Water Availability For Agriculture Research Articles

Evaluation of Stream Flow and Water Demand due to Climate Change in the Katha Basin Using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) Model

This study addresses the critical issue of assessing climate change impacts on streamflow and water demand in the Katha basin using the WEAP hydrological simulation model with the Soil Moisture (SM) method. The Katha basin, situated within Ayeyarwaddy River basin, faces variability in stream flow due to changing climatic conditions, impacting water availability for agriculture and domestic use. Through WEAP modeling, calibrated and validated against observed data from 2000-2012, the study projects an increase in annual flows under future scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585). Results indicate potential decreases in monsoonal flows, affecting water availability for agriculture and domestic use, necessitating adaptive management strategies. Model performance assessed by Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) shows satisfactory agreement with observed data. The study underscores the urgency of integrated water resource management to sustainably address water demands amid climate variability, highlighting implications for agricultural productivity and water security in the region.

Future Agricultural Water Availability in Mediterranean Countries under Climate Change: A Systematic Review

Warming and drying trends in the Mediterranean Basin exacerbate regional water scarcity and threaten agricultural production, putting global food security at risk. This study aimed to review the most significant research on future water availability for the Mediterranean agricultural sector under climate change (CC) scenarios published during 2009–2024. Two searches were performed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, to which previously identified significant studies from different periods were also added. By applying a methodology duly protocoled in the PRISMA2020-based guideline, a final number of 44 particularly relevant studies was selected for review. A bibliometric analysis has shown that most of the published research was focused on Southwestern European countries (i.e., Spain, Italy, Portugal) and grapevine and olive tree crops. Overall, the reviewed studies state that future Mediterranean water reserves may not meet agricultural water demands, due to reduced reservoir inflows and higher irrigation demands under future CC and socioeconomic scenarios. Regarding adaptation measures to improve water-use management in agriculture, the majority of the reviewed studies indicate that the use of integrated modelling platforms and decision–support systems can significantly contribute to the development and implementation of improved water/land-management practices.

Pre - Extension Demonstration of Alternate Furrow Irrigation for Better Water Management Technologies at Dugda District

The agricultural sector is the main consumer of fresh irrigation water so any effort to improve WUE in this sector gets a lot of attention so, raising WUE through improved of modern irrigation techniques and increasing the capacity of soil output complementary to make better employ of irrigation water and saving water for other uses. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the most effective water-saving techniques and improve the water use efficiency of irrigated onions under limited agricultural water availability for better water management technologies. The treatment consists of conventional furrow irrigation and alternate furrow irrigation method with full crop water requirement in three replications on two farmers. Crop water requirement was estimated using actual daily climatic data. The result showed that conventional furrow irrigation method was the highest bulb yield and yield components when compared to alternate furrow irrigation method. Alternate furrow irrigation method produced total yield of 18.73 t/ha which was not significantly different with that obtained under every furrow irrigation (220.6 Qt/ha). It was also found that yield reduction may be low compared to the benefits gained by diverting the saved water to irrigate extra cultivated land. The result showed that decreasing WP with increased irrigation water from 50% crop water requirement (ETc) from alternate furrow irrigation (5.68 kg m-3) to conventional furrow irrigation 100% Etc (3.6 kg m-3). Increasing water deficit from 100 to 50% ETc led to an increase of onion WP up to 75%. For increasing marketable bulb yield of onion under no water stress scenario, irrigation of onion with conventional furrow irrigation methods could be used. However, under limiting irrigation water resource condition, irrigation of onion could be done with alternate furrow irrigation method to maximize water use efficiency of onion for similar agro-ecology and soil type.

