Average Annual Output Research Articles

Integrating Ray Tracing with Single-Objective Optimization in Heliostat Field Design

Tower solar thermal power generation is a new type of low-carbon and environmentally friendly clean energy technology. Through continuous optimization of the optical efficiency of mirror field and other key technologies, the energy utilization efficiency and economic benefits of solar thermal power stations can be improved, and contribute to the sustainable development of clean energy. This paper establishes a geometric model based on the light tracing method to solve the daily average, average annual optical efficiency, thermal output power, and average optical efficiency of the heliostatic field. The cosine efficiency is the cosine of the incident light and the normal angle, which is the cosine of the incidence angle; the atmospheric transmission is only related to the distance between the mirror center and the collector center; the mirror reflection constant is 0.92. The shadow occlusion efficiency and the truncation efficiency of the collector are the difficulties in the process of calculating the optical efficiency: for the calculation of the shadow occlusion efficiency, the Monte Carlo light tracing method is adopted. Based on the energy density of the helioscope, the occlusion efficiency of the shadow can be expressed as the ratio between the amount of the outgoing light to the total generated amount; for the calculation of the collector truncation efficiency, it links the reflected light with the surface equation of the collector. According to the joint results, if there is a solution, it means that the reflected light can be reflected in the collector, and the collector truncation efficiency can represent the ratio of the number of lights reflected in the collector to the number of unblocked lights in all the reflected lines. Finally, the average annual optical efficiency and output power parameters are respectively: 0.6093, 0.7431, 0.9283, 0.9828, 35. 4430MW, 0.5642kW/m². Results for the remaining months are shown in the main text.

Global research on sinonasal inverted papilloma over the past two decades: a bibliometric analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the global research status, hot topics, and prospects in the field of sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) through bibliometric analysis. The literature on SNIP was retrieved and downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection from 2002 to 2021. The bibliometric and visualisation networks of SNIP were constructed using VOSviewer 1.6.18, CiteSpace 6.1. R2, and a bibliometric online analysis platform. A total of 560 original articles about SNIP research were included, involving 2,457 authors from 610 institutions in 45 countries. The number of SNIP publications showed an overall rising trend, with an average annual output of 28 articles and almost 3 times as many articles published in 2020 as in 2002. The analysis of keyword burst detection indicated that EGFR mutation, malignant transformation and infection are emerging research hotspots. Moreover, EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, malignant tumour, metallothionein 2a gene, pre-operative diagnosis, HPV-negative tumour, and expression were among the 11 key clusters of co-cited references. This study provided a comprehensive, systematic, and objective analysis and visualised knowledge map of SNIP over the past 2 decades. In particular, current hotspots and prospective trends in the field of SNIP have been identified. These results highlight the future direction of SNIP research for rhinologists.

Research on field optimization model of heliostat based on ray tracing

In this paper, the average optical efficiency and output power of the tower solar thermal power station are studied. The ray tracing method is used especially to the calculation process and details of the shadow blocking efficiency and collector truncation efficiency are carefully derived. Combined with intelligent optimization algorithm, the key parameters [1][2] of the mirror field layout are optimized. Then, the main method used in this paper is ray tracing. For the calculation of cosine efficiency and shadow blocking efficiency, the coordinate transformation matrix is established in this paper, which simplifies the coordinate calculation. For the calculation of collector truncation efficiency, based on Monte Carlo simulation, and an accurate collector truncation efficiency model is established by random sampling of large samples. Finally, MATLAB software is used to calculate the efficiency of the heliostat in different coordinate positions. The average optical efficiency (62.71%), cosine efficiency (75.65%), shadow blocking efficiency (94.54%), collector truncation efficiency (98.85%), thermal output power (34.77MW), and average annual thermal output power per unit area mirror (0.5535kW/m2) are obtained. This model not only helps to understand the propagation mode of light in the heliostat field, but also can quantitatively evaluate the loss of light.

