Parking Space Availability Research Articles

Automated Vacancy Detection in a Parking-lOT using Image Processing and Remote Access to Real-Time State

Abstract: There has been a sudden increase in the number of vehicles in recent years. Availability of parking spaces is now become a critical issue in urban areas. Finding unoccupied space for parking vehicles has now become a challenge for drivers as it results in time wastage, loss of fuel, and increased traffic congestion. To reduce such problems, an intelligent system is required that can detect vacant parking spots in a specific parking lot. In a research paper, we present an automated vacancy detection system that uses image processing to detect the available parking spots in a parking lot. A proposed system consists of a camera that monitors the real-time state of the parking lot, an image processing unit, and a display outside the parking lot for users, showing the availability of parking spots. A system uses a vehicle detection algorithm to recognize the presence of vehicles in a parking space. The algorithm includes image binarization, dilation of an image, and edge detection. As the system identifies the available parking spaces accurately, the user display gets updated.

ANALISIS KINERJA ATRIBUT DI RUMAH MAKAN AYAM BAKAR MBOK JUM WAY HALIM KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

This study was conducted to identify the attributes that consumers value most at Mbok.Jum Way Halim Restaurant, Bandar Lampung City. There are various attributes that can be held in a restaurant. Each attribute that is held certainly costs money, if all the attributes are considered, then the restaurant will spend a lot of money. The restaurant must know what attributes are prioritized that are adjusted to what is considered important by consumers. Therefore, this research was done to determine what attributes buyers deem crucial and what attributes need to be preserved to enhance performance. This study employed a survey methodology and involved questionnaire interviews with 60 participants. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) has been employed as the analytical technique. The study's findings demonstrated that, of the 20 attributes considered, 13 attributes are regarded as being crucial and 7 attributes that perform satisfactory. Attributes that must be preserved in their performance are the taste of the food, the size per serving, the friendliness and courtesy of the waiters, the accuracy of the presentation, the cleanliness of the tableware, the availability of parking space and the available alternatives for seating. The performance attributes that require improvement include price, the readiness of waiters to respond to consumers’ complaints, service speed, facility cleanliness, availability of water in the sink, and cleanliness of the toilet. Key words: Attributes, important performance analysis (IPA), performance, restaurant

IoT based sensor enabled vehicle parking system

Along with the development of society and the country, the development of cities also occurs. People use technology to facilitate the work of the community. Some of them are the Internet of Things (IoT). This technical concept solves some of the issues like traffic system, parking lots, and operating electronic devices at home when the user is away. The Internet of things provides wireless access to this system and allows users to maintain one-track parking space availability in the crowded area and on the busy lanes, with the increase in Vehicle population, road congestion in big cities is one of the major consequences. The system majorly focuses on the concept of a parking space detection mechanism that uses sensors in combination with the use of Internet of Things. i.e., it sends parking status to the internet web page. This allows users to see which parking spaces are free and where to park. This is achieved by sending the sensor's data to an IoT platform via the ESP8266 WiFi module, which displays data using HTTP. These types of systems make the user find parking slots easier than creating a mess this process saves the user time as well as improves the easy being by tracking the charges of the vehicle.

A Multi-View Approach for Regional Parking Occupancy Prediction with Attention Mechanisms

The near-future parking space availability is informative for the formulation of parking-related policy in urban areas. Plenty of studies have contributed to the spatial–temporal prediction for parking occupancy by considering the adjacency between parking lots. However, their similarities in properties remain unspecific. For example, parking lots with similar functions, though not adjacent, usually have similar patterns of occupancy changes, which can help with the prediction as well. To fill the gap, this paper proposes a multi-view and attention-based approach for spatial–temporal parking occupancy prediction, namely hybrid graph convolution network with long short-term memory and temporal pattern attention (HGLT). In addition to the local view of adjacency, we construct a similarity matrix using the Pearson correlation coefficient between parking lots as the global view. Then, we design an integrated neural network focusing on graph structure and temporal pattern to assign proper weights to the different spatial features in both views. Comprehensive evaluations on a real-world dataset show that HGLT reduces prediction error by about 30.14% on average compared to other state-of-the-art models. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the global view is effective in predicting parking occupancy.

