Average Annual Incidence Rate Research Articles

Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005-2019.

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an endemic vaccine-preventable disease that affects the respiratory tract and is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Between 1999 and 2004, the adolescent booster dose of pertussis was introduced across Canada. This report describes the epidemiology of pertussis in Canada from 2005 to 2019, the period after adolescent acellular vaccination was recommended. We analyzed pertussis incidence by year, age groups, sex and geographic region using national surveillance data from the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Hospitalization data from the Discharge Abstract Database was used to investigate pertussis hospitalizations by sex and age. Deaths from pertussis were explored using Statistics Canada's vital statistics data. Vaccination coverage data was gathered from the 2019 Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey and 2018-2019 Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Survey. Between 2005 and 2019, there were a total of 33,481 pertussis cases with the average annual incidence rate of 6.4 cases per 100,000 population. The highest average age-specific incidence rate was among infants under one year of age (n=68.7 cases per 100,000 population). There were a total of 1,593 pertussis hospitalizations; nearly 80% of these hospitalizations were infants under one year of age. Hospitalization rates were 8.2 times higher in infants three months or younger compared to infants four to 11 months of age. There were 17 deaths; all among infants under one year of age. The highest morbidity and fatality of pertussis were among infants under one year of age. It is important to take measures to reduce transmission to infants who are too young to be vaccinated. Increasing vaccine coverage in children and pregnant women are important to reduce the burden of disease.

Analyzing Factors Enabling Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors Among African American Males in the South Region Using the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Healthcare Services Utilization.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States, and African American men especially represent a high risk population for prostate cancer. Although the overall prostate cancer incidence rates have been declining since 1992, the average annual prostate cancer incidence rates among African American men were still higher than any other racial groups, and the mortality rates were 2.1 times higher than that of Caucasian men. This study examined what factors including cultural mistrust were related with the prostate cancer screening behaviors among African American males in the South East region. Out of 496 prostate educational seminar attendees, 304 volunteers completed the survey about the behaviors of prostate cancer, cultural mistrust for health providers and general health beliefs and health behaviors. Using Anderson's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify which predisposing, enabling, and need factors could predict prostate cancer screening behaviors and whether there was any interaction effects among these predictors. Findings revealed that annual household income and annual health check-up were significantly related with the prostate cancer screening behaviors while the effect of health insurance was diminished among older African American males. Overall, results highlight the importance of financial resources as a determinant of prostate cancer screening behaviors among African American males implying the need of substantial support to overcome the obstacles from financial adversity.

Trend in the incidence rates of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents in Brazil (2007-2019).

ABSTRACTObjective:To estimate the temporal trend of the incidence rates of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents in Brazil.Methods:An ecological time-series study was carried out between 2007 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System on Diseases of Compulsory Declaration (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN). The time series of incidence rates of accidents with venomous animals were stratified by age group (children aged 0 to 9 years and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years), Brazilian macro-regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South), and type of accident (snake, scorpion, spider, and caterpillar). For trend analysis, the Prais-Winsten model and the Annual Percent Change (APC) were used.Results:The time series of the incidence rate of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents from the North, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast macro-regions and in children from the South region showed an upward trend. The average annual incidence rates were higher in the age group of 10 to 19 years, except for the South macro-region. Accidents with scorpions, snakes, and spiders, in this order, were the most frequent; the trends in the time series stratified by type of animal varied according to the geographic macro-region.Conclusions:There was an upward trend in the incidence rate of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents in Brazil, except for adolescents in the South macro-region of the country.

Analysis of spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and natural infection status of SFTS cases in Hefei from 2015 to 2021.

