium excess (d-excess) of 13.78 and 12.95, respectively. Natural springs in the area plot close to the LMWL with an average d-excess of 14.15, whereas local well-point and borehole water samples generally plot below the LMWL with an average d-excess of 10.65. These differences can be explained by relatively rapid recharge of springs and slower recharge of groundwater, with the latter containing an additional component, that could either be rainwater that fell during a period of hotter drier climate or, more probably, municipal mains water. Long-term monitoring of groundwater and spring water as well as rainwater would be of great help in assessing the sustainability of groundwater use, among other important questions.

Topography Effects on Rainfall Characteristics in Bandung City and Cilacap Regency for the 2016-2020 Period

Topography and rainfall correlate with each other. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of topography on rainfall characteristicss in the Cilacap and Bandung areas. The research method used is a descriptive statistical analysis of average monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall. In addition, time series and regression tests were carried out using the SPSS application. The data used is the daily rainfall data period of 2016–2020. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the variability of monthly rainfall in Bandung is higher than in Cilacap, with a value range that is 113.6–643.82 mm/month for Bandung and 92.1-355.56 mm/month for Cilacap. Global climate dynamics for instance apparent sun motion, Monsoon, ITCZ, ENSO, and IOD, as well as local weather systems like valley winds, also affect seasonal and annual rainfall variability in Bandung and Cilacap. The rainfall time series test produces values that are not stationary concerning the variance but stationary concerning the average. A simple linear regression test shows the effect of a topography of 55.2% on rainfall. The purpose of simple linear regression is to understand and model the relationship between two variables: the independent variable (topography) and the dependent variable (rainfall characteristics).

Geospatial Mapping of Groundwater Potentiality in Sooriyawewa Divisional Secretariat Division by Utilizing GIS

The dry zone of Sri Lanka is affected by drought conditions owing to a lack of rainfall. Hence, mapping the distribution of groundwater potential zones is vital for water management. The Hambantota district, which is in the dry zone is a severely afflicted area due to lack of rainfall, and Sooriyawewa divisional secretariat area faces water scarcity. Therefore, this study aims to map groundwater potentiality in the Sooriyawewa divisional secretariat division using a geographical information system. For this study, spatial interpolation techniques, weighted overlay analysis, georeferencing, and digitizing methods were used. In this study, the annual average rainfall, geology, geomorphology, drainage density, lineament density, land use land cover, slope, and soil maps were prepared, and integrating those maps, the final groundwater potential zones map was prepared by using ArcMap 10.5 software. The study found that there were no high-potential groundwater zones in the Sooriyawewa divisional secretariat division and it already consists of low and moderate ranges. Therefore, the final groundwater potential zone map was categorized as very low, low, and moderate. The Percentages of area Coverage according to classes as, very low 2%, low 91%, and moderate 7%. This study can be highly helpful in identifying the groundwater potential zones in the Sooriyawewa divisional secretariat division and in preventing water scarcity because identified groundwater potential zones can be used for effective water management and provide essential information to responsible authorities for decision-making. Furthermore, the identified potential zones can be used for rainwater harvesting and can be used properly for future consumption.

Hydrogeochemical study of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions of the Infracenomanian aquifers (Cretaceous Errachidia basin, Southeastern Morocco). Using hydrochemical modeling and multivariate statistical analysis

Groundwater in the Cretaceous Errachidia basin, located in the southern part of Morocco, is crucial in supporting the region's main economic activities, such as farming. This arid region faces multiple challenges, including an average annual rainfall of less than 80 mm/year, intense agricultural activities, high evaporation, and extremely high evapotranspiration rates up to 1580 mm/year. Therefore, the hydrogeochemical study focuses on the Infracenomanian aquifers in the Cretaceous Errachidia basin. The goal is to evaluate the sustainable use of saline lands and brackish water, particularly assessing water resources and sustainable socioeconomic development in southeastern Morocco. In June 2021, 20 samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and major ions. The hydrogeochemical parameters were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. Statistical techniques such as Piper's trilinear diagram analysis of hydrochemistry types, Gibbs diagram analysis, The HFE diagram and ion correlation analysis were used to examine the origins of the main ions in the groundwater and to determine the source of the salinization processes in the groundwater.The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between TDS and the spatial distribution of major ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−) and EC, revealing high mineralization in the study area. The main cations in groundwater are Na+ and Ca2+, while the main anions are Cl−. The elevated concentrations of Cl− and Na+ are due to the evapotranspiration of irrigation water. Furthermore, the hydrochemical facies types are predominantly sodium chloride (Na–Cl), followed by calcium chloride (Ca–Cl) and a mix of calcium and magnesium chloride facies (Ca–Mg–Cl). These analyses indicate that the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the study area is primarily influenced by water-rock interactions, such as the dissolution of sedimentary rocks, soil leaching through gravity irrigation, and evaporation in the region. Moreover, the analysis using the Gibbs diagram indicates that evaporation is the primary hydrogeochemical process that shapes the chemical composition of the groundwater in the area under study.