The Effect of a Cultural Landscape Area on Urban Green Spaces: Case Study of Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens

The Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens are an example of combining cultural landscapes and urban green spaces. These types of areas preserve historical and cultural richness while meeting the green and social space needs of modern cities. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of these two important heritages, which have cultural and historical value, on urban green spaces in the Diyarbakır Sur District. The presence of green areas in the Sur district has been determined in line with this objective. Field observations, Master Development plans, planning annotations, the “management plan”, land registry records, cadastral procedures, urban guidebooks, and digital mapping platforms were employed as methodologies. Inclusive and exclusive quantifications of the designated cultural landscape area were conducted. The study quantitatively reveals the presence of active green areas in two heritage areas intertwined with culture, nature and historical built environment. The fields of heritage and nearby environmental arrangements affect the amount of green space in the Sur district. These landscaping enhancements substantially elevated the per capita functional green space in the district, increasing it from 18.22 square meters to 37.75 square meters. Similarly, they increased the availability of parking spaces, with the per person spacedetermined as 16.64 square meters. This study thus recommends increasing the regulations in buffer zones that reflect the unity of traditional and modern elements, with sustainable approaches that are compatible with ecological balance and planned for the long term

Climbing crags recommender system in Arco, Italy: a comparative study.

Outdoor sport climbing is popular in Northern Italy due to its vast amount of rock climbing places (such as crags). New climbing crags appear yearly, creating an information overload problem for tourists who plan their sport climbing vacation. Recommender systems partly addressed this issue by suggesting climbing crags according to the most visited places or the number of suitable climbing routes. Unfortunately, these methods do not consider contextual information. However, in sport climbing, as in other outdoor activities, the possibility of visiting certain places depends on several contextual factors, for instance, a suitable season (winter/summer), parking space availability if traveling with a car, or the possibility of climbing with children if traveling with children. To address this limitation, we collected and analyzed the crag visits in Arco (Italy) from an online guidebook. We found that climbing contextual information, similar to users' content preferences, can be modeled by a correlation between recorded visits and crags features. Based on that, we developed and evaluated a novel context-aware climbing crags recommender system Visit & Climb, which consists of three stages as follows: (1) contextual information and content tastes are learned automatically from the users' logs by computing correlation between users' visits and crags' features; (2) those learned tastes are further made adjustable in a preference elicitation web interface; (3) the user receives recommendations on the map according to the number of visits made by a climber with similar learned tastes. To measure the quality of this system, we performed an offline evaluation (where we calculated Mean Average Precision, Recall, and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain for top-N), a formative study, and an online evaluation (in a within-subject design with experienced outdoor climbers N = 40, who tried three similar systems including Visit & Climb). Offline tests showed that the proposed system suggests crags to climbers accurately as the other classical models for top-N recommendations. Meanwhile, online tests indicated that the system provides a significantly higher level of information sufficiency than other systems in this domain. The overall results demonstrated that the developed system provides recommendations according to the users' requirements, and incorporating contextual information and crag characteristics into the climbing recommender system leads to increased information sufficiency caused by transparency, which improves satisfaction and use intention.

Mathematical Modeling of a Fuzzy Logic-Based Car Parking System

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a fuzzy logic-based car parking system. Many people are facing problems parking vehicles in parking lots in most urban cities. The technology of fuzzy-based systems is necessary for all vehicle users to acquire parking slots in cities. A smart parking system helps in obtaining information about available parking spaces, organizing and processing it, and then placing the car in a certain position. The method adopted makes use of a fuzzy-based smart car parking system to develop the usage of small parking spaces for parking lots to allow the parking of vehicles based on their weight. A set of rules was used in the fuzzy logic to control two sets of parking decisions, namely the vehicle entry decision and the inpark decision, by bearing in mind the weight of vehicles and the availability of parking spaces in the parking mall. The results obtained show that the smart car parking system keeps the availability of parking lots in equilibrium, depending on the entry and exit of vehicles. In conclusion, it was discovered that the total number of vehicles granted entry at each time interval depends on the availability of parking lots on each designated floor.

