Network Availability Research Articles

Energy-Efficient Distributed Edge Computing to Assist Dense Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a rapidly growing field, where billions of intelligent devices are interconnected through the Internet, enabling the seamless sharing of data and resources. These smart devices are typically employed to sense various environmental characteristics, including temperature, motion of objects, and occupancy, and transfer their values to the nearest access points for further analysis. The exponential growth in sensor availability and deployment, powered by recent advances in sensor fabrication, has greatly increased the complexity of IoT network architecture. As the market for these sensors grows, so does the problem of ensuring that IoT networks meet high requirements for network availability, dependability, flexibility, and scalability. Unlike traditional networks, IoT systems must be able to handle massive amounts of data generated by various and frequently-used resource-constrained devices, while ensuring efficient and dependable communication. This puts high constraints on the design of IoT, mainly in terms of the required network availability, reliability, flexibility, and scalability. To this end, this work considers deploying a recent technology of distributed edge computing to enable IoT applications over dense networks with the announced requirements. The proposed network depends on distributed edge computing at two levels: multiple access edge computing and fog computing. The proposed structure increases network scalability, availability, reliability, and scalability. The network model and the energy model of the distributed nodes are introduced. An energy-offloading method is considered to manage IoT data over the network energy, efficiently. The developed network was evaluated using a developed IoT testbed. Heterogeneous evaluation scenarios and metrics were considered. The proposed model achieved a higher energy efficiency by 19%, resource utilization by 54%, latency efficiency by 86%, and reduced network congestion by 92% compared to traditional IoT networks.

Design of multi-stage spectrum sensing via layer customized convolutional neural network for cooperative communication

ABSTRACT Cognitive radios make extensive use of cooperative spectrum sensing to make optimum use of the accessible spectrum. Multi-stage spectrum sensing in cooperative communication refers to a technique used in cognitive radio systems where multiple stages of sensing are employed to improve the accuracy spectrum sensing. Accordingly, this paper proposes a unique design of ISDP-AL-CNN-based multi-stage spectrum sensing for cooperative communication. The multi-stage spectrum sensing is performed under two stages: (i) Determining the presence of PU and (ii) Detect the availability of unused radio spectrum. In stage 1, the energy detection approach is performed for each received signal and then compare the energy detected signal with threshold to determine whether PU is present or not. In stage 2, the features such as SNR and PSD are extracted from the received signal and subjected to obtain feature vector and fed the formulated feature into Fusion centre to extract intense features. Further, the retrieved features are given to the ISDP-AL-CNN model to train the features. The ISDP-AL-CNN model adopts ISDP-based attention layer for better performance of the training network. Moreover, it uses SVD to set the data label in the ISDP-AL-CNN model and proficiently detects the spectrum availability in the CR-IoT network.

Availability and Reliability of Core Networks (4G/5G) from a Deployment Standpoint

Availability and Reliability of Core Networks (4G/5G) from a Deployment Standpoint

Romantic Relationships Matter More to Men than to Women.

Women are often viewed as more romantic than men, and romantic relationships are assumed to be more central to the lives of women than to those of men. Despite the prevalence of these beliefs, some recent research paints a different picture. Using principles and insights based on the interdisciplinary literature on mixed-gender relationships, we advance a set of four propositions relevant to differences between men and women and their romantic relationships. We propose that relative to women: (a) men expect to obtain greater benefits from relationship formation and thus strive more strongly for a romantic partner, (b) men benefit more from romantic relationship involvement in terms of their mental and physical health, (c) men are less likely to initiate breakups, and (d) men suffer more from relationship dissolution. We offer theoretical explanations based on differences between men and women in the availability of social networks that provide intimacy and emotional support. We discuss implications for friendships in general and friendships between men and women in particular.

Digital Twin in Industrial Networks: A Cost-benefit Analysis in Operational Technology

Security in Operational Technology (OT) networks faces different challenges when compared with traditional networks. In OT environments, availability and visibility are prioritized over data integrity, leading to unique cybersecurity concerns. The start-up narrowin offers a digital twin software solution with which companies can scan their existing network topology. With this visibility, they can optimize and monitor their infrastructure and ensure the availability of the OT network. However, despite the known benefits of digital twins, their adoption in the industry is limited. This research aims to identify the underlying reasons for the limited adoption with a newly developed approach to understand customer requirements. Aligning the digital twin software with current market needs could foster wider adoption and therefore, reduce security risks in OT networks through increased visibility. A use-case-driven roadmap was developed to guide future software enhancements. The research process consisted of interviews and workshops with experts active in OT-network environments. The insights of these interviews were used to identify product features, highlighting gaps in the current implementation of the digital twin. A comprehensive Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) evaluated product features for their market value. Finally, the interview findings and the CBA were combined to create a suitable persona, with which the current gaps of the digital twin can be targeted. To conclude, the thesis provides insights on how customer specific challenges of a digital twin software can be addressed. The research contributes to the goal of enhancing cyber security and operational excellence in industrial environments.