Effects of different levels of irrigation suppression and fertigation on potato yield

With the limitation in the availability of water for agriculture and the high costs of fertilizers, it is necessary to adopt strategies for water and nutritional management of agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological characteristics and productivity of potato under the influence of suppression of irrigation and fertigation in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, conducted in the field, using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Different times of irrigation suppression were studied at 80, 90 and 100 days after planting, along with forms of fertigation, following the rate of crop absorption and equivalent fertigation. The imposition of irrigation suppression at 100 days, linked to fertigation following the rate of crop absorption, showed a positive effect on the aerial fresh mass of the potato variety studied, especially promoting the increase in productivity, which was 47.82 t ha-1, and efficiency in water use, which was 10.53 kg of tubers per cubic meter of water. This observation indicates that the application of fertilizers, in sync with the needs of the crop, can improve the efficiency of water use and increase productivity. These findings highlight the importance of integrated strategies to optimize potato cultivation and make it more resistant to adversity, seeking a more sustainable and productive agriculture.

FEATURES OF FORMING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

The article examines the importance of considering several factors affecting the soil water regime in the context of developing models for forecasting productive soil moisture reserves. It was established that the main factors, such as the type of soil, its density, and mechanical composition, remain constant in different soil and climatic regions of Ukraine. The second group of factors, such as air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, are subject to changes throughout the growing season and even over short periods. Therefore, the dynamics of soil moisture as a function of the main variables, such as average air temperature and precipitation, was considered using calculations. Initial moisture reserves are used in the calculations for more accurate forecasting of moisture reserves at the end of a specified period. Hydrothermal conditions considered as predictors in the regression equation are also used. The reliability of the conducted research is confirmed by the analysis of independent input and output information from the Kherson weather station in the period from 2018 to 2021 regarding the actual reserves of productive moisture in the soil at a depth of 0 - 20,0 - 50 and 0 - 100 cm. The average error between actual and calculated data did not exceed +13,5%. It confirms the reliability and precision of the conducted research making it the basis for further analyses and conclusions. The conclusions noted the need for accurately determining soil moisture to effectively manage agrometeorological conditions and optimize crop yield. The authors believe that the research work presented in this article can significantly contribute to developing modern approaches to water availability in agriculture and agrometeorology. That will contribute to the gradual and improved development of soil moisture forecasting methodology, which is key to ensuring sustainable and productive development in agriculture.

Integrated multi-objective chance-constrained fuzzy interval linear programming model with principal component analysis for optimizing agricultural water resource management under uncertainties

ABSTRACT This study addresses the pivotal challenge of water resource allocation in urban environments by introducing a novel approach – a multi-objective chance-constrained fuzzy interval linear programming model integrated with principal component analysis (PCA). This innovative model aims to alleviate subjectivity in urban water management processes, particularly in adjusting water demands across various sectors. The proposed model incorporates correlation analysis to identify dimensionality-reducing factors of multitarget components, determining the proportion of each target component relative to the total components. Fuzzy sets are applied to irrigation water resource allocation quantity, segmented into six levels of fuzzy membership to analyze the stochasticity of water supply. Results demonstrate the model's efficacy, revealing that variations in risk probabilities impact water supply, necessitating positive water management strategies to enhance agricultural efficiency and negative strategies to mitigate the risk of inadequate water supply. Key findings emphasize the significance of agricultural water availability and the structure of irrigation water use in optimal resource allocation. Importantly, the study showcases the enhanced precision achieved through the proposed multi-objective chance-constrained fuzzy interval linear programming with PCA, thereby refining the optimization outcomes for water management under multifaceted objectives.

Foodborne bacterial pathogens: genome-based approaches for enduring and emerging threats in a complex and changing world.

Foodborne illnesses pose a substantial health and economic burden, presenting challenges in prevention due to the diverse microbial hazards that can enter and spread within food systems. Various factors, including natural, political and commercial drivers, influence food production and distribution. The risks of foodborne illness will continue to evolve in step with these drivers and with changes to food systems. For example, climate impacts on water availability for agriculture, changes in food sustainability targets and evolving customer preferences can all have an impact on the ecology of foodborne pathogens and the agrifood niches that can carry microorganisms. Whole-genome and metagenome sequencing, combined with microbial surveillance schemes and insights from the food system, can provide authorities and businesses with transformative information to address risks and implement new food safety interventions across the food chain. In this Review, we describe how genome-based approaches have advanced our understanding of the evolution and spread of enduring bacterial foodborne hazards as well as their role in identifying emerging foodborne hazards. Furthermore, foodborne hazards exist in complex microbial communities across the entire food chain, and consideration of these co-existing organisms is essential to understanding the entire ecology supporting pathogen persistence and transmission in an evolving food system.