IoT based Car Parking System using LoRaWAN Technology for CIT Campus

The usage of four-wheeler vehicles has increased over time, and finding a parking spot to park the cars in is getting much more challenging. This issue also exists on the CIT CAMPUS, which led to developing a parking system using IoT technology to make it simpler to find parking places. An IoT-based car parking system based on LoRaWAN technology is suggested as a solution to this issue. The purpose of this research is to design and implement a well-organised parking system with a user-friendly application which can avoid cramming in the car parking area. In the proposed system, Arduino-LoRa transmitter boards, Ultrasonic sensor and LG01-LoRa gateway are used for the implementation. Ultrasonic sensor-equipped Arduino-LoRa transmitter boards are positioned in various parking lots. It is used as a processing element which detects the availability of parking space in the parking area and transmits the data to the gateway that is situated close to the parking lots. The data is received by the gateway and forwards the slot information to the Things Network. The vacant spaces in the parking area could be viewed using a mobile application. The proposed system includes a gate entry management system that reads the number plate of a vehicle using YOLO- V3 algorithm and stores the real-time vehicle log information in the database. This method makes it easier for drivers to identify the available parking spaces offering a streamlined parking experience, which helps users spend less time in parking their cars.

Parking Space Availability Detections from Two Overlapping Cameras Using YOLOv5 and Image Stitching Methods

Parking Space Availability Detections from Two Overlapping Cameras Using YOLOv5 and Image Stitching Methods

IUKL Smart Car Parking App Using Automatic License Plate Recognition and Raspberry Pi

This Paper outlines the development of the IUKL Smart Parking mobile app developed for the Infrastructure University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Android mobile application was developed using android studio and allows users to make reservations for the IUKL campus parking facilities. Furthermore, an automatic license plate recognition algorithm was developed using a Raspberry Pi computer and tested using sample license plate images displayed on a smartphone. The license plate detection algorithm was implemented using Python as the programming language and the Python library Python-tesseract, which is an optical character recognition tool for Python. The automatic license plate recognition technique was created using this Python module. Additionally, the algorithm was tested using sample license plate images and this was accomplished using images displayed from a mobile device and yielded mainly accurate results, though not 100%. The results were displayed by emitting different LED colored lights, “Red” was emitted when a plate number was not identified, and “Green” was emitted when the plate number was identified successfully. Moreover, a database was developed using PhpMyAdmin which consists of data regarding users and parking lots. This was done to solve the issue whereby no information was recorded regarding the availability of parking spaces at the IUKL campus. This paper can also serve as a template and guide for the complete implementation of a smart parking system in a university-based environment.

THE IDENTIFICATION OF VITALITY FACTORS FOR PUBLIC OPEN SPACE AT THE CISADANE RIVER AREA, TANGERANG CITY

The Cisadane Riverside area is currently under the attention of Tangerang City Government as an object of restructuring the part of Tangerang old city, by providing public spaces, with the hope that the area can be revitalized.The level of success in revitalizing the area needs to be identified, so that it is useful for the next structuring activity in anticipation of the quietness of the area. This study aims to pinpoint perceptions and factors that influence the vitality of public space at Cisadane riverbank area, Tangerang City. Data were gathered by conducting direct observation and distributing questionnaires by means of Google Form, and rating the perception through the Likert scale. The number of respondents was 116, comprising of 18 people aged 15-30 years, 86 people 31-50 years and 12 people over 50 years old. The variables studied involve comfort, security, safety and pleasure, in relation to the vitality of the Cisadane Riverbank area. The results reveal that there are four factors stimulate the vitality of Cisadane riverside area, namely the physical condition of parking lot, the availability of parking space, the operational hours of trading activities and the condition of fire protection (public hydrants and evacuation routes). Keywords : Vitality, Public Spaces, Riverbank Area

Perceived image of accessible tourism destinations: a data mining analysis of Google Maps reviews

