Normal Activity Levels Research Articles

Preoperative Physical Activity Level Measurement by Accelerometer for Predicting Post-Hepatectomy Complications: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Recently, accelerometers have received much attention around the world. This study examined whether the preoperative physical activity level measured by an accelerometer could be a useful predictor of post-hepatectomy complications. Methods: Between December 2016 and December 2020, the physical activity levels of 185 patients were measured using an accelerometer 3 days before hepatectomy and from postoperative day 1 to 7. The patients without postoperative complications (n = 153) and those with postoperative complications (n = 32) were compared using either the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables; continuous variables were analyzed using either Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p value was <0.05. Risk factors for postoperative complications following hepatectomy were also investigated. Results: The number of patients with an anatomical resection was significantly higher in patients with postoperative complications (p = 0.001). Furthermore, laparoscopic hepatectomy was performed in 65.4% of patients without postoperative complications and in 25.0% of those with postoperative complications; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The average preoperative physical activity level was 150.6 kcal/day in patients without postoperative complications and 84.5 kcal/day in those with postoperative complications (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified blood loss, operative time, and preoperative physical activity level as independent risk factors for postoperative complications. Discussion/Conclusion: Patients with lower preoperative physical activity levels are at a high risk of developing postoperative complications after hepatectomy. Hence, preoperative physical activity level measurement may be useful in predicting post-hepatectomy complications.

The use of anticoagulants for rodent control in a mixed-use urban environmefent in Singapore: A controlled interrupted time series analysis.

Vector control remains an important strategy in preventing rodent-borne diseases. Studies quantifying the impact of anticoagulant bait use on rodent populations are scarce in tropical settings. This study examined the impact of anticoagulant bait use on three measures of rodent activity in Singapore to inform rodent-borne disease control strategies. Using a controlled interrupted time-series analytical design with negative binomial and linear regression models, the average rodent activity levels were compared in the pre- and post-intervention periods. There was a 62.7% (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 0.373, 95% CI: [0.224, 0.620]) reduction in the number of rodents caught, a 25.8-unit (coefficient = -25.829, 95% CI: [-29.855, -21.804]) reduction in the number of 30 g/unit baits consumed and a 61.9% (IRR: 0.381, 95% CI: [0.218, 0.665]) reduction in the number of marred bait stations relative to the pre-intervention period. There was a rise in all three outcome measures within four months after the post-intervention period. This study provided strong evidence that anticoagulant baits substantially reduces rodent activity. The population resurgence after the post-intervention period reinforces the importance of timing the resumption of control measures aimed at reducing rodent-borne disease transmission.

Medullary astrocytes mediate irregular breathing patterns generation in chronic heart failure through purinergic P2X7 receptor signalling.

SummaryBackgroundBreathing disorders (BD) (apnoeas/hypopneas, periodic breathing) are highly prevalent in chronic heart failure (CHF) and are associated with altered central respiratory control. Ample evidence identifies the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) as an important chemosensitivity region for ventilatory control and generation of BD in CHF, however little is known about the cellular mechanisms underlying the RTN/BD relationship. Within the RTN, astrocyte‐mediated purinergic signalling modulates respiration, but the potential contribution of RTN astrocytes to BD in CHF has not been explored.MethodsSelective neuron and/or astrocyte-targeted interventions using either optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations in the RTN of CHF rats were used to unveil the contribution of the RTN on the development/maintenance of BD, the role played by astrocytes in BD and the molecular mechanism underpinning these alterations.FindingsWe showed that episodic photo-stimulation of RTN neurons triggered BD in healthy rats, and that RTN neurons ablation in CHF animals eliminates BD. Also, we found a reduction in astrocytes activity and ATP bioavailability within the RTN of CHF rats, and that chemogenetic restoration of normal RTN astrocyte activity and ATP levels improved breathing regularity in CHF. Importantly, P"X/ P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) expression was reduced in RTN astrocytes from CHF rats and viral vector-mediated delivery of human P2X7 P2X7r into astrocytes increases ATP bioavailability and abolished BD.InterpretationOur results support that RTN astrocytes play a pivotal role on BD generation and maintenance in the setting CHF by a mechanism encompassing P2X7r signalling.FundingThis study was funded by the National Research and Development Agency of Chile (ANID).

