Availability Of Others Research Articles

Postpartum Depression in Young Mothers in Urban and Rural Indonesia.

Young mothers are vulnerable to postpartum depression due to role transition-related stress. Understanding the causes underlying these stressors is essential for developing effective interventions. This study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research data. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess postpartum depression symptoms in mothers aged 15-24 years with infants aged 0-6 months. In 1285 subjects, the risk factors for postpartum depression were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. The overall prevalence of depression in the 6 months postpartum was 4.0%, with a higher prevalence in urban areas (5.7%) than in rural areas (2.9%). Urban and rural young mothers showed distinct postpartum depression risk factors. In urban areas, living without a husband (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 11.76), experiencing preterm birth (OR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.50 to 14.50), having pregnancy complications (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.66), and having postpartum complications (OR, 5.23; 95% CI, 1.98 to 13.80) were associated with a higher risk of postpartum depression. In rural areas, postpartum depression was significantly associated with a smaller household size (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.00 to 10.38), unwanted pregnancy (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 16.86), and pregnancy complications (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.31 to 8.88). In both urban and rural contexts, postpartum depression relates to the availability of others to accompany young mothers throughout the postpartum period and offer support with reproductive issues. Support from the family and the healthcare system is essential to young mothers' mental health. The healthcare system needs to involve families to support young mothers' mental health from pregnancy until the postpartum period.

Associations Between Childhood Abuse and COVID-19 Hyperarousal in Adulthood: The Role of Social Environment.

BackgroundChildhood abuse increases risk for high levels of distress in response to future stressors. Interpersonal social support is protective for health, particularly during stress, and may be particularly beneficial for individuals who experienced childhood abuse.ObjectiveInvestigate whether childhood abuse predicts levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and test whether the perceived availability of social companionship preceding the pandemic moderates this relationship.MethodsDuring Phase 1, adults (N = 120; Age M[SD] = 19.4 [0.94]) completed a retrospective measure of childhood adversity along with a measure of perceived availability of opportunities for social engagement immediately preceding the pandemic. Two weeks after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) with respect to the pandemic. Hierarchical linear regression analyses examined the interaction between childhood abuse and the perceived availability of social companionship preceding the pandemic as a predictor of PTSD symptoms.ResultsAdjusting for covariates, the interaction between childhood abuse and perceived availability of others to engage with before the onset of the pandemic was a significant predictor of IES-hyperarousal (β = −0.19, t = −2.06, p = 0.04, ΔR2 = 0.032, CI: [−0.31 to −0.01]).ConclusionLevels of perceived opportunities for social companionship before the pandemic associates with levels of hyperarousal related to the pandemic, particularly for individuals who experienced high levels of childhood abuse. More research is needed to understand how to mitigate the higher levels of distress related to the pandemic for these individuals in order to reduce risk for future psychiatric disorders.

Social Learning in Prosumption: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment

Digital technologies enable consumers to actively participate in the product design and production process for a wide range of products, leading rise to the concept of a 'prosumer'. A significant portion of the value for such products is generated through the prosumption process, and a variety of firms are investing in building such capabilities. However, a major, largely unexplored, friction in prosumption is the customers’ effort involved to undertake a creative exercise of designing products and extracting value from it. In this study, we ask whether and how social learning, the act of showing creations made by other customers to the focal customer, can ameliorate such friction. Arguably, by showing others’ product designs to the focal customer, the firm may help the customers gain design ideas and garner knowledge about product features. Such an action is also likely to influence their belief about their own ability, namely, their self-efficacy, to design a valuable product that they would like to purchase. This implies that, if not carefully done, displaying others’ design could be detrimental to prosumption. Certain designs may be perceived to be out of the creative reach of the focal user, and therefore reduce their likelihood of designing a product and purchasing it. If social learning is effective, what can we say about the nature of images to show to different sub-groups of users? In close collaboration with an e-commerce platform specialized in customized photo products, we examine the effectiveness of social learning by means of a large scale in-vivo randomized field experiment. We exogenously vary both the availability of others’ design and the characteristics of images shown to the treated users. Our analysis shows that showing other users’ design can be highly effective in influencing the purchase and design behavior of the focal customer, but firms must choose the right customers and carefully select the type of user image design for display. We develop a novel ‘honest-bagging’ approach guided by principles of causal forests to personalize the high-dimensional treatment around which images to show to what types of users.