Sensitivity of runoff due to changes in the characteristics of the water balance in the Danube River region

Abstract Climate change is presently a widely discussed subject in relation to alterations in water storage capacity and the components of the hydrological balance within catchment areas. This research study was directed at two main objectives: 1. The indirect estimation of long-term mean annual runoff using an empirical model; 2. The determination of changes in the annual runoff regime of fifty Danube sub-basins. Monthly areal precipitation, discharges, and air temperature data from 1961 to 1990 were collected for selected headwater sub-basins of the Danube River. In the first part, Turc-type empirical equations for the estimation of the long-term average annual runoff R in the Danube basin were employed. The parameters of the empirical equations were determined through nonlinear regression. Given the underestimation of the actual (territorial, balance) evapotranspiration ET values determined from the balance equation, the precipitation totals were corrected by +10%. With a 10% increase in precipitation, the values of balance ET reached the values ET determined by the Budyko–Zubenok–Konstantinov method. In the second part, fifty equations for the estimation of changes in the average annual runoff, depending on increases in the air temperature and changes in the annual precipitation separately for each of the 50 sub-basins, were established. In conclusion, the results suggest that, on average, a 100 mm increase in the average annual rainfall in the Danube River headwater sub-basins, will cause a 50 mm increase in outflow, and a 1 °C increase in the average annual air temperature will lead to a 12 mm decrease in runoff.

Paradoxical behaviour of rainfall and temperature over ecologically sensitive areas along the Western Ghats.

Initial reports signify some specific isolated locations in different latitudes, revealing a paradoxical increase in both heavy and very heavy rainfall events and also an increment in total, i.e., in both rainfall and temperature, over ecologically sensitive areas along the Western Ghats (WG). This paper presents a coherent study of the full-scale of daily rainfall and temperature over 27 well-spaced stations in the study area to determine its extent and investigate whether or not this contradictory behaviour is real. Also, an attempt has been made to assess the differential behaviour of rainfall, temperature, and heavy rainfall events in association with land use and land cover change (LULC). The analysis revealed that rainfall and temperature over the study area are increasing, whereas heavy rainfall events have increased during 1981-2020 with strong peaks after 2000 around 18-19°N (Mumbai metropolitan region), 14-16°N (mining and quarrying regions in Goa), and 9-12°N (a narrow strip of land spanning across the coastal towns of Karnataka and Kerala) latitudes. The majority of the rainfall excess years coincided with El Nino years, indicating that El Nino does not affect rainfall negatively. However, rainfall over the WG is influenced by local relief and cascading topography. The spatial pattern of average annual rainfall shows a decreasing trend from south to north because the elevation and span of rainfall occurrence are higher in the southern part of WG. The findings of the current research will help in building a strategy to address trends and patterns of climatic variables in association with LULC.

Main Habitat Factors Driving the Phenotypic Diversity of Litsea cubeba in China.

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is an important woody spice tree in southern China, and its fruit is a rich source of valuable essential oil. We surveyed and sampled L. cubeba germplasm resources from 36 provenances in nine Chinese provinces, and detected rich phenotypic diversity. The survey results showed that plants of SC-KJ, SC-HJ, and SC-LS provenance presented higher leaf area (LA); YN-SM and YN-XC plants had larger thousand-grain fresh weight (TFW); and HN-DX plants had the highest essential oil content (EOC). To explain the large differences in the phenotypes of L. cubeba among different habitats, we used Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression path analysis, and redundancy analysis to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. It was found that compared to other traits, leaf and fruit traits had more significant geographical distributions, and that leaf phenotypes were correlated to fruit phenotypes. The results showed that elevation, latitude, longitude, total soil porosity (SP), soil bulk density (SBD), and average annual rainfall (AAR, mm) contributed significantly to the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. Geographical factors explained a higher percentage of variation in phenotypic diversity than did soil factors and climate factors. Plants of SC-KJ and HN-DX provenances could be important resources for domestication and breeding to develop new high-yielding varieties of this woody aromatic plant. This study describes significant phenotypic differences in L. cubeba related to adaptation to different environments, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of a breeding strategy and for optimizing L. cubeba cultivation.