The Relationship Between Social Network Use and Students’ Quality of Life

Background: The availability and use of various social networks influence individuals’ lives. This survey aimed to determine students’ quality of life and its relationship with internet and social networks use in the shadow of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This descriptive survey was performed on 350 eligible students from Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires covering socioeconomic status, social networks, quality of life, and a sociodemographic checklist. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: In this study, the average age of participants was 22.42±2.8 years, with an average daily social network usage of 3.76±2.11 hours. The mean quality of life score was 62.9±16.9, and the mean score for social network engagement was 49.87±9.3. A significant association was found between social network scores and both the type of social network used and the average time spent on these platforms. Within the dimensions of social network use, the type of social network (B=-0.230) served as a negative predictor, while 4-5 hours of daily social network use (B=0.196) served as a positive predictor for quality of life scores. Conclusion: The study findings indicate a significant connection between the use of the Internet and social networks and students’ quality of life. Therefore, it is imperative to address the time spent on and the type of social networks that is particularly important.

Formalising solutions to network availability issues in low-resource environments

In most software systems operating within low-resource environments, the persistently encountered challenges related to network availability often result in compromised performance or even complete system failure. To address this issue, software developers frequently resort to ad hoc measures to mitigate these challenges. To offer a more comprehensive solution, this paper introduces an all-encompassing approach in the form of a design pattern. This design pattern uses offline functionalities with localised storage, emphasising the distinction between offline storage and synchronisation, presenting a versatile and high-level methodology for overcoming the recurrent network-related challenges intrinsic to low-resource environments. We describe the use of the design pattern in some real-world use cases, thereby illustrating how a single design pattern is the foundation for many seemingly disparate software engineering approaches. This design pattern holds the potential to significantly redefine the manner in which network availability challenges are approached and addressed.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency & Productivity With Solar Cells For Wifi Operations In Mining Are-as Pt Antareja Mahada Makmur Jobsite Mifa Ber-saudara (2024)

This improvement aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of solar cell systems in improving energy efficiency and WiFi network productivity in coal mining environments. The research method involves the installation of solar cell systems and the measurement of energy performance and productivity before and after implementation. The implementation of solar cell systems on WiFi networks in mining environments can improve energy efficiency and productivity. This study aims to analyze the influence of the implementation of solar cell systems on fossil energy use and environmental impact. The results show that the implementation of the solar cell system can reduce the use of fossil energy by 75% and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60%. The implementation of the solar cell system can also increase productivity by 25%. Therefore, the implementation of a solar cell system on a WiFi network in a mining operational environment is highly recommended. The results showed a significant improvement in the energy efficiency and stability of the WiFi network, which had a positive impact on operational productivity. The results of the study show that the use of solar cells can significantly reduce the consumption of electricity/fossil energy, as well as increase the availability of WiFi networks to support PT AMM's operational support activities. The implication of this study is the great potential of the use of solar energy to improve operational efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

A Latency Composition Analysis for Telerobotic Performance Insights Across Various Network Scenarios

Telerobotics involves the operation of robots from a distance, often using advanced communication technologies combining wireless and wired technologies and a variety of protocols. This application domain is crucial because it allows humans to interact with and control robotic systems safely and from a distance, often performing activities in hazardous or inaccessible environments. Thus, by enabling remote operations, telerobotics not only enhances safety but also expands the possibilities for medical and industrial applications. In some use cases, telerobotics bridges the gap between human skill and robotic precision, making the completion of complex tasks requiring high accuracy possible without being physically present. With the growing availability of high-speed networks around the world, especially with the advent of 5G cellular technologies, applications of telerobotics can now span a gamut of scenarios ranging from remote control in the same room to robotic control across the globe. However, there are a variety of factors that can impact the control precision of the robotic platform and user experience of the teleoperator. One such critical factor is latency, especially across large geographical areas or complex network topologies. Consequently, military telerobotics and remote operations, for example, rely on dedicated communications infrastructure for such tasks. However, this creates a barrier to entry for many other applications and domains, as the cost of dedicated infrastructure would be prohibitive. In this paper, we examine the network latency of robotic control over shared network resources in a variety of network settings, such as a local network, access-controlled networks through Wi-Fi and cellular, and a remote transatlantic connection between Finland and the United States. The aim of this study is to quantify and evaluate the constituent latency components that comprise the control feedback loop of this telerobotics experience—of a camera feed for an operator to observe the telerobotic platform’s environment in one direction and the control communications from the operator to the robot in the reverse direction. The results show stable average round-trip latency of 6.6 ms for local network connection, 58.4 ms when connecting over Wi-Fi, 115.4 ms when connecting through cellular, and 240.7 ms when connecting from Finland to the United States over a VPN access-controlled network. 255,235,61. These findings provide a better understanding of the capabilities and performance limitations of conducting telerobotics activities over commodity networks, and lay the foundation of our future work to use these insights for optimizing the overall user experience and the responsiveness of this control loop.