To analyze the prevalence and spatial-temporal characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), clustering mode of transmission, and the serological dynamic detection results in multiple areas in Hefei from 2015 to 2021, and to provide the basis for SFTS prevention and control. Case data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Information on the clustering outbreak was obtained from the outbreak investigation and disposal report. Population latent infection rate information was obtained from field sampling in multiple-incidence counties in 2016 and 2021 by multi-stage random sampling. Epi data3.2 and SPSS 16.0 softwares were used to perform a statistical analysis of the data on SFTS cases, and QGIS 3.26 software was used to draw the incidence map with township (street) as unit. The an average annual reported incidence rate of SFTS in Hefei from 2015 to 2021 was 0.65/100,000, and the case fatality rate was 9.73%. The overall prevalence of SFTS epidemics in Hefei City showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2015 to 2021 (χ2trends = 103.353, P < 0.001). Chaohu City, Feixi County, Feidong County and Lujiang County ranked the top 4 in the city in terms of average annual incidence rate. The number of epidemic-involved towns (streets) kept increasing ((χ2trend = 47.640, P = 0.000)). Co-exposure to ticks accounted for the majority of clustered outbreaks and also human-to-human outbreaks. Population-based latent infection rate surveys were conducted in four SFTS multi-incidence counties, with 385 people surveyed in 2016 and 403 people surveyed in 2021, increasing the population-based latent infection rate from 6.75% to 10.91%, just as the incidence rate increased. The incidence rate of SFTS in Hefei is obviously regional, with an expanding trend in the extent of the epidemic involved. Co-exposure to ticks accounted for the majority of clustered outbreaks and the latent infection rate cannot be ignored.

Análise das intoxicações medicamentosas notificadas em crianças no estado de Santa Catarina, 2016–2020

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of drug poisoning in children registered in the Santa Catarina Information and Toxicological Assistance Center between 2016 and 2020. Methods: This observational epidemiological study, with a historical cohort design, was carried out from reported cases of drug poisoning in children aged 0–12 years. Census sampling was used to collect data. Results: There were 4839 reported cases of drug poisoning among children in the State of Santa Catarina in the surveyed period, with an average annual incidence rate of 6 cases/1000 live births. The median age was 3 years. Most cases of poisoning occurred among girls aged 0–3 years by accidental ingestion of drugs at home. There was a predominance of signs and symptoms affecting the nervous system; only a small portion required hospitalization. Most cases were considered mild poisoning with a favorable outcome. No deaths were recorded. There was a tendency of increasing cases over time, however not significant. There is a predominance of incident cases in the Great West of the state, followed by the Midwest and Serra Catarinense regions. Conclusions: Drug poisoning in children is predominant in early childhood, mainly caused by accidental ingestion of drugs at home. These findings highlight the importance of preventive and educational measures among family members and caregivers.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LISTERIOSIS IN VOJVODINA, SERBIA, IN THE PERIOD 2005-2020

In the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, listeriosis has been reported to health authorities since 2005. In this study, we retrospectively analysed the data of listeriosis collected from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2020. Descriptive method was applied. Demographic, chronological and topographical distribution of the disease in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina was reviewed. In the study period, a total of 52 cases of listeriosis were registered. The average annual incidence rate of reported cases was 0.16/100,000. The largest annual number of cases (n = 10) was reported in 2020. The highest incidence rate registered in youngest age group &lt; 1 year was (5.4/100,000). Gender distribution of the infected population showed no difference with respect to number of infected males and females. Listeriosis was registered throughout the year, but most frequently in October (21.15%). Topographical distribution revealed that listeriosis was more frequently reported in South Bačka county (2.4/100,000 inhabitants). The overall case fatality rate of reported Listeria monocytogenes infection was 23.08%. The highest case fatality rate was in the age group 19 - 59 years (29.41%), and fatal outcome in males was twofold the fatality rate in females. Our data analysis suggests that our practitioners, gynaecologists, paediatricians, oncologists and other clinicians should take listeriosis into consideration much more often in differential diagnosis in order to improve the diagnosis of the disease and further on epidemiological investigation on source of infection.

Trends in Liver Cancer Incidence and Survival in Italy by Histologic Type, 2003-2017.