The Caregiver Transportation Scale Measures the Impact of Driving Cessation on Caregivers

Driving cessation can impact retiring drivers, but we often neglect to consider its effect on caregivers. Caregivers may have to deal with important changes when someone they care for ceases driving, but we have few means to quantify these changes. Hence, we aimed to develop the Caregiver Transportation Scale (CTS) to measure this impact. We developed a bank of positive and negative questions, then pre-tested it with a small sample of caregivers (N = 11), leading to reduction and refinement of the questions. We pilot-tested this set of questions with a larger caregiver sample (phase 2; N = 73). Preliminary validation of the tool relied on correlation analyses with the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and relevant demographic questions. For phase 2, the mean caregiver age was 61.9 (SD = 10.23, range 20-83); most caregivers were female (80.8%) and were adult-child caregivers (61.7%). The final version of the CTS contains 24 items. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was .90. The mean caregiver score was 64.75 (SD = 16.76, range 24-98); about 1/3 of caregivers’ scores fell above the middle possible score of 72. The scores were positively correlated with the Zarit Burden Interview (r = .74, p < .001) and negatively correlated with the availability of others to help with driving responsibilities (r = -.36, p = .002). The CTS has the potential to help inform, develop, and evaluate services for caregivers who provide transportation support for older adults who ceased driving. However, further validation is required before we recommend its use.

Reappraisal of the central role of soil nutrient availability in nutrient management in light of recent advances in plant nutrition at crop and molecular levels

Abstract The concept of soil nutrient availability is still widely viewed within the framework of crop yield responses to fertilizer applications as the intermediary variable linking the rate of application of a single nutrient to the absorption of this nutrient by plants according to the pioneer work of Boussingault (1855), von Liebig (1855), and Mitscherlich (1924). For interpreting the huge variability of crop yield responses to increasing fertilizer applications, agronomists and soil scientists have focused on soil nutrient dynamics in order to estimate the quantity of each nutrient available for plant uptake. This linear approach considering “available nutrient in soil” as an external factor to which plants respond does not correspond to the reality for three main reasons: (i) the root absorption capacity is deeply feed-back controlled by the plant growth capacity itself and, therefore, does not depend univocally on soil nutrient availability; (ii) interactions among different nutrients in soils and plants imply that the availability of one nutrient for plants depends of the availability of others, requiring a more integrated approach; and (iii) the plant itself influences nutrient dynamic processes in soils through interactions with microbial communities in its rhizosphere. Consequently, soil nutrient availability cannot be only considered as a property of the external medium to which plants adapt, but also, and more importantly, as resulting of the functioning of the whole plant-soil-living organisms ecosystem. This review paper proposes an integrated and hypothesis-based vision of plant mineral nutrition based on several recent findings: (i) the corroboration and verification of hypotheses of regulation of plant nutrient uptake at the whole plant level by recent advances in the molecular physiology of plant nutrition, (ii) the physiological basis for interactions among different plant nutrients, and (iii) the increasing evidence of plant-soil interactions at the rhizosphere level.

Use of Assistive Devices to Lift, Transfer, and Reposition Hospital Patients.

Devices to lift, transfer, and reposition patients are recommended for healthcare workers' and patients' safety, but their intended use has yet to be fully realized. The aim of this study was to describe hospital nursing staff use of lift/transfer devices and the presence of factors at the time of lifts/transfers with potential to influence whether devices are used. Participants were 108 US nursing staff in a university-based medical center and two community hospitals. A self-completed questionnaire was used to collect demographic and work characteristics, typical frequency of patient lifts/transfers, training in and typical use of lift equipment, and specific factors that could influence use. Proportional distributions of lifting/transferring and repositioning frequencies in a typical shift, amount of equipment use, and factors present were examined overall and across worker and work-related characteristics. Although trained in equipment use, only 40% used equipment for at least half of lifts/transfers. During lifts/transfers, factors often present included patient unable to help with lift/transfer (91.3%) or of a size/weight where participant needed assistance to help lift/transfer (87.5%); availability of others who could assist with manual lift (86.3%) or use of lift equipment (82.4%); and equipment functioning properly (86.4%), having supplies available (82.5%), and being easy to retrieve from storage (81.6%). During repositioning tasks, physical assistance was "always/almost always" provided from coworkers (83.3%) and often perceived as "very helpful" (92.6%) in reducing physical demands. Physical assistance from patients was less common (14.0% "always/almost always") yet perceived as "very helpful" by 66.3%. One fifth always used friction-reducing devices. Despite training in their use, nursing staff use of available lift equipment and assistive devices is limited. Factors present at the time of lifts/transfers that may influence equipment/device use reflect a complex mix of patient, worker, equipment, and situational characteristics.

Internal Working Models of Attachment Relationships and HIV Outcomes Among Women Living With HIV.