ABSTRACT While research into tourism and accessibility has significantly advanced over the past decade, the perceived image of Accessible Tourism Destinations (ATDs) has remained largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the perceived image of Aveiro (Portugal) and A Coruña (Spain) as exemplars of ATDs. In this investigation, we scrutinized 1,051 Online Travellers Reviews (OTRs) posted between 2016 to 2023 in Google Maps. We employed content analysis and text mining techniques using the RapidMiner software. The findings reveal a correlation between accessibility conditions and visitors’ satisfaction. Common concerns among travellers include the availability of parking spaces and adaptations for people with disabilities (PwD). Areas identified for improvement encompass information provision and signage. Further investigation is recommended to understand the factors influencing the increase in positive sentiments in Aveiro during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research presents a strategic framework for Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) to enhance the quality of the tourism offer while showcasing the potential of data mining within this field.

RFID-Based IoT Scanning System for Tracking Parking Slot Application

The increasing demand for parking spaces in various facilities, such as shopping centers, ports, and airports, poses a significant challenge for parking managers. Drivers waste time and fuel searching for available parking slots, resulting in increased air pollution and negative environmental and health impacts. Therefore, a new solution is needed to address these issues and improve parking management efficiency. A parking management system that utilizes RFID technology and allows for the RFID Tag on each car to display user data, user ID, and parking space reservations is needed to improve the efficiency and convenience of parking at various facilities. The proposed system design incorporates various components, including a Camera Sensor, Raspberry PI, ESP8266, UHF RFID reader, and RFID Tag. The RFID technology captures radio waves emitted by the RFID Tag, enabling individual identification through unique codes. Testing revealed high accuracy at close range but decreased effectiveness at longer distances. Internet speed and network latency affected system performance, with faster speeds enabling faster data transmission. The system, developed using Thunkable and Firebase, provides real-time parking space availability information and streamlines vehicle entry and exit processes through RFID technology. This system has the potential to greatly improve the parking experience at busy public facilities by facilitating efficient parking spot finding and enhancing overall convenience for drivers.

Government Policy in Illegal Parking Charges at Public Spaces

The growth of motorized vehicle ownership has outpaced the limited availability of public land and parking spaces. Illegal parking lots and attendants in Yogyakarta worsen this problem. As an illegal parking area, illegal parking attendants do not have the legality to collect fees from the community, so collecting money from parking users is an act of illegal levies. As a result, the rights of parking users as consumers tend to be neglected without any protection from authorized institutions or officials. This phenomenon is increasingly widespread and has been going on for quite a long time, so the impression appears there is an element of omission by state officials. The research method utilized was a qualitative descriptive, interactive approach that involved collecting data through observation, documentation, and interview. The primary data were recruited through an interview, and some informants were determined with the purposive technique, which was informants or source determination based on a certain consideration. Based on the results, parking management has been managed in such a way on Regional Regulation of Yogyakarta Number 2 of 2019. Regarding parking, the Regional Regulation (Perda) is followed up with the Mayor’s Regulation of Yogyakarta number 2 of 2019. The objectives of the parking regulations are to embody safe and orderly parking service, implement law protection and certainty, and ensure transparency of Locally-Generated Revenue Receipt in the parking area.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK PARKIR BADAN JALAN DI KAWASAN PERTOKOAN MEGAHRIA KOTA PALEMBANG

The megahria shopping area Jl.T.P.Rustam Effendi is located in the Ilir Timur 1 sub-district Palembang city. With the increasing number of residents which continues to increase from time to time, the need for transfortation mobility is getting bigger. This also has an impact on the available parking lots in the megahria shopping area of Palembang city. Facts in the field show that on of the problems of the transportation system in the availability of inadequate parking space, so this research was conducted to analyze the characteristics of the magnitude of the impact caused by the operation of roadside parking in the megahria shopping area of palembang city with the research object being motorcycles and passenger cars who only use parking facilities inside the road body parking lot in the megahria shopping area of Palembang city. Based on parking characteristics it can be concluded that the conditions and needs of on-street parking spaces in the megahria shopping area of Palembang city. From the calculation for passenger car vehicles in can be 436 vehicles, the Parking space requirement is 209 parking spaces. While the total for motorcycle vehicles is 2173 vehicles, the current parking spaces requirement is 766 parking spaces.