Energy capture performance enhancement of point absorber wave energy converter using magnetic tristable and quadstable mechanisms

This paper proposes two magnetic multistable (tristable and quadstable) mechanisms to enhance the energy capture performance of point absorber wave energy converters (PAWECs) for low-amplitude waves. Accordingly, two mechanisms consisting of several coaxial magnetic rings are designed based on the superposition effect of magnetic fields. Compared with conventional magnetic bistable mechanisms, the proposed tristable and quadstable mechanisms feature lower potential barriers and greater distances between two outermost potential wells, facilitating the occurrence of large-amplitude interwell motions in low-amplitude waves. A mathematical model is established using the Cummins equation and equivalent magnetic charge approach to depict the dynamic behavior and performance of PAWECs. The energy capture performance and average annual output power of PAWECs with tristable and quadstable mechanisms are evaluated for regular and irregular waves. The findings demonstrate that the two mechanisms significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency, enhancing their robustness against low-amplitude waves and damping detuning. The design concept of nonlinear multistable PAWECs using the superposition effect of magnetic fields provides a promising alternative for exploiting wave energy resources with low energy densities.

The economic impacts of green stormwater infrastructure: An evaluation of novel stormwater management policies in Washington, D.C.

Increases in urban stormwater infrastructure needs have led cities around the world to turn towards nature-based ‘green’ stormwater infrastructure (GI). While GI can be an effective tool for addressing many urban flooding and water quality problems, many policymakers remain skeptical of GI due to concerns about financial uncertainties and performance risks. Moreover, cost-benefit analyses of changes to urban infrastructure policies often fail to consider the economic impacts – jobs created and value added to the regional economy – of infrastructure (traditional or GI) construction. Compounding this, few studies have modeled the economic impacts of GI. In this paper, we analyze the economic impacts arising from novel development regulations requiring GI to offset impervious cover expansion in Washington, D.C (USA). Using data from a survey of GI construction firms, we determine annual, direct GI investment, and construct an input-output model to estimate indirect and induced economic impacts at the regional scale. We find that, from 2015 to 2020, GI construction supported over $91 million in average annual economic output, ∼$45 million in labor income, ∼$60 million in value added, and created (or supported) 437 jobs in the DC metropolitan region. Sensitivity analysis around regulatory stringency (higher or lower stormwater retention requirements) reveals asymmetric economic impacts that increase more given higher retention requirements than they decrease for lower retention requirements. Our analytical approach can serve as a model to help other regions produce a more comprehensive accounting of the economic feasibility of green infrastructure for urban stormwater management.

From Theory to Practice: A Sustainable Solution to Water Scarcity by Using a Hybrid Solar Distiller with a Heat Exchanger and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles.

The study presently conducted focused on analyzing a solar-powered desalination setup that had a double slope. It can recycle blackish water into drinking water with solar energy. Not only does this result in a significant decrease in carbon emissions but it also represents an environmentally beneficial alternative that is particularly suited for arid locations that are lacking of electrical infrastructure. This system was equipped with a PVT system which makes the system self-sustainable and a CPC collector and implemented the use of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to enhance its energy efficiency. Energy matrices, economic analysis, and life cycle conversion efficiency were evaluated. The study was conducted annually in New Delhi, with input data provided by IMD in Pune, India. MATLAB was used for the analytical calculations. Energy and exergy were utilized to determine the average annual energy output, which was found to be 8.5%. Additionally, the average energy payback time was calculated to be 16.16%, the average energy payback factor was 13.91%, and the average life cycle cost conversion efficiency was 7.15% higher. The proposed system demonstrated superior performance compared to the previous system in terms of annual yield, energy payback time (EPBT), efficiency of life cycle cost (LCCE), and factor of energy payback (EPBF). The hybrid system has the potential to meet the future demand for potable water and become self-sustainable.