PO-639-05 ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE SOURCES IDENTIFIED USING ELECTROGRAPHIC FLOW MAPPING

Electrographic flow (EGF) mapping is a novel method for detecting putative atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers and/or triggers. Targeting mechanistically relevant areas may improve ablation outcomes and minimize empiric ablation. Characterize the biatrial anatomic distribution of EGF-identified active AF sources. From 09/27/2019 to 09/27/2021, 85 patients (pts) with persistent (Pers) AF underwent biatrial contact mapping of AF with a 64-pole basket catheter followed by catheter ablation. Raw unipolar electrograms recorded after confirmation of intact pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were processed using EGF mapping algorithms to identify sources with activity level > 20%. Relevant sources were then localized using corresponding 3D electroanatomic maps. 5 patients excluded as they had no sources with activity > 20%. EGF mapping was performed prospectively in 89 procedures on 80 pts with Pers AF. Mean age was 66 years, BMI 29 kg/m2, CHA2DS2-VASc score 2.4 and LA diameter 4.4 cm. There were 259 sources with average source activity level > 20%: 2.9 sources identified/procedure; 47.5% in RA and 52.5% in LA; 60 patients had sources in both atria. In the RA, SVC/RA junction was the most common source location (24.7%). In the LA, 20.1% of sources were seen in the anterior LA, LAA and/or ridge between LAA/LSPV and 20.1% in posterior wall (see figure). Only 4.2% of sources localized to the interatrial septum. EGF mapping can detect and visualize extra-pulmonary sources of AF throughout the RA and LA. Most extra-PV source locations represent anatomically feasible targets for ablation. No sources were localized to valves or mid-chamber regions.

Активность кишечных карбогидраз у больных целиакией в зависимости от приверженности аглютеновой диете

Celiac disease is a classic autoimmune disease that triggers enterocyte damage and villous atrophy of the small intestine mucosa in genetically determined individuals in response to gluten-containing foods. Damage to the ultrastructure of epithelial cell membranes causes breakdown of the digestive transport conveyor, which disrupts the most important stage of the digestive transport conveyor – membrane digestion, which plays an important role in the final assimilation of nutrients. There is evidence of a correlation between the activity of intestinal carbohydrases and the degree of atrophy of the mucosa villi, which suggests that the activity of disaccharidases can serve as an indicator of the functional recovery of TTS in celiac disease. Objective: to assess the activity of intestinal carbohydrases in patients with celiac disease, depending on adherence to GFD. Materials and methods. We examined 109 patients with celiac disease, the diagnostic criterion for which was a combination of clinical symptoms, serological tests and histological data. The median age of the examined patients was 41.5 years (Q1–Q3: 30–55 years, Shapiro p-value &lt; 0.01). There were 16 men (14.7%), median age 30; women – 93 (85.3%), median age 44 years. Depending on adherence to GFD, patients with celiac disease were divided into 3 groups: Group I – 39 patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease, Group II – 28 patients who consciously or unconsciously violated GFD, Group III – 42 patients who observed GFD from 6 months up to 15 years. The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy people comparable in age and sex. Their average age was 33.9 years (Q1–Q3: 24–35). All patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with a morphological and biochemical study of the mucosal tissue with a study of the activity of intestinal carbohydrases according to the method of A. Dalkvist modified by N.I. Belostotsky. The activity of disaccharidases of the small intestine mucosa was expressed in nanograms of glucose per milligram of tissue per minute (ng glucose/mg tissue × min). Results. In patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease, a decrease in the activity of glucoamylase glucoamylase (84.6%), maltase (87.2%) and sucrase (82.05%) (p &lt; 0.01) is significantly more often detected compared to group III (glucoamylase – 33.3%; maltase – 45.2%; sucrase – 45.2%). Deficiency of all carbohydrases (glucoamylase, maltase, sucrase and lactase) was detected in 61.5% of patients. When comparing the indicators of carbohydrase activity in the groups of patients examined by us, it turned out that the average level of activity of glucoamylase, sucrase and maltase increased significantly more often as AGD was observed, however, their average values remained below the control level, which was less related to maltase. Thus, in group III, the level of maltase was 860 (644.5; 1413.5), and in the control group – 887.0 (854.5; 1146), which indicates a high ability of maltase to recover with strict adherence to GFD. The level of lactose activity in the studied groups of patients with different adherence to GFD did not differ significantly and was significantly lower than that in the control group, which indicates the presence of lactase deficiency in patients, which is difficult to correct by GFD. Conclusion. Based on the results of the work, it can be concluded that patients with celiac disease observing strict AHD are shown to study the activity of small intestine carbohydrases to assess the degree of recovery of the functional capabilities of the mucosa.

PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KETUNTASAN BELAJAR FIQIH MATERI WUDHU DAN TATA CARANYA PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS I- ARRAHMAN

This study examines how to increase students' learning mastery and learning activities on ablution material and procedures through the application of contextual approach in class I-Arrahman MIN 27 Aceh Besar, Semester Genap, 2020/2021 Academic Year. In order to obtain answers to these problems, class action research method through a qualitative approach is used in this study. The subjects of this study were 31 students of class I-Arrahman. The results of the study obtained that the percentage of student learning outcomes in the first cycle is 61.29% with an average student learning outcome is 67.41, the second cycle is 80.64% with an average student learning outcome is 76.29, and the third cycle is 90.32% with an average learning outcome is 82.58, and classical learning is also completed. It is proven that student learning outcomes through the application of contextual approach in Fiqh subject on ablution material and procedures in class I-Arrahman MIN 27 Aceh Besar have increased in every cycle. The average activity level of students in the first cycle is 2.54, in the second cycle is 3.77 and in the third cycle is 4.23, which reached the good category. Thus, the activities of students during the application of the contextual approach in learning Fiqh on ablution materials and procedures in class I-Arrahman MIN 27 Aceh Besar have increased each cycle so that students are more active and learning is more effective.

Low- and High-Intensity Physical Activity Among People with HIV: Multilevel Modeling Analysis Using Sensor- and Survey-Based Predictors.

BackgroundHigh-intensity physical activity improves the health of people with HIV. Even when people have good intentions to engage in physical activity, they often find it difficult to maintain physical activity behavior in the long term. Two Minds Theory is a neurocognitive model that explains gaps between people’s intentions and behaviors based on the operations of 2 independent mental systems. This model predicts that everyday experiences will affect physical activity and that factors outside people’s awareness, such as sleep and stress, can have particularly strong effects on physical activity behaviors.ObjectiveWe designed this study to test the effects of daily experiences on physical activity among people with HIV, including measures of people’s conscious experiences using daily electronic surveys and measures of nonconscious influences using sensor devices.MethodsIn this study, 55 people with HIV wore a Fitbit Alta for 30 days to monitor their physical activity, sleep, and heart rate variability (HRV) as a physiological indicator of stress. Participants also used their smartphones to complete daily electronic surveys for the same 30 days about fatigue, self-efficacy, mood, stress, coping, motivation, and barriers to self-care. Time-lagged, within-person, multilevel models were used to identify the best prospective predictors of physical activity, considering the daily survey responses of people with HIV and sensor data as predictors of their physical activity the following day. We also tested baseline surveys as predictors of physical activity for comparison with daily variables.ResultsDifferent people had different average levels of physical activity; however, physical activity also varied substantially from day to day, and daily measures were more predictive than baseline surveys. This suggests a chance to intervene based on day-to-day variations in physical activity. High-intensity physical activity was more likely when people with HIV reported less subjective fatigue on the prior day (r=−0.48) but was unrelated to actual sleep based on objective sensor data. High-intensity physical activity was also predicted by higher HRV (r=0.56), indicating less stress, lower HIV-related stigma (r=−0.21), fewer barriers to self-care (r=−0.34), and less approach coping (r=−0.34). Similar variables predicted lower-level physical activity measured based on the number of steps per day of people with HIV.ConclusionsSome predictors of physical activity, such as HRV, were only apparent based on sensor data, whereas others, such as fatigue, could be measured via self-report. Findings about coping were unexpected; however, other findings were in line with the literature. This study extends our prior knowledge on physical activity by demonstrating a prospective effect of everyday experiences on physical activity behavior, which is in line with the predictions of Two Minds Theory. Clinicians can support the physical activity of people with HIV by helping their patients reduce their daily stress, fatigue, and barriers to self-care.