(1) Background: Liver cancer in Italy is characterised by one of the highest incidence rates worldwide outside of Asia coupled with comparatively favourable survival figures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the most recent epidemiologic trends of the disease. (2) Methods: Thirteen cancer registries covering a population of about 12,740,000 (21% of the national population) made available the records of 35,574 cases registered between 2003 and 2017. Trends in age-standardised (Europe 2013) incidence rates were analysed using the results of age-drift models. Trends in survival were analysed using 1-year, 2-year, 5-year and 10-year net survival (NS) and 5|1-year and 5|2-year conditional NS. (3) Results: Over the study period, the average annual incidence rates per 100,000 persons were 29.4 (men) and 9.4 (women) for total liver cancer; 14.6 and 3.5 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); 1.8 and 1.1 for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC); and 13.0 and 4.8 for the 'other liver cancer types' group. The incidence of total liver cancer and HCC decreased significantly for both sexes. For total liver cancer, the estimated average annual percent change was -1.6% among men and -2.1% among women. For HCC, the change was -1.3% among men and -2.7% among women. ICC followed an opposite trend. For men, the risk of HCC had two peaks, one in the birth cohorts of 1928 and 1933 and another, more moderate peak in the cohort of 1958. Men and women exhibited comparable improvements in both early and mid-term conditional NS from HCC. In 2013-2017, 5-year NS was 28.9% (95% CI: 27.3%; 30.6%) for men and 30.1% (95% CI: 26.9%; 33.5%) for women. The uptrend in survival from ICC was less pronounced and was weakly significant, with a 5-year NS in 2013-2017 of 13.9% (95% CI: 10.8%; 17.3%) for men and 17.4% (95% CI: 13.5%; 21.7%) for women. (4) Conclusions: The opposite incidence trends of HCC and ICC confirm a pattern observed in other populations. The generalised, albeit slow, improvement in survival from HCC indicates a trend towards earlier detection coupled with improvements in treatments.

Patterns and characteristics of TB among key risk groups in Canada, 1993-2018.

BACKGROUND: Canada has a low incidence of TB, although certain groups are disproportionately affected.OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the epidemiology, trends and characteristics of TB in Quebec, Canada, among all patients reported during 1993-2018.METHODS: Demographics and risk factors were compared for the three groups accounting for most TB diagnoses reported in Quebec (foreign-born, Canadian-born non-Indigenous and Inuit). Average annual incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated and compared using Poisson regression.RESULTS: Of 6,941 persons with a first episode of TB, 4,077 (59%) were foreign-born, 2,314 (33%) were Canadian-born non-Indigenous and 389 (6%) were Inuit. The average annual incidence for foreign-born, Canadian-born non-Indigenous and Inuit was respectively 17.0, 1.4 and 137.1 per 100,000 population. Compared to Canadian-born non-Indigenous, the IRR for foreign-born and Inuit was respectively 12.3 (95% CI 11.6-12.9) and 98.7 (95% CI 88.6-109.9). There was evidence of community transmission among the Inuit, with more than 80% of patients having a TB contact (2012-2018 data) and 65% (251/389) of diagnoses in those aged <25 years.CONCLUSION: Although TB rates among the Canadian-born non-Indigenous are extremely low, there are persistent and distinct TB epidemics among the foreign-born and Inuit. Tailored approaches to TB prevention and care are needed to address TB among high-risk populations in low TB incidence settings.

Changing epidemiology and trends in incidence of kidney cancer in England, 1985-2019

Abstract Background Kidney cancer is the 7th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 4% of all new cancer cases. The risk factors for kidney cancer include obesity, smoking, hypertension, and exposure to certain environmental and occupational carcinogens. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study to examine whether there have been changes in the incidence of kidney cancer in England during the past four decades. Methods Individual level data for patients diagnosed with kidney cancer in England during 1985-2019 were obtained from the Office for National Statistics/Public Health England. Average annual incidence rates were calculated by two age categories (0-49, 50+ years) and all ages combined during the seven five-year time periods (1985-89 to 2015-19). The percentage change in incidence was calculated as change in the average annual incidence rate from the first (1985-89) to the last time period (2015-19). Results During the 35-year study period, a total of 197,819 new cases of kidney cancer were registered in England (62.4% males, 37.6% females). In young people aged 0-49 years, the average annual incidence rates increased by 164% in males and 144% in females (from 1.4/100,000 in 1985-89 to 3.7/100,000 in 2015-19 in males and from 0.9/100,000 in 1985-89 to 2.2/100,000 in 2015-19 in females). In older people aged 50+ years, the rates increased by 129% in males and 147% in females (from 24.5/100,000 in 1985-89 to 56.0/100,000 in 2015-19 in males and from 11.9/100,000 in 1985-89 to 29.4/100,000 in 2015-19 in females). Conclusions There has been a steady and significant increase in the incidence of kidney cancer in England over the past four decades. The largest increase (164%) was observed in young males aged 0-49 years, which was unexpected. Considering the risk factors for kidney cancer, further research is needed to understand the role of environmental/occupational exposures in causing kidney cancer. Key messages