Characterizing streamflow regimes using a distributed model for sustainable resource management in the humid tropics

Estimating streamflow regimes on small tropical islands is challenging due to limited observational data, poor accuracy of remote sensing, and the limitations of coarse-scale climate models, restricting our understanding of hydrological processes and the management of water resources. The inadequacy of data has also affected the development of instream flow standards (i.e., environmental flows, e-flows) needed to protect ecological and cultural values central to island communities. Estimates of water availability for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water supply are also critical for informed investments in water resource planning. We utilized high-resolution (250 m) gridded daily rainfall data to parameterize the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to characterize streamflow regimes at ungauged locations in a watershed on Kaua‘i Island. The resultant flow statistics were then used to describe the daily, seasonal, and annual availability of surface water to evaluate the implications of potential e-flow scenarios on water available for run-of-river hydropower. Compared to rainfall data derived from a single station within the watershed, the gridded daily rainfall product increased the accuracy of model output from not satisfactory to good. Model techniques using high resolution rainfall data may substitute for long-term hydrological data collection across complex tropical environments and provide data for making sustainable management decisions at ungauged locations.

Analysis of projected climate change in sorghum growing semi-arid rift valley of Ethiopia

Global warming projected to have a significant impact on agricultural water availability for crops in Africa in particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study was conducted to analyze the projected change of temperature and rainfall in sorghum growing semi-arid rift valley of Ethiopia. The weather data for 11 stations were generated using AgiMP5 technique for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 and for the period of 2050s and 2080s. MAKESENS employed for the detection of trend of extreme indices. InStat v3.37 were used for the analysis of start, end, and length of growth season. Under RCP 4.5, the projected mean annual minimum air temperatures in CRV, ERVE and NRVE could increase respectively by 1.9 °C (2050s) and 2.6 °C (2080s), 1.8 °C (2050s) and 2.5 °C (2080s) and 1.88 °C (2050s) and 2.69 °C (2080s). Under RCP 8.5, however, with same location it will projected to increase in both time frames (2050s and 2080s) in all studied sites. The mean annual maximum air temperature, projected under RCP 4.5 in the CRV, ERV and NRVE will increase by 1.59 °C (2050s) and 2.18°C (2080s),1.42 °C (2050s) and 2.08 °C (2080s) and 1.46 °C (2050s) and 2.09 °C (2080s) respectively. However, under the RCP 8.5, at same regions it projected to rise in both periods (2050s and 2080s). This will be convoy with increase of the hot and cold extremes’ indices in regions. The mean percentage change of annual rainfall is projected to decrease insignificantly in (0.6-5.5% and 2.6%) and increase (0.85-12.3% and 22.3%) in half of the stations located in CRV and ERVE, whereas, in NRVE it will projected to increase (6.1-14.6%) under RCP 4.5 in all stations in 2050s. Though the annual projected rainfall under RCP 4.5 in 2080s will decline in range of 2.1-10.1%, 3.12-4.5% and 0.9-4.6% at CRV, ERVE and NRVE respectively. In most of the location in CRV and ERVE stations growing season rainfall will projected to decline from 1.45% to 53.8% and 0.8 to 8.8%, whereas, in NRVE it will projected to increase in 9.2 to 19% under RCP 4.5 in period of 2050. The projected SOS will be changed in mixed pattern, whereas and LGP will prolonged in most locations. The findings indicated that there has been a change of projected climate change in semi-arid RV, which will be alter the agricultural practices in depletion of soil moisture. Therefore, in adjusting planting timing and using early/medium maturation sorghum varieties, may be necessary for farmers in the region. Soil and water management needs attention.