Real-Time Parking Assistance using Arduino and Sensors

Abstract: Automated Parking System can fulfil parking operations quickly and safely without wastage of time and energy. This study describes a scale model of an automated parking system with an LCD screen that can regulate and manage the number of vehicles that can be parked in a certain area at any given time based on the availability of parking spaces. The employment of sensors during car entry and exit is known as automatic parking. Most current systems aren't fully automated and require some amount of human interference or interaction in or with the system, according to our analysis of a few of the existing systems. We have examined some of the existing systems, and the results indicate that most of them aren't fully automated and need some amount of human involvement.

Optimal Parking Path Planning and Parking Space Selection Based on the Entropy Power Method and Bayesian Network: A Case Study in an Indoor Parking Lot

According to the vehicle dynamics model and the requirements of reliable safety and minimal time, the path planning problem of parking in different types of parking spaces is solved by obstacle avoidance analysis and motion analysis in the case of the optimal solution, and the parking trajectory from the initial position to the designated parking space is obtained. In the static situation, different parking spaces in the parking space are occupied; analyze the parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and the distance between the vacant parking space and the starting point location of unoccupied cars; and establish the attribute information matrix R0 of the vacant parking space and calculate the KMO value of the matrix R0. This is completed to determine the weak correlation between the attributes of the vacant parking space and use the matrix R0 as the original evaluation matrix of the entropy weight method, using the entropy weight method to calculate the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and distance between starting point and parking space. These results are weighted in the optimal parking space selection process, the difficulty score of the vacant parking space is determined, and the optimal parking space is determined through the ranking of the scores. In the dynamic case, the number of parking spaces and parking space usage will change over time, with the help of the Bayesian network, the existing parking spaces and number of spaces in the parking lot at the previous moment are learned according to the computer clock, which can be used to reason about the number of parking spaces and parking space availability in the parking lot at the next moment. The weights of the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right situation, and distance between the starting point and parking space are updated in the case of a dynamic change of parking space, and then the parking difficulty score of a new vacant parking space using the entropy weight method is used to select the optimal parking space in the dynamic situation. The optimized parking path planning and parking space selection method could contribute to enhancing parking efficiency for the sustainable management of indoor parking lots.

Collaborative Parking Management in Constanta: The Role of Public Policies and Citizen Participation

This research focuses on Collaborative Parking Management in Constanta, Romania, examining the role of public policies and citizen participation in improving the availability and quality of parking spaces. The study's general objective is to evaluate citizens' perceptions of parking spaces in Constanta and identify potential solutions to improve the current situation. To achieve this, the study outlines six specific objectives, including analyzing parking space availability, evaluating the quality of parking infrastructure, examining opinions on parking regulation and costs, investigating the impact on the environment, assessing the influence on vehicle and pedestrian safety, and identifying solutions for parking management improvement. The research tool utilized for this study was an online questionnaire, which included six dimensions related to parking space availability and quality, regulation and costs, impact on the environment, and safety, as well as a section for participants to make recommendations. This study aims to provide insight into the current state of parking in Constanta and offer practical solutions for improving the parking situation through collaboration between citizens and policymakers.

Car Parking Space Identifying System Using Python

Nowadays, in India the concept of smart cites are gaining great popularity. The smart cities are incomplete without smart car parking system. The traffic congestion caused by vehicles is an alarming problem at global scale and it has been growing exponentially, also it increases pollution and wastage of time. A good solution this problem could use of python based smart car parking system to decrease pollution as well as parking time. In this project we propose a system to find the parking area. It also avoids congestions. The objective of this project is to smart car parking system using python. This project is used to Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of a python technology that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of each single parking space using IR Sensor Key Word: LCD, Python, Raspberry pi, Fire sensor, Gas sensor.

Smart Car Parking System Using Arduino UNO

Abstract: The idea of smart metropolises has become much more popular in recent years. The suggested smart car parking solution involves the use of a module to cover and announce the availability of a single parking space. By examining the niche vacuity, this design presents a defined frame for an efficient and simple method of parking the automobiles. The study also shows the frame engineering from an abnormal state perspective. The design initially investigates the working framework in the form of an application case that justifies the suggested show.