Changing epidemiology and trends in incidence of thyroid cancer in England, 1985-2019

Abstract Background Thyroid cancer is 2-3 times more common in females and is currently the fastest growing cancer worldwide. Exposure to ionizing radiation is the only established risk factor for thyroid cancer. Other factors include obesity, history of benign thyroid conditions, and family history. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study to examine whether there have been changes in the incidence of thyroid cancer in England during the past four decades. Methods Individual level data for patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer in England during 1985-2019 were obtained from the Office for National Statistics/Public Health England. Average annual incidence rates were calculated by two age categories (0-49, 50+ years) and all ages combined during the seven five-year time periods (1985-89 to 2015-19). The percentage change in incidence was calculated as change in the average annual incidence rate from the first (1985-89) to the last time period (2015-19). Results During the 35-year study period, a total of 58,710 new cases of thyroid cancer were registered in England (27.3% males, 72.7% females). In young people aged 0-49 years, the average annual incidence rates increased by 375% in males and 438% in females (from 0.4/100,000 in 1985-89 to 1.9/100,000 in 2015-19 in males and from 1.3/100,000 in 1985-89 to 7.0/100,000 in 2015-19 in females). In older people aged 50+ years, the rates increased by 146% in males and 171% in females (from 2.4/100,000 in 1985-89 to 5.9/100,000 in 2015-19 in males and from 4.1/100,000 in 1985-89 to 11.1/100,000 in 2015-19 in females). Conclusions There has been a steady and substantial increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in England over the past four decades. The largest increase in incidence was observed in young people aged 0-49 years. Some of this increase is due to enhanced surveillance and sensitive diagnostic methods, but other factors (e.g., obesity and history of benign thyroid conditions) need to be considered. Key messages

Trends in incidence of cervical cancer in England, 1985-2019

Abstract Background Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women. The highest incidence is observed in Africa (25.6/100,000) and the lowest in North America (6.1/100,000). Over 99% of cases are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). In the UK, HPV vaccination has been offered to school children aged 12-13 years since 2008. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study to examine whether there have been changes in the incidence of cervical cancer in England during the past four decades. Methods Individual level data for women diagnosed with cervical cancer in England during 1985-2019 were obtained from the Office for National Statistics/Public Health England. Average annual incidence rates were calculated by two age categories (0-49, 50+ years) and all ages combined during the seven five-year time periods (1985-89 to 2015-19). The percentage change in incidence was calculated as change in the average annual incidence rate from the first (1985-89) to the last time period (2015-19). Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintiles (2015-19) were examined to determine the social gradient of the disease. Results During the 35-year study period, a total of 100,303 women with cervical cancer were registered in England. In women aged 0-49 years, the average annual incidence rates declined by about 20% (from 11.6/100,000 in 1985-89 to 9.3/100,000 in 2015-19), and in women aged 50+ years, the rates declined by about 64% (from 26.1/100,000 in 1985-89 to 9.5/100,000 in 2015-19). At all ages combined, the rate declined by 43%. With regard to the social gradient, about half of the cases occurred in women in the most deprived quintiles. Conclusions There has been a steady decline in the incidence of cervical cancer in England over the past four decades. These findings are consistent with reports from other Western countries. The finding of relatively increased risk of cervical cancer among women from most deprived communities needs further investigation. Key messages • Considering that over 99% of cervical cancers are potentially preventable, there is an urgent need to support low- and middle-income countries to roll out HPV vaccination programme. • The difference in risk of cervical cancer by social gradient highlights the importance of reducing health and social inequalities.