Examining the Spatiotemporal Changes in the Annual, Seasonal, and Daily Rainfall Climatology of Puerto Rico

This study explores spatial and temporal changes in the rainfall climatology of Puerto Rico in order to identify areas where annual, seasonal or daily precipitation is increasing, decreasing, or remaining normal. Total annual, seasonal, and daily rainfall were retrieved from 23 historical rain gauges with consistent data for the 1956–2021 period. Mann–Kendall trend tests were done on the annual and seasonal rainfall series, and percentage change differences between two different climatologies (1956–1987 and 1988–2021) were calculated. Most of the stations did not exhibit statistically significant annual or seasonal trends in average rainfall. However, of the sites that did experience changes, most of them had statistically significant decreasing trends in mean precipitation. The annual, dry, and early wet season had more sites with negative trends when compared with positive trends, especially in the northwestern and southeastern region of the island. The late wet season was the only period with more sites showing statistically significant trends when compared with negative trends, specifically in the northern region of the island. Results for daily events show that extreme rainfall occurrences have generally decreased, especially in the western region of the island. When the 1955–1987 and 1988–2022 climatologies are compared, the results for annual average rainfall show two main regions with mean precipitation reductions, and those are the northwestern and southeastern areas of the island. The dry season was the only period with more areas exhibiting percentage increases in mean rainfall when the two climatologies were analyzed. The early and late wet season months exhibited similar patterns, with more areas on the island showing negative percentage decreases in average seasonal precipitation. The best predictor for the decreasing annual and seasonal trend in the northwest was a higher sea level pressure, and the variable that best explained the increasing trend in the northeast was total precipitable water.

Assessment of rainwater harvesting potential for urban area under climate and land use changes using geo-informatics technology

Globally climate and land use change have put stress on the natural water resources which are depleting rapidly. This study's goal is to explore the rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential for Lahore city. Average annual rainfall records were used along with future projections of precipitation by global climate model GCM (MPI-ESM1–2-HR) under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5) to find the potential of rainwater harvesting. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of past (2010), present (2022) and future time periods (2035 and 2050) and built-up area for Lahore city was calculated in Arc Map using a geometry dialogue box that was estimated to be 1299.86 km2 of land in the year 2050. By the middle of the twenty-first century, rainfall in the Lahore district is predicted to increase by 12% and 16%, from 698.0 mm in the baseline time period (1990–2015) to 781.7 mm and 809.6 mm, respectively. This increased precipitation over the extent of built-up area could be harvested and utilized for different domestic, industrial, recreational and environment protection purposes. The study also concluded that RWH not only save the Lahore from urban flooding due to rain but also have potential to realize about 39.8% of water deficit of total water demand for Lahore. The daily supply capacity from Ravi River and WASA is 632 million gallon which is equal to only 54% of total water demand. The shortage of 487.2 million gallon per day could be succeed by using rainwater which have potential to realize about 19% of water shortage. In a similar manner, it is indicated based on outcomes of this study that method of RWH is very appropriate for major cities like Lahore in order to address present climate and land use change concerns, particularly in water-stressed nations like Pakistan.

Water Balance Calculation and Climate Type for Proposed Dam in Bastora Basin Erbil, North Iraq

Bastora basin is located 20 kilometers north-east of Erbil city. This study's objective was to determine the water equilibrium based on the climate in Erbil, northern Iraq's Bastora basin, a catchment that was of interest for potential dam building. The meteorological conditions were taken into account by the water balance method based on meteorological data collected between 1995 and 2020 at the Permam metrological site. The average annual rainfall was 597.9 millimeters, and the relative humidity was 52.56 percent. The average amount of water that evaporated each year was 1835 mm, and the average temperature was18.1 Co, wind speed was2.09 m/sec, and amount of sunshine each day were 8.2 hours. The Kharrufa method was used to find out if evapotranspiration was happening and to find out when it was deficit and surplus. The results show that there is a total potential evaporation of 1836.4 mm/year, a surplus of 301.26 mm, and a shortage of 1539.41 mm. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) is used to calculated runoff, which is 174 mm per year. The yearly recharge rate for the Bastora Basin was determined to be 3.08 x 105 m3/year, while the water surplus is 50.39 percent of the annual rainfall. Unep, Mather, and Al-Kubaisi classifications were among those utilized to determine the basin's climatic kind. According to the results of these approaches, the sequences of climatic classification in the region are found to be semi-arid, dry, and humid to moist