Revitalizing Key Conditions and Integrated Watershed Management to Mitigate Land Degradation and Sustain Water Availability for Agriculture in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of Ethiopia

Land, the source of 97% of global food, remains threatened by progressive soil erosion-induced land degradation, such as, in the semi-arid regions. To address this problem, soil and water conservation interventions have been implemented in watersheds across Ethiopia. Despite witnessing successful and positive impacts in some watersheds, the broader promotion of watershed-based interventions faces obstacles. Soil and water deteriorations persist in many of the watersheds in Ethiopia, leading to water shortages and related challenges in sustaining agriculture. The objectives of this research are thus to i) identify the main challenges and constraints hindering the promotion of watershed-based interventions in Ethiopia, and ii) identify key conditions for revitalizing the Integrated Watershed Management (IWSM) approach to mitigate soil erosion-induced land degradation, rehabilitate and sustainably manage watershed resources. A systematic review of over 60 published articles, extracted from the internet database using various search engines such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Academia.edu, and ResearchGate, was conducted. Additionally, valuable comments from 65 peer-reviewers worldwide were collected through the Qeios platform during a posting period for more than two months, and these comments were utilized to update the first preprint version of this article. Based on the review, identified challenges and limitations include poor institutional support, lack of participation, inadequate planning of soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies, absence of research and development linkages, and insufficient capacity building. To address these challenges and limitations, recommendations for revitalizing the integrated watershed management (IWSM) approach and key conditions are discussed. The identified key conditions for revitalizing watershed-based interventions in Ethiopia include: i) ensuring institutional support and community participation, ii) strengthening the watershed-based intervention, and iii) establishing a watershed-based platform for scientific tools, research-based innovation, and capacity building to sustain water availability for agriculture in Ethiopia, serving as an experience for other semi-arid regions.

Drought Stress Amelioration Attributes of Plant-Associated Microbiome on Agricultural Plants.

The future global food security depends on the availability of water for agriculture. Yet, the ongoing rise in nonagricultural uses for water, such as urban and industrial uses, and growing environmental quality concerns have increased pressure of irrigation water demand and posed danger to food security. Nevertheless, its severity and duration are predicted to rise shortly. Drought pressure causes stunted growth, severe damage to photosynthesis activity, loss in crop yield, reduced seed germination, and reduced nutrient intake by plants. To overcome the effects of a devastating drought on plants, it is essential to think about the causes, mechanisms of action, and long-term agronomy management and genetics. As a result, there is an urgent need for long-term medication to deal with the harmful effects of drought pressure. The review focuses on the adverse impact of drought on the plant, physiological, and biochemical aspects, and management measures to control the severity of drought conditions. This article reviews the role of genome editing (GE) technologies such as CRISPR 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) related spaces and short palindromic relapse between proteins in reducing the effects of phytohormones, osmolytes, external compounds, proteins, microbes (plant growth-promoting microorganism [PGPM]), approach omics, and drought on plants that support plant growth. This research is to examine the potential of using the microbiome associated with plants for drought resistance and sustainable agriculture. Researchers also advocate using a mix of biotechnology, agronomic, and advanced GE technologies to create drought-tolerant plant varieties.

Evapotranspiration and Yield Impact Tools for More Water-Use Efficient Alfalfa Production in Desert Environments