Incidence of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and KCNT1-related epilepsy in Denmark

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and potassium sodium-activated channel subfamily T member 1 (KCNT1)-related epilepsy in Denmark and to characterize the patients diagnosed with AGS and KCNT1-related epilepsy. BackgroundAGS and KCNT1-related epilepsy are 2 distinct rare genetic disorders. Due to the rarity of AGS and KCNT1-related epilepsy, the epidemiology remains unclear. The incidences for these diseases or the carriers with disease-related genetic variants remain unknown. Materials and methodsThis is a retrospective, non-interventional, population-based study using aggregate data from the Danish population register and hospital-based patient-level data in Denmark to identify persons with genetically confirmed AGS between January 2010 to December 2020 and KCNT1-related epilepsies between January 2012 to December 2020. Cases of these disorders were identified from in-hospital databases, and pathogenic variants were identified and confirmed by Sanger and/or whole exome (panel-based) sequencing. The incidence of AGS and KCNT1-related epilepsy were estimated in separate statistical analyses. ResultsA total of 7 AGS patients were identified. The mean age at AGS diagnosis was 19.4 months (median age 14 months). TREX1 (n < 5) and RNASEH2B (n ≥ 5) genes were reported with confirmed pathogenic variants. The birth incidence of AGS was <0.7600 per 100,000 live births. The average annual incidence rate was calculated as 0.0539 (95% CI: 0.0217–0.1111) per 100,000 persons per year in the total population < 18 years (n = 7); the average annual incidence rate was <0.7538 per 100,000 persons per year (n < 5) in the population < 12 months, and the average annual incidence rate in the population ≥ 12 months and < 18 years was <0.0406 per 100,000 persons per year (n < 5). A total of 14 KCNT1-related epilepsy cases were identified during the study period (n = 5 in 2016, remaining 9 cases in 2013 and 2015). The mean age at diagnosis was 20.6 years (median 19 years) for KCNT1 cases. A total of 8 cases (57.1%) were ≥ 18 years, and 6 (42.9%) were < 18 years at diagnosis. The phenotype autosomal dominant or sporadic sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE) (n = 10, 71.4%) was most reported; the remaining 4 cases had either epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS) or an unclassifiable developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). The average annual incidence rates per 100,000 persons per year during the study period were 0.0431 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0236–0.0723; n = 14) in the overall population ≤ 50 years, 0.0568 (95% CI: 0.0209–0.1237; n = 6) in the population < 18 years, and 0.0365 (95% CI: 0.0157–0.0718; n = 8) in the population ≥ 18 and ≤ 50 years. There were 3 families with at least 2 cases diagnosed with KCNT1-related epilepsies (on average 3.3 cases per family), indicating 10 cases in total within the 3 families. All KCNT1 cases of ADSHE phenotype came from the 3 families. The higher incidence of older ages and ADSHE cases compared with previous KCNT1 studies is likely due to the capture of prevalent and familial previously undiagnosed cases. Excluding these family cases, the average annual incidence was 0.0123 (95% CI: 0.0034–0.0315, n = 4) per 100,000 persons per year in the population ≤ 50 years during 2012–2020. ConclusionsAGS and KCNT1-related epilepsy are particularly rare diseases. The annual average incidence rate of AGS was 0.0539 per 100,000 persons per year in the population < 18 years and birth incidence was <0.7600 per 100,000 live births during 2010–2020. The average annual incidence rate of KCNT1-related epilepsy was 0.0431 per 100,000 persons per year in the population ≤ 50 years. Given similar healthcare systems and genetic pools, these findings may provide insight on the incidence of these rare diseases in the Nordics.

CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2015-2019.