THE EDUCATIONAS A DETERMINANT FACTOR IN ECONOMIC GROWTH. THE ECUADORIAN CASE (1960-2019)

This paper studies the factors driving the Ecuadorian economic growth through the analysis of the education relevance measured as human capital for the period 1960-2019. By providing a characterization of the business cycle in Ecuador we were able to describe the economic growth trend, cyclical component and also the expansions and recessions periods. To this end, we also analyzed the labor share in the economy to observe the evolution of human capital importance in the income distribution.
 
 Secondly, a multiple regression model was designed to quantify the correlation between the economic growth rate and the evolution of human capital. The main findingsare that human capital and commodity prices have been relevant in explaining the economic growth, i.e., are the main source of increase in the GDP. To complement the analysis ant to stablish the importance of public policies for the betterment of education, a theoretical framework was designed to identify how the government spending and investment in education contribute for the human capital to increase over time.The results show that both government spending and investment are strongly correlated to increases in human capital index.
 
 Finally, we performed a statistical growth accounting exercise to quantify the relative importance of the different factors explaining output growth: inputs accumulation (extensive growth) and technological progress (intensive growth). By decomposing the labor between increase in workers and improving of human capital human capital we can isolate the effects of education in economic growth.
 
 Thus, for the period 1960-2019, for the Cobb-Douglas aggregate production function the average contribution of capital and labor were1.66%and 1.53% respectively points to the average annual output growth of 4.04%, whilehuman capital is accountable for 0.43%.It is also noticeable that TFP has been responsible for 0.40%, almost the same amount of the human capital. On the other hand, the augmented production function indicates that the isolated contribution of human capital was 0.25, while capital and labor were 1.14% and 1.26% respectively.The results obtained confirm the importance that the accumulation in physical capital and employment had played in explaining per capita output growth during the last decades, whereas the contribution of total factor productivity has been more modest. Human capital has also been a relevant factor in explaining the evolution of production, precisely because it is a developing economy that started from lower levels of human capital.

Predicting Performance of Solar updraught Tower using Machine Learning Regression Model

ABSTRACT This work aims to analyse the performance of the SUT power plant in the environmental conditions of Nagpur and develop machine learning (ML) model to predict the power output of the SUT power plant. The developed ML model readily predicts the power output without rigorous calculations. Regularised polynomial regression with multiple variables technique was used to develop the ML model. Optimum values of the regularisation parameter, degree of the polynomial and the number of training examples were obtained from learning curves. A mathematical model of the SUT power plant is developed for analysing the performance of the SUT power plant and collecting training datasets for the ML regression model. The mathematical model analysed the effect of variation in chimney height, chimney and collector radius on SUT’s performance and flow parameters. The results demonstrate that raising the height and radius of the chimney and collector radius enhances the power generation of the SUT power plant. The monthly average power output was observed to be maximum in June and July and minimum in December. Calculation of the power output is done from 5.00 AM to 6 PM. The maximum power production in June is 120 kW and in May is 117 kW. The average annual power output is around 64 kW.

Deep learning based long-term global solar irradiance and temperature forecasting using time series with multi-step multivariate output

Solar radiation's intermittent and fluctuating nature poses severe limitations for most applications. Accurate prediction of solar radiation is an essential factor in predicting the output power of a photovoltaic power system. For this purpose, the potential of the 20 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Zahedan city has been evaluated in this article. With the help of monthly data (1984–2021) and MLP, LSTM, GRU, CNN, and CNN-LSTM models, solar radiation and temperature are predicted for the next ten years. CNN exhibits the best performance compared to other models with four input parameters: global horizontal irradiance, temperature, surface pressure, relative humidity (RH), and two outputs of temperature and radiation. The root mean square error values for global horizontal irradiance and temperature were 12.68 W/m2 and 1.75 °C, respectively. Relative humidity exhibited more significant effect on the model in comparison with surface pressure. Finally, the average annual power output for ten years from 2022 to 2031 is calculated and predicted to be 50.37 GWh.