Development of pups born to rats established as a model of underweight Japanese women and the onset of impaired glucose tolerance

An increasing number of Japanese women of childbearing age are underweight (BMI <18.5), but the association between this and the increased number of low-birth-weight babies born remains unclear. Here, a rat model was established to mimic the undernutrition (85% of the energy required for those with normal activity levels) experienced by such women and to evaluate the associated impaired glucose tolerance. The undernourished Wistar rat group showed increased serum corticosterone level reflecting stress, and greater adrenal weight and size. It also showed greater insulin resistance, higher expression of FOXO-1, a transcription factor related to muscle atrophy, and lower expression of p-Akt, an insulin-dependent signaling factor. Overall, this work shows the key role of undernutrition during pregnancy as a cause of impaired glucose tolerance and increased diabetes risk in offspring. The findings of this study may inform preemptive measures to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome in offspring of undernourished mothers.

Levels of Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being in Non-Athletes and Martial Art Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The objectives of this study were to identify which of the sociodemographic variables affected psychological well-being in two populations that differed in their sports practice at the end of the COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia. Methods: The study was conducted through an online survey using the IPAQ-S and PGWBI-S questionnaires six months after the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown, between 8 and 22 September 2020 in Colombia. The total number of study participants was 582, subdivided into two groups: (i) non-athlete university population (NA) without constant practice in physical activity or sports training (n = 470); and (ii) martial arts athletes (n = 122) with a sports career (A), 7.4 ± 3.4 years of experience, at different levels (advanced belts and black belts). Results: Sports practice, normal BMI levels and high levels of physical activity translated into absence of distress (ND) in the psychological well-being of populations. The variance between the factors could be explained by the general health dimension (2.4% population; 4.2% sex; 12% physical activity; 2.6% age). A moderate correlation between vitality and MET was found (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The practice of a sport such as martial arts, normal body mass index and high levels of physical activity were factors that positively reduced levels of distress, translated into better psychological well-being in populations, and the general health dimension presented important contributions to psychological well-being. Intervention plans must be carried out, especially in populations that do not practice physical activity—mainly female and those under 40 years of age.

Interactions of physical activity, muscular fitness, adiposity, and genetic risk for NAFLD.

Genetic predisposition and unhealthy lifestyle are risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether the genetic risk of NAFLD is modified by physical activity, muscular fitness, and/or adiposity. In up to 242,524 UK Biobank participants without excessive alcohol intake or known liver disease, we examined cross‐sectional interactions and joint associations of physical activity, muscular fitness, body mass index (BMI), and a genetic risk score (GRS) with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and the proxy definition for suspected NAFLD of ALT levels > 30 U/L in women and >40 U/L in men. Genetic predisposition to NAFLD was quantified using a GRS consisting of 68 loci known to be associated with chronically elevated ALT. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometry, and muscular fitness was estimated by measuring handgrip strength. We found that increased physical activity and grip strength modestly attenuate genetic predisposition to elevation in ALT levels, whereas higher BMI markedly amplifies it (all p values < 0.001). Among those with normal weight and high level of physical activity, the odds of suspected NAFLD were 1.6‐fold higher in those with high versus low genetic risk (reference group). In those with high genetic risk, the odds of suspected NAFLD were 12‐fold higher in obese participants with low physical activity versus those with normal weight and high physical activity (odds ratio for NAFLD = 19.2 and 1.6, respectively, vs. reference group). Conclusion: In individuals with high genetic predisposition for NAFLD, maintaining a normal body weight and increased physical activity may reduce the risk of NAFLD.