Treatment adherence and viral suppression remain suboptimal in the United States. Attachment insecurity may be one understudied factor affecting adherence. According to attachment theory, people develop generalized internal working models of interpersonal relationships, which shape their perceptions of the availability of others at times of stress and how they handle stressors as an individual. Two dimensions of attachment insecurity are attachment-related avoidance (avoidance of intimacy with others and avoidance of negative emotions) and attachment-related anxiety (feeling unable to deal with stressors without others' help). For people living with chronic stressful health conditions that require life-long self-management, attachment-related avoidance and attachment-related anxiety may diminish the ability to cope with stressors as an individual leading to negative health outcomes. We examined cross-sectional associations of the 2 attachment-related insecurity dimensions with antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence, HIV visit adherence, CD4 cell counts, and viral suppression. Survey and clinical data from 453 women living with HIV in 4 US cities were analyzed controlling for age, education, income, time on ART, illicit drug use, and race. Attachment-related avoidance was the only unique predictor of suboptimal ART adherence, viral failure, and low CD4 count, and attachment-related anxiety was the only unique predictor of missed HIV care visits. These effects were over and above the effects of all covariates. ART adherence mediated the association of attachment-related avoidance with both viral failure and low CD4 counts. Interventions may need to focus on the vulnerable subpopulation with high attachment insecurity and incorporate existing strategies that address insecure attachment models.

The severity of psychiatric disorders.

The issue of the severity of psychiatric disorders has great clinical importance. For example, severity influences decisions about level of care, and affects decisions to seek government assistance due to psychiatric disability. Controversy exists as to the efficacy of antidepressants across the spectrum of depression severity, and whether patients with severe depression should be preferentially treated with medication rather than psychotherapy. Measures of severity are used to evaluate outcome in treatment studies and may be used as meaningful endpoints in clinical practice. But, what does it mean to say that someone has a severe illness? Does severity refer to the number of symptoms a patient is experiencing? To the intensity of the symptoms? To symptom frequency or persistence? To the impact of symptoms on functioning or on quality of life? To the likelihood of the illness resulting in permanent disability or death? Putting aside the issue of how severity should be operationalized, another consideration is whether severity should be conceptualized similarly for all illnesses or be disorder specific. In this paper, we examine how severity is characterized in research and contemporary psychiatric diagnostic systems, with a special focus on depression and personality disorders. Our review shows that the DSM-5 has defined the severity of various disorders in different ways, and that researchers have adopted a myriad of ways of defining severity for both depression and personality disorders, although the severity of the former was predominantly defined according to scores on symptom rating scales, whereas the severity of the latter was often linked with impairments in functioning. Because the functional impact of symptom-defined disorders depends on factors extrinsic to those disorders, such as self-efficacy, resilience, coping ability, social support, cultural and social expectations, as well as the responsibilities related to one's primary role function and the availability of others to assume those responsibilities, we argue that the severity of such disorders should be defined independently from functional impairment.

Social and structural conditions for the avoidance of advance care planning in neuro-oncology: a qualitative study

BackgroundPrimary brain tumours newly affect >260 000 people each year worldwide. In the UK, every year >10 000 people are diagnosed with a brain tumour while >5000 die annually from...

Perspective Taking Failures in the Valuation of Physical and Mental States

Accurately inferring the values and preferences of others is crucial for successful social interactions. Nevertheless, without direct access to others’ minds, perspective taking errors are common. Across four studies we demonstrate a systematic perspective-taking failure: people value their minds more than their bodies, but fail to realize others share those values, often believing that others value their bodies more than their minds. The bias manifests across a variety of domains and measures, from severity of injuries to preferences for new abilities to assessments of how much of one’s identity resides in one’s body. This self-other preference reversal was diminished — but still present — when participants thought of a close other and deliberately attended to their own bodies and another’s mind. This attenuation suggests that the availability of others’ mental attributes helps to reduce this perspective-taking error. This bias has implications for the ways in which we create social policy, judge others’ actions, make choices on behalf of others, and allocate resources to the physically and mentally ill.

Mobile communication as invader in face-to-face interactions: An analysis of predictors for parallel communication habits

Mobile phone use has increased dramatically, and many users carry their phones 24 h a day. Consequently, mobile communication increasingly invades face-to-face interactions. In this paper, the researcher analyzes individual, social, and situational factors that predict such parallel communication habits. To this end, 339 smartphone users in Germany were asked about their smartphone usage habits, their availability management, and their parallel communication experiences. Subsequently, a multiple logistic regression was calculated to test which of the identified factors form predictors of a disposition to parallel communication. The findings confirm the assumption of significant influence from age, social usage motivation, usage habits of the peer group, individual evaluation of parallel communication, and expectations about the availability of others.