Preliminary assessment of small hydropower potential using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model: A case study of Central Equatoria State, South Sudan

South Sudan is focusing on the development of large hydropower (LHP) to urgently improve access to electricity in the country. However, LHP investments are expensive and take many years to construct. SHP can be deployed as an alternative to LHP developments as they can be constructed in a shorter time and urgently deliver electricity to locations in need. This study aims to assess run-of-river (ROR) SHP potential in Central Equatoria State (CES) in South Sudan. This is the first study to assess the SHP potential in South Sudan. The main contribution of this research is to produce a dataset showing the geographical locations and generation capacities of the potential SHP sites. The objective of this study is to identify candidate SHP sites in the study area, investigate their suitability for ROR plants and estimate their electricity generation potential. A digital elevation model and a stream network were used to locate sites with a minimum elevation drop of 5 meters, along third and fourth order streams. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to estimate river discharges in the study area. Model calibration and uncertainty analysis were performed using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm and daily flow duration curves at 95% dependability were developed from the simulated discharge data. The results showed the availability of eighty-two (82) potential SHP sites along the Bahr el Jebel and the Kaya rivers in CES with a total output power of 1651.69 MW and average annual output energy of 8.68 TWh. Around 60% of the sites had a minimum output power of 10 MW. The highest potential was found in sites between Rejaf and Mongalla, whereas the lowest was along the Kaya river. The study recommended economic analysis and environmental impact assessments before any SHP installation in the area.

A conceptual management framework of multi-source data in R&D process

It has been 10 years since the digital thread concept was brought up. By connecting various data in different fields, digital thread is expected to solve the problem of “information silos” in the R&D process and different fields such as design and manufacturing, potentially generating an average annual output value of tens of billions of dollars for the industry. However, due to various factors such as multi-source heterogeneous data, and complex production environments, there is still no unified framework that can adapt to different scenarios. In addition, traditional data storage architectures are difficult to cope with massive amounts of data throughout the product lifecycle. To solve the problem, a conceptual management framework of multi-source data is developed based on digital thread technology, where multi-source structured data are converted into JSON data format and stored in a unified storage mode. For unstructured data, only their addresses are stored in databases. At the same time, to improve the quality of data management, the meta-database is used to store meta information related to the data. In addition, front-end and back-end data interaction and 3D model visualization are achieved based on the Django framework. The conceptual framework is demonstrated by using an illustrative case of a part design.

Surgical output within the Fast Track Initiative against trachoma in Amhara region, Ethiopia

Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is the advanced stage of trachoma where lashes touch the globe of the eye causing permanent damage. Without eyelid surgery, TT can lead to irreversible blindness. In 2015 the Ethiopian Ministry of Health launched the Fast Track Initiative with the aim of enhancing the provision of surgical services for TT. The aims of this study were to determine the productivity of individual surgeons during the 2017 Initiative, to compare this productivity with the Ministry's annual target indicator of ≥ 200 surgeries, and to assess the factors associated with surgical output. This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized programmatic data on surgical output from 140 surgeons active from January 2017 through December 2017 in the eastern half of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Data were collected from a surgery monitoring dataset, analyzed, and compared to the performance targets set by the Ministry. The mean annual number of surgeries carried out per surgeon was 169 (standard deviation: 111) for a total of 23,616 surgeries. Among the 140 surgeons, 38% achieved the target set by the Ministry. Location of surgical training site and estimated surgical backlog were signficantly associated with a higher surgery output. An increase in surgical output was observed compared to productivity prior to the Initiative, although the average annual output during the 2017 Fast Track Initiative was lower than the Ministry's target. Using data driven approaches to setting annual productivity goals should be considered, particularly in light of fewer remaining TT cases as a result of the successful Initiative.