A new estimation of astrometric exoplanet detection limits in the habitable zone around nearby stars

Context. Astrometry is less sensitive to stellar activity than the radial velocity technique when attempting to detect Earth mass planets in the habitable zone of solar-type stars. This is due to a smaller number of physical processes affecting the signal, and a larger ratio of the amplitude of the planetary signal to the stellar signal than with radial velocities. A few high-precision astrometric missions have therefore been proposed over the past two decades. Aims. We aim to re-estimate the detection limits in astrometry for the nearby stars which are the main targets proposed for the THEIA astrometric mission, which is the most elaborate mission to search for planets, and to characterise its performance on the fitted parameters. This analysis is performed for the 55 F-G-K stars in the THEIA sample. Methods. We used realistic simulations of stellar activity and selected those that correspond best to each star in terms of spectral type and average activity level. Then, we performed blind tests to estimate the performance. Results. We find worse detection limits compared to those previously obtained for that sample based on a careful analysis of the false positive rate, with values typically in the Earth-mass regime for most stars of the sample. The difference is attributed to the fact that we analysed full time series, adapted to each star in the sample, rather than using the expected solar jitter only. Although these detection limits have a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, the fitted parameters have small uncertainties. Conclusions. We confirm the low impact of stellar activity on exoplanet detectability for solar-type stars, although it plays a significant role for the closest stars such as α Cen A and B. We identify the best targets to be the stars with a close habitable zone. However, for the few stars in the sample with a habitable zone corresponding to long periods, namely subgiants, the THEIA observational strategy is not well adapted and should prevent the detection of planets in the habitable zone, unless a longer mission can be proposed.

Legal regulation of anti-terrorist security: the experience of modern China.

Effective provision of anti-terrorist security of modern Russian society is impossible without knowledge of the legal regulation ensuring such security in other states, especially neighboring "friendly" ones - this hinders the effectiveness of interaction within the framework of international cooperation. It should be noted that this issue is particularly relevant today due to the active military confrontation of the Russian Federation with "unfriendly" states on the territory of Ukraine. In our opinion, the legislative and practical activities of the Chinese authorities can be useful for extrapolating to Russian security problems, especially due to the fact that China is classified as a country with a low level of terrorism, while the Russian Federation is among the countries with an average level of terrorist activity. The article makes a legal analysis of the state regulation of anti-terrorist security of the People's Republic of China. The object of the study is social relations arising in the process of state regulation of counter-terrorism in China. The subject of the study is the legal acts of the People's Republic of China of anti-terrorist orientation. The purpose of the study is identification of useful and effective practices of countering the ideology of terrorism in China for the possibility of subsequent implementation into the legal framework of Russian legislation. The method of comparative law, the method of analysis and synthesis are employed by the author. The author studied China's legislation on countering terrorism and came to conclusion about the need to adopt its positive experience in Russia. It is necessary to consider the possibility of creating your own social networks, analogues of foreign ones, it is also worth adopting the experience of creating educational centers for people affected by extremism and terrorism. In order to ensure the rights of citizens in cyberspace and the fight against terrorism, it is possible to use China's experience with user verification when logging on to the Internet.

Healthy aging and muscle function are positively associated with NAD+ abundance in humans.

Skeletal muscle is greatly affected by aging, resulting in a loss of metabolic and physical function. However, the underlying molecular processes and how (lack of) physical activity is involved in age-related metabolic decline in muscle function in humans is largely unknown. Here, we compared, in a cross-sectional study, the muscle metabolome from young to older adults, whereby the older adults were exercise trained, had normal physical activity levels or were physically impaired. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) was one of the most prominent metabolites that was lower in older adults, in line with preclinical models. This lower level was even more pronounced in impaired older individuals, and conversely, exercise-trained older individuals had NAD+ levels that were more similar to those found in younger individuals. NAD+ abundance positively correlated with average number of steps per day and mitochondrial and muscle functioning. Our work suggests that a clear association exists between NAD+ and health status in human aging.