Angiotensin Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotective Potential of Antioxidants and AT1 Receptor Blockers

Oxidative stress in brain underlies the major neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Peripherally, Angiotensin-II is a major effector of inflammation. Identification of its capacity to access brain during hypertension, as well as location of central renin angiotensin system have led to its recognition as the major effector of oxidative stress in brain. Clinical uses of antioxidants to antagonize this oxidative stress have mostly failed. In this scenario, AT1 blockers have been investigated to prevent neurodegeneration. Although it has shown promise, clinical efficacy is limited to few drugs including telmisartan mainly due to the poor brain availability of others. In this review we aim to analyze the potential of antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress in brain. We have given critical analysis of the approaches for re-purposing of AT1 blockers against oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration.

Erroneous Perceptions of Chinese Baccarat Players: Evidence from Guidebooks

Baccarat, as the most popular gambling game, is also the one to which the majority of pathological gamblers who sought help are addicted in Macau. This paper documents the cognitive distortions of Chinese Baccarat gamblers from guidebooks written by five experienced Chinese gamblers. The analyses of their descriptions of Baccarat and their observations about other Chinese gamblers show that the objective of the vast majority of Chinese Baccarat players is to make quick money rather than view Baccarat as a form of entertainment. Further, cognitive distortions—such as the gambler’s fallacy, illusion of control, illusory correlation, interpretive bias, and availability of others’ wins—are pervasive. Some erroneous perceptions have Baccarat-specific representations, such as following trends, money management tricks, and following winners. These findings may contribute to prevention/awareness education and counseling services for pathological gamblers.

Reminiscence functions over time: consistency of self functions and variation of prosocial functions

ABSTRACTThe current study examines the temporal stability of the tripartite model of reminiscence functions in which eight separate reminiscence functions map onto three second-order factors which contribute significantly to measurement of an overarching reminiscence latent construct. We collected online responses from 411 adults 50+ years of age. Confirmatory factor analytic models were computed at three points of data collection over 16 months. Invariance analyses were next undertaken to simultaneously compare the measurement properties to assess within-person stability of reminiscence functions over time. The tripartite structure of reminiscence functions was replicated at each point of data collection. As hypothesised, self-positive and self-negative functions are consistent across points of data collection, whereas prosocial functions vary over time. The temporal stability of the self functions may be attributed to enduring characteristics of the individual such as personality traits and life attitudes, as well as their solitary nature. Previous research indicates that consistency of self-positive reminiscence functions has ensuing benefits for physical health and psychological well-being; the opposite is true for self-negative functions. The temporal variation of prosocial functions may be due to the varying availability of others to share memories and their responsiveness to the emotional context.

Health self-care in the United States

ObjectivesWe provide the most recent population-level estimates of time spent in health self-care (including activities such as taking medicine, giving oneself an injection, and wound care). Additionally, we determine when, where, and with whom this time is distributed. Study designWe analyze pooled cross-sectional data on individuals aged 21 years and older (n = 36,033) from the nationally representative 2008, 2010, and 2012–2013 American Time Use Survey. MethodsWe report the likelihood of any self-care, the mean minutes spent in self-care among those who report any, and the percentage distribution of self-care across the day, in the presence of others, and by place. We examine these trends overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, income, age, education, employment status, disability, and health. ResultsOverall, 6.7% of the population reports any health self-care on an average day, among whom an average of 76.6 min is spent in care. Individuals are most likely to report self-care in the morning, perform 76.1% of their care alone, and 97% in their own homes. These trends vary across sex, race/ethnicity, age, income, education, employment, disability, and health. ConclusionsOur results demonstrate at the population level that self-care is a time-intensive form of health management that is not equally distributed by time, place, the availability of others, or by sociodemographic characteristics. It is important to consider these inequities in order to provide optimal support for patient care outside of health facilities.

Changes in technology use and adult attachment orientation from 2002 to 2012

We have lived in an age of ever-increasing connection this past decade. Although technology and online social networking may not have increased psychological closeness, as some researchers suggest, it may have increased the perceived availability of other people in our social networks. The current study measures changes in comfort with closeness (attachment avoidance) and perceived availability of others (attachment anxiety) in a large Internet sample (N=123,554) from 2002 to 2012. Attachment anxiety decreased from 2002 to 2012 and attachment avoidance exhibited no changes over the same time period. Further, these decreases were primarily driven by younger adults, presumably due to their heavy technology use. Attachment anxiety was negatively associated with mobile phone subscription rates and the number of Facebook users over this time period. Results from the current study suggest that the perceived availability of others has been increasing over time—perhaps because technology has increased the accessibility of close others.