A Simplified Method for BIPV Retrofitting of Emirati Public Housing with Preserved Architectural Identity: A Pilot Study

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has tailored its own sustainability initiatives and a local agenda for realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This Agenda includes providing clean sustainable energy and achieving sustainable communities. In accordance with these efforts, this ‘pilot’ study aims at, first, exploring an appropriate, simplified method of integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels in existing single-family public housing in the UAE without compromising the architectural style and identity of the original designs. Second, it aims at assessing the sufficiency of the generated electricity through this proposed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system. Finally, it aims at conducting a pilot survey to explore the Emirati residents’ acceptance of the proposed BIPV system. A frequently developed design model of single-family public housing projects in the UAE was selected to undertake the research investigations where the most suitable architectural elements of its envelope were defined for accommodating the integrated PV panels. Afterwards, a complete set of BIPV panel designs tailored to fit with the defined architectural elements of the selected house was prepared. The dimensions and areas of the BIPV panels were defined and digitally constructed through Building Information Modeling (BIM) software. After considering the efficiency and adequacy of the selected type of BIPV panels and figuring out the expected system losses, the PVWatts Calculator was used for simulating the expected electricity output in kilowatt hours (kWh) for the four façades of the selected model house in their four possible different orientations, as well as the overall average electricity output from the whole BIPV system. The results of the yearly electricity output were very close regardless of the orientation of the four façades of the retrofitted model house, with the total average annual output exceeding the estimated yearly average electricity consumption of this model house. This obviously indicates the potential benefit of the proposed BIPV system, especially with the continuous decrease in the capital cost of the PV panels and their increasing efficiency. With the Emirati residents’ clear acceptance of the proposed BIPV system, it might be also considered as an efficient alternative to the currently limited application of rooftop PV solutions in the UAE.

Red Rock Hydroelectric Project – New hydro development at an existing flood control dam

The Red Rock Hydroelectric Project converted the existing Red Rock Dam near Pella, Iowa, from a non-powered dam into a multi-purpose dam. The existing flood control dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the 1960s on the Des Moines River near Pella, Iowa. The hydroelectric project was developed by Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency and generates up to 55 MW with an average annual energy output of 178 gigawatt-hours. The new intake, penstock and powerhouse are located immediately adjacent to the spillway. Construction required large excavations into the upstream and downstream sides of the existing embankment dam and two penetrations through the existing gravity dam monoliths. Extensive water and earth-retention systems, prescriptive construction staging, and a robust dam safety surveillance program were designed to maintain and monitor the integrity of the existing dam throughout construction and avoid impacts to active USACE flood control operations. Construction was completed in 2020. This paper provides an overview of the unique challenges involved with the design and construction of a new hydroelectric project at an existing and active flood control dam.

Mapping the spatio-temporal dynamics of global mangrove crabs to reveal its status and challenges: A bibliometric evaluation of research output during 1980–2016

Crabs are the most dominant groups in mangrove ecosystem and play a vital role in building and sustaining the structure and function of the mangrove ecosystems. However, a systematic evaluation of global research status of mangrove crabs is still lacking. Here, a bibliometric analysis based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) was carried out to provide insights into research activities, tendencies, and challenges of the mangrove crabs from 1980 to 2016. The results showed that the average annual output of the publications was low. Brazil took a leading position out of the 63 countries/territories with the largest number of publications, followed by USA, Australia, China, and Germany. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology was the most popular journal. The reproductive ecology (e.g., reproduction), population ecology (e.g., population structure), and their relationship were the mainstream. The estuarine ecosystem and the method of stable isotope received ecologists’ favor. Behavioral ecology (e.g., bioturbation), ecosystem function (e.g., carbon), and the ecological effect among them were the main issues in this field. Biodiversity was a new hot topic. Brazil, Australia, USA, China, and Kenya were the top five hot regions among the 53 hot countries on a global scale. Different regions have different hot topics. The breeding ecology was the most popular theme in the Americas region, the ecological effects of crabs were the most hotstops in the Africa-East Asia region and the East and South Asia-Oceania region. The challenges of the development were not comprehensive and uneven on a global scale. There was a certain number of countries with mangrove distributions were still outside this field, such as most of the western and northeastern countries of Africa (e.g., Angola), some Central American countries (e.g., Guatemala), and some western and southeast Asian countries (e.g., Cambodia). Furthermore, we found that some topics were ignored or lagged in each territory. Our results highlight that the global research status of mangrove crab is still at a relatively backward stage, and regional development is extremely unbalanced.