Drought and climate change have decreased water availability for agriculture, especially in the desert of southwestern USA. Efficiency enhancements in irrigation management aimed at conserving water are key to adjust to limits in water supply, improve profitability and sustainability of alfalfa production in arid and semiarid areas. This study intended to conduct a field-scale analysis to develop yield and ET estimation tools for the effective use of irrigation water in a desert alfalfa production system. Extensive data collection and trials were carried out over three years in nine fully irrigated commercial alfalfa fields in the low deserts of California. The seasonal crop water consumption measured using the residual of energy balance method varied from 1381 mm to 1596 mm across the experimental sites and crop seasons. Variable seasonal dry mater (DM) yields ranged from 23.01 Mg ha−1 to 29.90 Mg ha−1. The results indicated that the first five cuttings each year were the most productive cuttings with a mean DM value ranged between 3.29 (cut 1) and 4.21 (cut 4) Mg ha−1 but declined in later cuttings. An average annual water productivity (WP) value of 17.0 kg ha−1 mm−1 was determined across the sites varying from 15.5 to 18.9 kg ha−1 mm−1. The findings suggested that one may lose up to 1.44 Mg ha−1 alfalfa yields with moderate summer deficit irrigation strategies, using 40% less water applied than full irrigation practices over the summer period of July–September. A more severe summer water deficit, with no irrigation event over the summer period of July–September may result in a potential water savings of 0.234–0.246 (ha·m) ha−1 and 19–21% seasonal yield losses in the desert environment. This study describes the seasonal yield pattern, the crop water use-production function, and the crop coefficient values for various harvest cycles over the crop season. These tools may assist farmers to quantify water savings and estimate yield losses for more accurate and effective irrigation management strategies to meet water conservation objectives and for the resiliency of alfalfa production in the desert region.

Impact assessment of watershed approach (Change detection in water bodiesrsquo; area and LULC, NDVI, NDMI) for reducing vulnerability of drinking water and availability of water for agriculture of Dahegaon Cluster watershed in Gangapur block of Aurangabad District- Maharashtra

Impact assessment of watershed approach (Change detection in water bodiesrsquo; area and LULC, NDVI, NDMI) for reducing vulnerability of drinking water and availability of water for agriculture of Dahegaon Cluster watershed in Gangapur block of Aurangabad District- Maharashtra

Climate Change and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa

Climate change affects food security directly through temperature levels and water availability in agriculture and indirectly through its impact on disease vectors and pests. This paper investigates the economic impact of climate change on food security in Su-Saharan Africa. Panel data from all Su-Saharan African countries are used to analyze the impact of temperature and precipitation on food security. Their coefficient of variation is used to analyze their impact on food security. The results from the analysis show that the coefficient of variations in both temperature and precipitation affects food security negatively. The climate variables affect food security directly through their impact on food production and indirectly through their impact on other food security indicators. According to the findings, the impact of climate change on food security in the region is damaging. The study recommends ecosystem management and production system improvement. To overcome the impact, the study suggests appropriate land use policy formulation, natural resource conservation, implementing best agronomic practices, and maintaining population growth at an optimum level in the region

Exploring Climate-Driven agricultural water shortages in a Snow-Fed basin using a water allocation model and Machine learning

Water allocation models (WAM) can capture complex feedbacks between water infrastructure, water supply, water demand, and water rights structure. They are an important tool for water managers to reduce conflict and aid in future water resource planning. Future streamflow reductions and shifts in timing are anticipated in snow-dominated watersheds of the western United States due to projected reductions in snow water storage. These basins tend to be water-limited and rely on groundwater to support agricultural demand. Water managers in the snow-fed, agricultural Walker River Basin (WRB) in California and Nevada use a dynamically coupled WAM and physically based groundwater flow model as a decision support tool. Large computation time is required to simulate groundwater dynamics, limiting the number of model scenarios that can feasibly be run to test alternative management scenarios under climate change. Machine learning (ML) techniques have been used to capture complex nonlinear hydrologic dynamics in other contexts, but to our knowledge there have not been efforts to use ML to increase computational efficiency in modeling groundwater responses to agricultural water use. We use extreme gradient boosting to replace the groundwater sub-model for the WRB decision support tool, resulting in accurate estimates of reservoir storage (monthly error almost always < 5% of reservoir capacity), streamflow (total outflow errors from −3% to 20% depending on scenario) and agricultural water shortages (-12% to 18% error in total shortage depending on scenario). For comparison, we found that omitting groundwater modeling from the WAM results in a larger overprediction of outflows (2 to 58%) and underprediction in agricultural water shortages (0 to 41%) across a range of scenarios. We use this validated ML method to explore the sensitivity of agricultural water availability to a range of streamflow volumes and streamflow timings. Results indicate that agricultural water shortages are more sensitive to annual streamflow volume in comparison to shifts in streamflow timing. Our model shows that reservoirs can buffer the impact of altered flow timing on agricultural production, except under extreme conditions in which all precipitation falls as rain (no snow storage) and streamflow peaks in the winter. Future work will explore these thresholds in more detail. While the results here are site-specific, the methodology for coupling a WAM with a ML representation of surface–groundwater interactions can be applied to a wide variety of water resource modeling applications. These results also provide a stark example of the importance of snowpack storage and groundwater management to western US water infrastructure.