Studying Concentrations of Radionuclides in the Soil of Taza Khurmato - Kirkuk Governorate Using High Purity Germanium Detector

The study included the evaluation of the level of normal and industrial natural radiation activity of soil samples using the spectroscopy technique of the high purity germanium detector. 10 soil samples were collected at a depth of 10 cm from the city of Taza Khurmato and its suburbs of Kirkuk Governorate. It was found that the Specific Activity Concentration which is measured by Bq.kg-1 for Thorium 234T, Radium 226Ra, Lead 214Pb, Protactinium 234Pa, Lead 212Pb, Actinium 228Ac, Cesium 137C and Potassium 40K in the studied models ranged between ( B.D.L - 65±17.2) at a rate of (7.46±2.02), (22.2±3.9 - 41.8±9.3) at a rate of (28.88±5.35), (10.2±0.9 - 14.6±2.6) at a rate of (12.24±1.37), (B.D.L - 46.2±4.5) at a rate of (11.58±1.26), (5.7±1.2 - 12.4±1.2) at a rate of (9.11±0.88), (8.2±0.6 - 13±1.6 ) at a rate of (10.46±1.81), (B.D.L - 5.6±1.2) at a rate of (1.94±0.34), (160±11.2 - 264.6±14.4) at a rate of (206.5±17.65). respectively. All these values are globally admissible and do not affect human health or the environment. As well as calculating the Radium Equivalent (74.728 – 46.246)Bq.kg-1, the Activity Concentration Index (0.534-0.336), the Internal Hazard Indices (0.312-0.184), the External Hazard Indices (0.201-0.124) , the values of Absorbed Dose Rate in Air (35.21-22.02)nGy.kg-1, the values of Internal Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (0.172-0.108)mSv.y-1, the values of External Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (0.0431-0.027)mSv.y-l, Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (0.151-0.094)*10-3, External Annual Effective Dose (0.332-0.207)mSv.y-1. After balancing the results obtained with the global results, we found that the levels of radiation for samples studied were lower than their corresponding allowed limits.

The correlation of physical activity and sedentary leisure time with low muscle mass, strength, and quality in Chinese adults

Objective: To explore the relationship of physical activity and sedentary leisure time with muscle mass, strength, and quality in Chinese adults. Methods: Based on the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) in 2013-2014, logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of physical activity and sedentary leisure time with low muscle mass, grip strength, and muscle quality. Results: A total of 24 245 participants were included in the analysis. The average daily physical activity level was (18.3±13.8) MET-h/d, and the sedentary leisure time was (4.4±1.9) hours. We took the lowest physical activity quartile as the reference and found that the participants' physical activity was negatively correlated to low muscle mass, strength, and quality. The ORs (95%CIs) of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), low total skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI), low grip strength and low arm muscle quality (AMQ) were 0.68 (0.60-0.77), 0.66 (0.58-0.75), 0.82 (0.72-0.94) and 0.84 (0.74-0.95), respectively. The subtypes of physical activity, including those related to work, transportation, housework, and leisure, also showed negative correlations with low muscle mass, strength, and quality to varying degrees. Compared with participants with the shortest sedentary leisure time, those who had the longest were more likely to have low TSMI (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.99-1.30). Conclusions: Physical activity was negatively correlated with a lower risk of low muscle mass and strength, while longer sedentary leisure time positively correlated with low muscle mass.

Concurrent changes in physical activity and body mass index among 66 852 public sector employees over a 16-year follow-up: multitrajectory analysis of a cohort study in Finland

ObjectivesTo identify concurrent developmental trajectories of physical activity and body mass index (BMI) over time.DesignProspective cohort study, repeated survey.SettingCohort study in Finland.Participants66 852 public sector employees, who have been followed...

Relationship between Ca and Hα chromospheric emission in F-G-K stars: Indication of stellar filaments?

Context. Different relationships between the Hα and Ca II chromospheric emissions have been reported in solar-type stars. In particular, the time-series of emissions in these two lines are clearly anti-correlated for a few percent of the stars, contrary to what is observed on the Sun. Aims. Our objective is to characterise these relationships in more detail using complementary criteria, and to constrain the properties of filaments and plages that are necessary to explain the observations. Methods. We analysed the average level and variability of the Hα and Ca II emission for 441 F-G-K stars, paying particular attention to their (anti-)correlations on both short and long timescales. We also computed synthetic Hα and Ca II time-series for different assumptions of plage and filament properties and compared them with the observations. Results. We were not able to find plage properties that, alone, are sufficient to reproduce the observations at all timescales simultaneously, even when allowing different Hα and Ca II emission relationships for different stars. We also specified the complex and surprising relationship between the average activity levels of both indexes, in particular for low-activity stars. Conclusions. We conclude that plages alone are unlikely to explain the observed variety of relationships between Ca II and Hα emission, and that the presence of other phenomena like filaments may help to reconcile the models with observations.

Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease.

Background and ObjectivesOwing to the lack of long-term observations or comprehensive adjustment for confounding factors, reliable conclusions regarding long-term effects of exercise and regular physical activity in Parkinson disease (PD) have yet to be drawn. Here, using data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative study that includes longitudinal and comprehensive evaluations of many clinical parameters, we examined the long-term effects of regular physical activity and exercise habits on the course of PD.MethodsIn this retrospective, observational cohort study, we primarily used the multivariate linear mixed-effects models to analyze the interaction effects of their regular physical activity and moderate to vigorous exercise levels, measured with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire, on the progression of clinical parameters, after adjusting for age, sex, levodopa equivalent dose, and disease duration. We also calculated bootstrapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and conducted sensitivity analyses using the multiple imputation method and subgroup analyses using propensity score matching to match for all baseline background factors.ResultsTwo hundred thirty-seven patients with early PD (median [interquartile range] age, 63.0 [56.0–70.0] years, male 69.2%, follow-up duration 5.0 [4.0–6.0] years) were included. Regular physical activity and moderate to vigorous exercise levels at baseline did not significantly affect the subsequent clinical progression of PD. However, average regular overall physical activity levels over time were significantly associated with slower deterioration of postural and gait stability (standardized fixed-effects coefficients of the interaction term [βinteraction] = −0.10 [95% CI −0.14 to −0.06]), activities of daily living (βinteraction = 0.08 [95% CI 0.04–0.12]), and processing speed (βinteraction = 0.05 [95% CI 0.03–0.08]) in patients with PD. Moderate to vigorous exercise levels were preferentially associated with slower decline of postural and gait stability (βinteraction = −0.09 [95% CI −0.13 to −0.05]), and work-related activity levels were primarily associated with slower deterioration of processing speed (βinteraction = 0.07 [95% CI 0.04–0.09]). Multiple imputation and propensity score matching confirmed the robustness of our results.DiscussionIn the long term, the maintenance of high regular physical activity levels and exercise habits was robustly associated with better clinical course of PD, with each type of physical activity having different effects.Trial Registration InformationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01176565.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that sustained increase in overall regular physical activity levels in patients with early PD was associated with slower decline of several clinical parameters.

The Benevolent Bile: Bile Acids as Stimulants of Liver Regeneration

The Benevolent Bile: Bile Acids as Stimulants of Liver Regeneration

Gambaran Aktivitas Fisik Pada Mahasiswa Sebelum Dan Saat Sfh (Study From Home) Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Decreased physical activity can affect individual’s health and have an impact on increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The Covid-19 pandemic has caused the Government to implement a study from home (SFH) policy to suppress the spread of the Covid-19 virus. This affects the physical activities carried out by students. This study aims to describe the level of physical activity and exercise in students before SFH and during SFH during the pandemic. The research methodology used is a quantitative study using an online survey. The research subjects consisted of 73 students of Binawan University semester 1-8. Giving the category of physical activity is done by calculating the average Physical Activity Level (PAL) in 1 day for a week. The results showed that 55 students (75.3%) were classified as light physical activity during SFH, from before SFH only 34 students (46.6%), moderate activity 19.2% from 45.2% and heavy activity only 5, 5% from the previous 8.2%. Only 25 students (34.2%) did sports activities 1-2 times per week during SFH compared to 53 students (72.6%). This study concluded that there was a decrease in physical activity and exercise habits in students during SFH during the pandemic. This is influenced by the implementation of learning from home and restrictions on activities outside the home and public facilities.&#x0D; Keywords: Physical activity; Students; Physical Activity Level (PAL); Study from Home&#x0D;