Parental safety concerns and active school commute: correlates across multiple domains in the home-to-school journey

BackgroundEmpirical evidence of the relationship between safety concerns and walking to school (WTS) is growing. However, current research offers limited understanding of the multiple domains of parental safety concerns and the specific mechanisms through which parents articulate safety concerns about WTS. A more detailed understanding is needed to inform environmental and policy interventions. This study examined the relationships between both traffic safety and personal safety concerns and WTS in the U.S.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis examined data from the Texas Childhood Obesity Prevention Policy Evaluation (T-COPPE) project, an evaluation of state-wide obesity prevention policy interventions. All study data were from the survey (n = 830) of parents with 4th grade students attending 81 elementary schools across Texas, and living within two miles from their children's schools. Traffic safety and personal safety concerns were captured for the home neighborhood, en-route to school, and school environments. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the odds of WTS controlling for significant covariates.ResultsOverall, 18% of parents reported that their child walked to school on most days of the week. For traffic safety, students were more likely to walk to school if their parent reported favorable perceptions about the following items in the home neighborhood environment: higher sidewalk availability, well maintained sidewalks and safe road crossings. For the route to school, the odds of WTS were higher for those who reported "no problem" with each one of the following: traffic speed, amount of traffic, sidewalks/pathways, intersection/crossing safety, and crossing guards, when compared to those that reported "always a problem". For personal safety in the en-route to school environment, the odds of WTS were lower when parents reported concerns about: stray or dangerous animals and availability of others with whom to walk.ConclusionsFindings offered insights into the specific issues that drive safety concerns for elementary school children’s WTS behaviors. The observed associations between more favorable perceptions of safety and WTS provide further justification for practical intervention strategies to reduce WTS barriers that can potentially bring long-term physical activity and health benefits to school-aged children.

Evaluation, in three provinces, of the introduction and impact of China’s National Essential Medicines Scheme

To evaluate implementation of the National Essential Medicines Scheme (NEMS) in rural China. Two rural counties/districts in each of three provinces where NEMS had been implemented were surveyed. Information was collected from NEMS staff at the province, county/district, township and village levels; patients with chronic disease were also interviewed. Service provision, finances, prescriptions, inpatient records and the expenditures of patients with certain diagnoses were investigated in township hospitals and village clinics. The results were compared with the corresponding data recorded before NEMS was introduced. Following the introduction of NEMS, drug procurement in each study location was systematized. Total drug costs declined. This, and improved prescribing, reduced the costs of outpatient and inpatient care and led, apparently, to increased uptake of health services. However, the prices of some drugs had increased and the availability of others had declined. The compensation of health-care providers for NEMS-related reductions in their incomes had been largely ineffective. As a result of the introduction of NEMS, health facilities relied more on public financing. Many health-care providers complained about higher workloads and lower incomes. Although it was well conceived, the introduction of NEMS into China's decentralized, fee-for-service system of health care has not been straightforward. It has highlighted the problems associated with attempts to modernize health care and health financing for patients' benefit. Sustainable mechanisms to compensate health-care providers for lost income are needed to ensure that NEMS is a success.

Safely testing the alarm: Close others' responses to personal positive events.

Previous research has shown that receiving social support in the face of negative events (i.e., enacted support) is sometimes correlated with positive outcomes, sometimes unrelated to outcomes, and sometimes associated with negative outcomes. However, people's perception that they have high-quality support available to them when they have a stressor (i.e., perceived support) is consistently and strongly associated with better health, well-being, and relationship functioning. However, both enacted and perceived support available in response to positive event disclosures are consistently associated with positive outcomes. In 2 studies, we examined why enacted support for negative events has such a spotty record and compared it with enacted support for positive events; a third study examined how support for positive events may be a major contributor to perceived availability of effective support for negative events. The results showed that providing responsive support to negative events is particularly difficult; received support for negative events disclosures (but not positive event disclosures) involves substantial drawbacks and risks, especially when that support is not responsive to the recipient's needs; and that enacted support for positive events was a better predictor of later perceptions of the quality of available support for stressors than enacted support for negative events. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for the social support literature and how positive relationship processes influence health and well-being, not only directly but also indirectly by providing critical information regarding the availability of others if a problem occurs.

So Long, Farewell – Sending Patients Home

So Long, Farewell – Sending Patients Home