Developing an Open-Source IoT Platform for Optimal Irrigation Scheduling and Decision-Making: Implementation at Olive Grove Parcels

Climate change has reduced the availability of good quality water for agriculture, while favoring the proliferation of harmful insects, especially in Mediterranean areas. Deploying IoT-based systems can help optimize water-use efficiency in agriculture and address problems caused by extreme weather events. This work presents an IoT-based monitoring system for obtaining soil moisture, soil electrical conductivity, soil temperature and meteorological data useful in irrigation management and pest control. The proposed system was implemented and evaluated for olive parcels located both at coastal and inland areas of the eastern part of Crete; these areas face severe issues with water availability and saltwater intrusion (coastal region). The system includes the monitoring of soil moisture and atmospheric sensors, with the aim of providing information to farmers for decision-making and at the future implementation of an automated irrigation system, optimizing the use of water resources. Data acquisition was performed through smart sensors connected to a microcontroller. Data were received at a portal and made available on the cloud, being monitored in real-time through an open-source IoT platform. An e-mail alert was sent to the farmers when soil moisture was lower than a threshold value specific to the soil type or when climatic conditions favored the development of the olive fruit fly. One of the main advantages of the proposed decision-making system is a low-cost IoT solution, as it is based on open-source software and the hardware on edge devices consists of widespread economic modules. The reliability of the IoT-based monitoring system has been tested and could be used as a support service tool offering an efficient irrigation and pest control service.

Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Water Availability in Cimanuk Watershed, Indonesia

Climate change has been affecting agricultural water resources dynamics spatially and temporally. This article presents analysis results of climate change impact on agricultural water availability in Cimanuk Watershed, Indonesia. STREAM was utilized to model agricultural water availability through FAO MOSAICC web application. Climate spatial data time-series were generated using 3 Global Climate Model (GCM), i.e.,: CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, and MPI-ESM-MR following two climate change scenarios of RCP4.5 and 8.5. Model inputs were split into three periods of 1981–2010 (historical), 2010–2039 (near-future), and 2040–2069 (far-future). Historical data model validation showed the efficiency coefficient of the observed and simulated discharge data ratio was 0.68. The results showed a decreasing volumetric water availability from all generated climate data and scenarios, identified by comparing the discharge normal distribution of the historical and future data periods. Whereas, trend analysis of RCP4.5 scenario showed increasing maximum discharge of Cimanuk river using CanESM2 and MPI-ESM-MR GCM’s data, with a Mann–Kendall coefficient of 3.23 and 3.57. These results indicate a different agricultural water balance status within the watershed area, particularly a “very critical” water balance in Indramayu and Majalengka, “critical” in Garut, and “close to critical” in Sumedang Regency.

Science for social licence to arrest an ecosystem-transforming invasion.