Monitoring and Evaluation of The Reliability of Distribution Network with Distributed Generation

With the growing population of Ezenei 11KV feeder radiating from the Asaba mains Injection Substation and overstretched distribution network, monitoring and evaluation of the reliability and improvement of distribution network feeder is essential. Failure of some of the equipment at supply restoration is frequent due to weakness of some of the line conductors and long usage of the equipment. In this research work, simulation, analysis and evaluation of the reliability and improvement of Ezenei 11kV feeder was investigated. Load data used were collected from Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC) Asaba between February and April 2018 and this was used to model the sixty – seven (67) buses on the network using Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP). Load flow analysis was carried out on the modelled network using Newton – Raphson (N-R) iteration method to determine the various bus power (active and reactive) and voltage magnitude using the base and distributed generation injected power. Reliability study was carried out on the network and result showed that the load point indices were increasing as distance of load point increased from feeder. The Seventeen load buses which was Okeke bus to Starcom bus forms the location A. and St. Rebecca bus to Chief Ofili bus forms location B. while Odogu bus to Old Deputy Govt. bus forms location, Iyabi bus to MTN III bus forms location D. Okeke and Jimok water which are the closest load buses to the feeder have an Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr) of 8.9264f/yr, 417.1507hr/yr while Victor Odogu and Auditor General has an Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr) of 8.9318f/yr, 417.2857hr/yr and 8.9264 f/yr, 417.1507hr/yr. It was also observed that Chief Osita, Anacho and Estate buses had the highest Average Interruption Rate (f/yr) and Annual Output Interruption Rate (hr/yr).

Trans-boundary air pollution spillovers: Physical transport and economic costs by distance

The economic costs of trans-boundary pollution spillovers versus local effects is necessary to evaluate centralized versus decentralized environmental policies. Directly estimating these for air pollution is difficult because spillovers are high-frequency and vary with distance while economic outcomes are usually measured with low-frequency and local pollution is endogenous. We develop an approach to quantify local versus spillover effects as a flexible function of distance utilizing commonly-available pollution and weather data. To correct for the endogeneity of pollution, it uses a mixed two-stage least squares method that accommodates high-frequency (daily) pollution data and low-frequency (annual) outcome data and can improve efficiency. We estimate spillovers of particulate matter smaller than 10 μg (PM10) on manufacturing labor productivity in China. A one μg/m3 annual increase in PM10 locally reduces the average firm's annual output by CNY 45,809 (0.30%) while the same increase in a city 50 km away decreases it by CNY 16,248 (0.11%). This effect declines rapidly to CNY 2847 (0.02%) for an increase in a city 600 km away and then slowly to zero at 1000 km. The results suggest the need for supra-provincial environmental policies or Coasian prices quantified under the approach.