The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States (US) and represents the entire US population. This report contains the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors available and supersedes all previous reports in terms of completeness and accuracy. All rates are age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population and presented per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 24.71 per 100,000 population (malignant AAAIR=7.02 and non-malignant AAAIR=17.69). This overall rate was higher in females compared to males (27.62 versus 21.60 per 100,000) and non-Hispanic persons compared to Hispanic persons (25.09 versus 22.95 per 100,000). The most commonly occurring malignant brain and other CNS histopathology was glioblastoma (14.2% of all tumors and 50.1% of all malignant tumors), and the most common non-malignant histopathology was meningioma (39.7% of all tumors and 55.4% of all non-malignant tumors). Glioblastoma was more common in males, and meningiomas were more common in females. In children and adolescents (ages 0-19years), the incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 6.20 per 100,000 population. An estimated 93,470 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in the US population in 2022 (26,670 malignant and 66,806 non-malignant). There were 84,264 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2015 and 2019. This represents an average annual mortality rate of 4.41 per 100,000 population and an average of 16,853 deaths per year. The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.7%, while for non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors the five-year relative survival rate was 91.8%.

Epidemiology of Hypertension in the Prefecture of Figuig, Morocco

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; BACKGROUND: Hypertension continues to be a public health problem with devastating consequences globally, particularly in developing countries where there is an acute paucity of hypertension data.The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and treatment characteristics of hypertensive patients in the prefecture of Figuig, Morocco.&#x0D; METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hypertensive patients’ medical records from 2010 to 2020. The diagnosis, treatments, and complications were reported by physicians and cardiologists. Data analysis was made according to epidemiological, clinical complications, and treatments. RESULTS: Hypertension progressed from 871 cases in 2010 to 1785 cases in 2020 with an average annual incidence rate of 105.56/100,000 person-year, affecting more women than men (68% vs 32%). Hypertension was higher among rural residents compared to urban residents (54.0%vs 46%). Hypertension was noted in 65.4 % of patients aged 60+, and in 30.49% of patients aged 40-59. The incidence proportion of clinical complications is Ipcomplications=18.35/1000 person- year, principally cardiovascular diseases (45.42%), stroke (25.55%), retinopathy (17.98%) and nephropathy (10.41%). The most antihypertensive drugs used were Calcium channel blockers (33.39%), Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (21.13%), Angiotensin receptors blockers (21.21%), diuretics (19.4%), beta-blockers (5.38%) and central antihypertensive (10.46%) with an average coverage needs of treatments in the prefecture as (47.29%).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Hypertension progresses gradually in the prefecture, higher among older individuals, women and rural residents. Large proportion of patients cannot find their treatments in health care structures which lead to poor blood pressure control, accelerating the appearance of complications.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Trends of colorectal cancer incidence according to age, anatomic site, and histological subgroup in Bavaria: A registry-based study.

BackgroundRecent studies reported an increase in colorectal cancer incidence for adults below 50 years. There is a lack of studies distinguishing between histological subgroups, especially from Europe.MethodsUsing data from the Bavarian Cancer Registry, we analyzed incidence trends in colorectal cancer by age (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50 years and above), anatomic site (colon without appendix, appendix, and rectum), and histological subgroup (adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasm) from 2005 to 2019. We calculated 3-year average annual age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) per 100,000 persons for the beginning (2005–2007) and the end (2017–2019) of the study period and estimated average annual percentage change.ResultsData from 137,469 persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer were included. From 139,420 cases in total, 109,825 (78.8%) were adenocarcinomas (ACs), 2,800 (2.0%) were neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), and 26,795 (19.2%) had other histologies. This analysis showed a significant increase in the 3-year average annual ASIR of colorectal NENs in all age groups between 2005–2007 and 2017–2019 with the highest increase in the age groups 30–39 years (0.47 to 1.53 cases per 100,000 persons; +226%; p < 0.05) and 20–29 years (0.52 to 1.38 cases per 100,000 persons; +165%; p < 0.05). The increase was driven by appendiceal and rectal NENs but not by colonic NENs. The 3-year average annual ASIR of colorectal ACs did not change significantly for the age groups below 50 years. For those aged 50 years and above, the 3-year average annual ASIR of colorectal ACs decreased significantly (132.55 to 105.95 cases per 100,000 persons; −20%; p < 0.05]). The proportion of NENs increased across all age groups, especially in the younger age groups.ConclusionFuture studies that analyze trends in early-onset colorectal cancer need to distinguish between anatomic sites as well as histological subgroups and may, thus, provide useful information regarding the organization of colorectal cancer screening, which primarily helps to detect adenomas and adenocarcinomas."

Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Fengtai District, Beijing City from 2011 to 2021

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, the data of PTB patients in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021 were collected in Chinese disease prevention and Control Information System, which included etiological classification, gender, age, occupation, onset time, demographic information etc. the epidemiological characteristics of reported PTB patients was analysis. Results: A total of 10 342 cases of PTB were reported from 2011 to 2021 in Fengtai District, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 42.87/ 100 000. The incidence rate was the highest in 2012(75.89/100 000), and significantly declined from 2013, which declined to 29.70/100 000 in 2017. It showed a slow rise from 2018 to 2021. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=1 471.77,P<0.001).There were 2 975 cases of etiologic positive PTB from 2011 to 2021, and 76 cases of Rifampicin-resistant PTB from 2017 to 2021. The ratio of male cases to female was 1.75, the average annual incidence rate of male (53.94/100 000) was higher, than female(31.57/100 000).(χ2=704.01,P<0.001). Among all age groups, 25-29 years group, 20-24 years group and 30-34 years group had the highest proportion, which were 1 506 cases (14.56%) , 1 292 cases (12.49%) and 1 024 cases (9.90%) respectively. The average annual incidence rate was the lowest in the group less than 10 years old (1.43/100 000), and the highest in the group 85 years old and over (195.20/100 000), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=3164.24, P<0.001). The top occupations from high to low were housework and unemployment (2 917 cases, 28.21%), retirees (2 308 cases, 22.32%), workers (1 047 cases, 10.12%), cadres and staff (950 cases, 9.19%), farmers (860 cases, 8.32%), business services (698 cases, 6.75%), teachers and students (455 cases, 4.40%). Conclusion: From 2011 to 2021, the incidence rate of PTB was decreased from 2012 to 2017, and slowly increased lately in Fengtai District. The epidemiological characteristics of PTB vary in different age and gender.

Trends in the Incidence of Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers With Different Histology by Race, Age, and Region in the United States (2001-2018).

Objectives: The race, age, and region-stratified incidence of vulvar (VUC) and vaginal (VAC) cancers with different histology were unclear. Methods: Data was retrieved from the United States Cancer Statistics database. Average annual percent change (AAPC) and incidence rate ratio (IRR) were calculated. Results: Overall, VUC incidence increased from 18.3 (per 1,000,000 woman-years) to 19.6, but VAC incidence decreased from 5.6 to 4.4. VUC squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) incidence increased (AAPC, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.66–1.25), VUC adenocarcinoma (ADE) incidence stabilized (AAPC, −0.24; 95% CI, −1.44 to 0.98), and VUC other malignancies (OM) incidence decreased (AAPC, −1.31; 95% CI, −2.58 to −0.02). While VAC incidence decreased for any histology (AAPC, -0.63; 95% CI, −1.03 to −0.22; AAPC, −1.60; 95% CI, −2.80 to −0.39; and AAPC, −1.57; 95% CI, −2.24 to −0.89 for SCC, ADE, and OM). Similar trends were observed in most of the stratifications. Conclusion: VUC and VAC incidences varied by histology overall and within stratifications by race, age, and region. The incidence decreased for VUC and VAC with all histologies, except for the increasing VUC SCC incidence.

Incidence and mortality of spinal cord injury from 2008 to 2020: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the Piedmont Region, Italy.