The primary role for scientific information in addressing complex environmental problems, such as biological invasions, is generally assumed to be as a guide for management decisions. However, scientific information often plays a minor role in decision-making, with practitioners instead relying on professional experience and local knowledge. We explore alternative pathways by which scientific information could help reduce the spread and impacts of invasive species. Our study centred on attempts to understand the main motivations and constraints of three local governance bodies responsible for the management of invasive (wilding) conifer species in the southern South Island of New Zealand in achieving strategic and operational goals. We used a combination of workshop discussions, questionnaire responses and visits to field sites to elicit feedback from study participants. We applied a mixed inductive-deductive thematic analysis approach to derive themes from the feedback received. The three main themes identified were: (1) impacts of wilding conifers and goals for wilding conifer control, (2) barriers to achieving medium- and long-term goals, and (3) science needed to support wilding conifer control. Participants identified reversal and prevention of both instrumental (e.g. reduced water availability for agriculture) and intrinsic (e.g. loss of biodiversity and landscape values) impacts of wilding conifer invasions as primary motivators behind wilding conifer control. Barriers to achieving goals were overwhelmingly social, relating either to unwillingness of landowners to participate or poorly designed regulatory frameworks. Consequently, science needs related primarily to gaining social licence to remove wilding conifers from private land and for more appropriate regulations. Scientific information provided via spread and impacts forecasting models was viewed as a key source of scientific information in gaining social licence. International experience suggests that invasive species control programmes often face significant external social barriers. Thus, for many biological invasions, the primary role of science might be to achieve social licence and regulatory support for the long-term goals of invasive species control programmes and the management interventions required to achieve those goals.

Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration for Optimizing the Usage of Surface Irrigation in Wajo District

Indonesian government is trying to increase the production of agricultural commodities in order to support the food self-sufficiency program. To support this program, the availability of irrigation facilities is important in supporting the productivity of agricultural field. Climate change and changes in agricultural systems have an impact on changes in the need of irrigation water in crop cultivation. The decreasing availability of water for agriculture encourages us to be able to use water more efficiently, especially for irrigation water. The purpose of this research is to predict the ETp value as a basis for determining plant water requirements, to determine the most suitable ETp model, to validate the prediction results of ETp values ​​using direct measurements in the field, and to obtain information related to climate factors that have the most influence on the ETp rate. The measurement of the ETp value is based on the use of Merra-2 global climate data and climate data from field measurements. ETp models used are Blaney-Criddle, Hargraves, Remanenko, Penman and Penman-Monteith. Research results showed that the ETp rate in Wajo District tended to increase during the July-October period indicating an increase in water demand in crop cultivation. The most influential climate parameter in determining the Penman Monteith ETp rate is solar radiation. The results of the ETp analysis using global data show that the Penman model is the closest model to the Penman Monteith ETp model from field measurements.

Low-cost mitigation strategies for community resilience in the Trans-Himalaya to address food and water scarcity in changing environment.

Food and water scarcity in high altitudes of the Trans-Himalayan landscape are being seen as impacts of climate change, which is characterized by prolonged winters with sub-zero temperatures for a longer period. Average daily temperature from Oct to Mar (2020-21) ranged from - 6.73 ± 1.55 to 6.85 ± 1.93°C; however, fluctuates between - 10.5°C (minimum) and 4.6°C (maximum) on a typical day. With minimal rainfall, agriculture is limited to one season in these cold deserts thus limiting the land productivity. The changing scenario affects water availability for agriculture and otherwise in the villages located at further high altitudes dependent on snowmelt flow in nearby streams. This study explores the potential of extended cultivation during winters using low-cost inputs by comparing different technological options for temperature retention for vegetable cultivation. It further demonstrates the role of peoples' participation in developing zero-energy artificial ice reservoirs (water harvesting technology through capturing and storing water in the form of ice) in winters to make water available in the following growing season. With site-specific modifications, an artificial ice reservoir was created by the villagers in2020-21 which provided additional water for irrigation and was timely available (14days in advance). Using this additional water, a barren area was brought under the plantation to meet futuristic wood and fodder requirements. Confidence building (knowledge gathered, interventions to solve the major problem of water scarcity) through locally adaptable solutions (portable polyhouse, ice reservoir, increased plant productivity) motivated high altitude villagers in Trans-Himalayan to combat threats of climate change.