Analysis of groundwater recharge in Nadvirna district by the Korkmaz method

The identification of groundwater sources and the prediction of possible water level fluctuations are crucial, as the study of these indicators is important for understanding the renewal of water resources and their efficient use in specific territorial conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify groundwater sources in the area of Mykulychyn village and assess their changes during the period from 2016 to 2022. The study was based on the Korkmaz method and analysis of data on water level in the well and precipitation level in the study area. The structural analysis of groundwater recharge in the Mykulychyn village in Nadvirna district was carried out using the Korkmaz method. It is established that groundwater recharge in Mykulychyn village is due to precipitation. The correlation between the water flow rate from the source and the water level in the well is demonstrated, allowing for projection of the study results to both objects. The average annual rainfall on the territory was 1,055.7 mm. The results of the linear regression analysis showed a connection between the water level and the total precipitation. The analysis of water level fluctuations in the well revealed that the annual water level recharge varies from 782 mm in 2017 to -254 mm in 2022. This indicates that some smaller aquifers may have dried up in 2022. The average annual recharge for the period from 2017 to 2022 is 347 mm, which is about 32.88% of the average annual precipitation. The results of the study can be useful in practice for water management and planning in Mykulychyn village, as well as in similar geographical conditions

Integrating major ion geochemistry, stable isotopes (18O, 2H) and radioactive isotopes (222Rn, 14C, 36Cl, 3H) to understand the interaction between catchment waters and an intermittent river

Determining the locations and sources of baseflow and the transit times of water is important for understanding catchment behaviour and functioning. Major ion geochemistry, stable isotopes (18O and 2H), and radioisotopes (222Rn, 3H, 14C, and 36Cl) were used to investigate the sources and transit times of water in the upper catchment of the intermittent Avoca River in southeast Australia. 222Rn activities and Cl concentrations implied the presence of baseflow inputs and the distribution was mainly controlled by local topography. Fluctuation of Cl concentrations implied that low-salinity near-river water was an important component of baseflow. The 3H activities of laterally disconnected pool waters during the summer months were 1.64 to 5.11 TU. The higher of these values exceed those of average annual rainfall (2.8–3.2 TU), probably due to the input of later winter to spring rainfall. The stream water had 3H activities ranging from 2.21 to 2.40 TU in July and 2.39 to 2.77 TU in August, which yield mean transit times of 4.0 to 7.0 years and 1.4 to 4.8 years respectively. These 3H activities were significantly higher than those of regional groundwater (3H activities <0.1 TU), implying that the river is largely sustained by young near-river stores at all flow conditions. Regional groundwater had 14C activities of 34.0 to 98.1 pMC, which yield mean residence times of up to 12,900 years. R36Cl values of regional groundwater (50.9–61.9 × 10−15) were higher than those of modern rainfall, probably reflecting the R36Cl values of recharge. Similar R36Cl values of the pool and stream water (33.3–58.7 × 10−15) implied that some Cl is derived from the regional groundwater influx. As with other intermittent streams in southeast Australia, the upper Avoca River was mainly sustained by relatively small water stores, and it will be vulnerable to short-term changes in climate and land use.

Ecological assessment of a subtropical floodplain wetland of the Ganga basin in the context of changing climate using GIS tools

Abstract Climate change associated with anthropogenic stressors are considered the main threat to the tropical wetlands, resulting in reduced water connection followed by a decline in ecological functions. This article presents a systemic approach to assess the present ecological status of a tropical floodplain wetland concerning the fisheries and associated ecosystem services. The analysis of historic climatic data indicated significant change (increasing average annual air temperature, R2 = 0.098; decreasing total annual rainfall, R2 = 0.042). In addition, a significant reduction in the wetland area was also observed. Altogether, 45 fish species were reported in the studied wetland, of which 2 are listed as endangered and 7 are near threatened. The present study demonstrated the variation of the important fisheries-related environment and nutrient parameters of the wetland through the geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial distribution map for the reader's digest. It has been found that the provisioning ecosystem services are higher in number (n=9) followed by supporting (n=6), regulating (n=4), and cultural (n=2) ecosystem services. Finally, we have discussed some important case-specific sustainable climate-smart adaptation and mitigation approaches to strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of fishers.