Study designRetrospective population-based cohort study.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence and mortality of spinal cord injuries (SCI) in the Piedmont Region of Northwestern Italy.SettingPublicly-funded SCI rehabilitation centres in the Piedmont Region.MethodsAdministrative databases were used to identify individuals at their first admission to a SCI rehabilitation centre from January 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2020. Cases were stratified by age and aetiology (traumatic SCI, TSCI; non-traumatic SCI, NTSCI). Age- and aetiology-specific incidence rate and person-year mortality rates were calculated for each year. Case lethality was reported as deaths among prevalent cases for each year.ResultsA total of 892 cases were identified (56.4% TSCI). The average annual crude incidence rate was 17.9 per million population, decreasing from 26.0 in 2008 to 10.8 in 2020. Young adults and the elderly represented the majority of TSCI and NTSCI cases, respectively. Of the 235 individuals who died during the study period, 58.3% had NTSCI. The mortality rate per 1000 person-years decreased from 16.3 in 2009 to 8.5 in 2020, while case lethality more than tripled (from 17.2 in 2009 to 57.1 in 2020).ConclusionsWe identified a decreasing trend in SCI incidence and mortality rates, with an increased case lethality over the study period, especially in NTSCI. Given these changes in the epidemiology of SCI, community services offered after rehabilitation should be strengthened to enhance their effectiveness and contribute to increased survival in this population.

Incidence of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia in England-An update.

Adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare bleeding disorder of unknown cause. Recent estimates of its incidence and trend over time were acquired for England. The primary ITP population (using ICD 10 code D693 and excluding secondary ITP cases; positive predictive value: 82.6%) was sourced from NHS Digital inpatient and outpatient. Incidence rate (IR) for England and by age groups, sex, and regions were calculated and trends were assessed using average annual percent change (AAPC). A total of 25 805 patients (mean age 59 years; females 57.8%) diagnosed between 2003 and 2014 was identified. IRs increased from 4.2/100 000 to 6.4/100 000 over this period (AAPC:4.3%). For all sex-specific age groups, the IRs significantly increased over time, except 18-29 years males. The greatest increase was among females aged 30-39 (AAPC:8.7%). In contrast, among ≥70 years, ITP was more common in males (highest IR among ≥80 years males: 23.9/100 000). England's average annual IR was 6.1/100 000 for 2010-14. An estimated 2.5/100 000 (based on UKITP Registry data) was estimated to require 1st line treatment whereas 2.4/100 000 would have 1st and 2nd line treatments within 6months from diagnosis. IRs for London and East Midlands were the highest (6.5/100 000). This study found a rising incidence of primary ITP, with sharp increases among young women and elderly men. These findings put in context the impact of ITP on patients' lives and the healthcare services in England, especially with 17%-50% who may develop chronic ITP and require long-term care.

The Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors among Domestic and Imported Patients in Taiwan during the 2011-2020 Period.

Background and Objectives: Amebiasis remains an important public health problem worldwide, and immigration and increased international travel have affected incident disease cases. This study assesses the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 by analyzing data from surveillance programs conducted by the Centers for Disease Control of Taiwan (TCDC) on laboratory-confirmed cases. Materials and Methods: The E. histolytica infection-related data reported to the National Infectious Diseases Statistics System at the TCDC from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020 were collected, including age, gender, place of residence, and the geographic season of exposure for each case. Results: In total, 3066 cases with E. histolytica infections were included in our analysis. Among them, 1735 (57%) cases were imported, and 1331 (43%) were locally acquired. The average annual incidence rate of E. histolytica infections in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 was 10.6 and 16.1 per 1,000,000 patients. There were statistical differences in gender, age group, and place of residence (p < 0.001) by the source distribution of cases. Also, these differences were found every year (p < 0.05). There were statistical differences in gender and age group (p < 0.001) by place of residence (p < 0.001). The only difference between the distribution of cases and age group was in gender (p < 0.001). Eight patients with amebiasis died, and the fatality rate was 0.3% (8/3066), of whom 75% (6/8) were male, and 75% (6/8) were over 45 years old. This study demonstrates that multiple linear regression analysis shows positive associations between NO2 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 2.569, p = 0.019), O3 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 0.294, p = 0.008), and temperature and amebiasis cases (B value = 1.096, p = 0.046). Conclusions: This study is the first report of confirmed E. histolytica cases from TCDC surveillance data between 2011 and 2020. This study showed the importance of long periods, air pollutants, and geographically comprehensive analysis for estimating the effect of amebiasis transmission in Taiwan’s populations.