A Novel 10 kW Vertical Axis Wind Tree Design: Economic Feasibility Assessment

A novel, small-scale vertical axis wind turbine tree was designed using turbines combining both Darrieus and Savonius blades. We tested for economic viability using wind data collected at a site in Surat Thani, Thailand. The Weibull distribution and Monte Carlo modeling with financial indices (Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Simple Payback Period (SPP)) were used to analyze data. We found that monthly mean wind speeds varied from 2.35 m/s in October to 2.84 m/s in February, corresponding to a wind power of 28.43 W/m2 and 42.68 W/m2. The average annual power output was 1446.1 kWh for May 2019 to April 2021. Results show that for turbine cut-in to cut-out speeds (2 m/s to 15 m/s), the prototype has potential economic feasibility (NPV > 0 for 64.93%), although the small capacity of the wind tree, in combination with the low average wind speed at the Surat Thani test site, showed a lack of economic viability at this specific location (NPV = USD − 20,946.29). A higher-wind-speed location (Chiang Mai) showed viability, especially at a 10 m height (NPV > 0 for 84.83%). We discuss potential conditions that would make broader use of the prototype feasible.

Yield of good steel at metallurgical plants of the world depending on large-dispersed precipitation

The moisture in the environment influences the formation of defects in steel and the yield of suitable metal products. However, no numerical dependence of the yield at a metallurgical enterprise on climatic and weather conditions, in particular, on coarse precipitation, has yet been proposed. A significant difference in the yield of steel grades suitable for various groups is shown on days without atmospheric precipitation, with precipitation and during the day after rain. For low-alloy steels, the yield of a suitable continuously cast billet during periods with precipitation is 11.3% lower than on days without precipitation; for high-alloy grades, this difference reaches 16.5%. Based on the annual reports of metallurgical companies, a database has been formed on the average annual output of suitable metal products at various plants around the world. The quantitative dependence of the yield at the enterprise on the number of days in a year with coarse precipitation (rain, snow) and the uneven distribution of these precipitation over the year has been obtained. Coarse precipitation significantly affects the level of yield of suitable metal products at a metallurgical enterprise. With an increase in the number of days with precipitation per year by one day, the level of waste and sorting at the enterprise increases by 0.087%. The increase in the unevenness of atmospheric precipitation per unit leads to an increase in waste and sorting by 0.822%. If the climatic factor is taken into account when forming a strategy for the development of metallurgy in the country, then it is possible to achieve a greater effect for the development of the economy in comparison with other states that do not take this factor into account.

Determining wind energy resources in Turkmenistan

THE PURPOSE. Studying the complex issues associated with providing consumers who are away from the central power supply system with environmentally safe renewable energy source, i.e. conversion of wind energy into electrical energy and uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers. In this area, one of the complex issues is to determine the wind energy resources in the area where it is planned to install a wind farm.The article deals with the determination of wind energy resources in Turkmenistan. Using databases obtained from meteorological stations over several years, calculations of wind energy resources by region are carried out. This will quickly and in detail analyze the wind energy potential in a particular area to assess the choice of capacity of the projected wind turbines, with the aim of ensuring sustainable development of the region and the reliability of electricity supply.METHODS. In order to estimate the wind energy resources in the area it is necessary to determine the average wind speed per year. In this research work the average annual wind speeds obtained from meteorological stations installed in different regions of Turkmenistan were used. These data were compared with the actual data obtained from the 2 kW wind power plant installed at the research site of the State Energy institute of Turkmenistan and the relevant graphs were built. The results of the obtained data can be used for optimal selection of wind power plant locations and assessment of wind energy resources of the region. RESULTS.As a result of the calculations, wind energy reserves in the region and for the regions of Turkmenistan were determined, as well as the optimal locations of wind farms.Using the technical characteristics of a 2kW wind power plant, the average annual electricity output of a wind power plant of different capacity is determined.With the correct definition of wind energy potential, there is an opportunity to solve energy, economic, environmental and social issues of the country. And also there is an opportunity to mitigate climate change on the basis of wind energy installations, and their resources, environmental benefits, goals and objectives on the scientific methodological basis in the field of wind energy for implementation of state programs for energy conservation in Turkmenistan and energy supply of the region.CONCLUSIONS. On the basis of the carried out scientific work the wind energy resources and technical potentials of wind power plants in the territory of Turkmenistan were determined and the database for compiling the wind energy cadastre was created.