An Empirical Analysis of DDoS Attack Detection and Mitigation Techniques: A Comparative Review of Tools and Methods

The availability and integrity of online services and networks are seriously threatened by distributed denial of service (DDoS) assaults. As a result, a plethora of detection and mitigation strategies have been created, all utilizing different instruments and approaches. By comparing various tools and approaches, this study provides an empirical examination of DDoS attack detection and mitigation strategies. We carefully assess the performance of top DDoS detection and mitigation solutions against a range of attack vectors and in diverse network contexts, taking into account their efficacy, efficiency, and accuracy. We examine the benefits, drawbacks, and real-world applications of both open-source and proprietary technologies for network defenders. Additionally, we look at how these tools and techniques adapt to changing threats and talk about new trends and difficulties in the DDoS assault arena. For network security practitioners, researchers, and policymakers looking for an understanding of the state of DDoS defence mechanisms and tactics for strengthening resilience against these disruptive cyber threats, this comparative assessment is an invaluable resource.

Utilisation of Information and Communication Technology in Improv-ing the Quality of Learning and the Quality of Education in Mataram City, Indonesia

The quality of learning will affect the quality of education in educational units, both primary and secondary education and higher education. Improving the quality of learning also depends on human resources in this case teachers/lecturers, the availability of hardware and software facilities and infrastructure and the availability of internet networks. The research approach used in this study is empirical research, namely research with data in the field as the main data source, such as interview results and observations, in this study, researchers focused on junior high schools in Mataram City. The research data obtained were analyzed by means of Data Reduction; Data Presentation; and Conclusion Drawing/Verification. The results of the study showed that the Utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in improving the quality of learning and education quality in junior high schools in Mataram City is relatively high by maximizing the facilities and infrastructure owned by the school. However, for schools that still have minimal ICT facilities and infrastructure, they only utilize ICT in the learning process and e-report cards. Schools that have adequate facilities and infrastructure, in addition to utilizing ICT in the learning process and e-reports, but also in digital library services and online-based semester exams. So that schools that have utilized ICT in many programs in their schools, have higher learning quality and education quality compared to schools that have only utilized ICT a little. The utilization of ICT carried out in the Mataram City high school is also accompanied by a fairly good management system, this is indicated by the implementation of 4 management functions, namely planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising

Assessing the factors of blockchain technology-enabled hospitals using an integrated interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy decision-making model

In the current era, blockchain technology (BT) has emerged as a novel technique to maintain the operations of healthcare management systems. Assessment of blockchain technology (BT)-enabled hospitals can be considered as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem because of the existence of several criteria. The aim of this study is to develop a hybrid MCDM method for evaluating the factors of multi-criteria BT-enabled hospital selection problem under interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (IVq-ROFSs). For this purpose, a weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) model is presented with the combination of IVq-ROF interaction aggregation operators, the standard deviation (SD)-based model and pivot pairwise relative criteria importance assessment (PIPRECIA) tool called IV-q-ROF-SD-PIPRECIA-WASPAS model within the context of IVq-ROFSs. For this purpose, some new IVq-ROF interaction aggregation operators are developed with their desirable characteristics. Next, the standard deviation-based model and PIPRECIA model on IVq-ROFSs are proposed to obtain the final weight of criteria, whereas the rank-based formula is presented to determine the decision experts’ weights with IVq-ROF information. The presented IV-q-ROF-SD-PIPRECIA-WASPAS model is applied on a case study of BT-enabled hospitals assessment, which confirms its applicability and usefulness. Sensitivity analysis and comparative discussion have been performed to reveal the consistency, robustness and efficiency of the presented model. The BT-enabled hospital-II with highest UD (0.4453) has emerged as the best choice among a set of BT-enabled hospitals. The factor "flexibilty" with highest weight (0.0898) value followed that the scalability (0.0809), transaction speed and accountability with same weight (0.0779) value, and network availability with weight (0.0771) for BT-enabled hospitals assessment. The final results conclude that the developed methodology can provide more accurate decisions while considering multiple indicators and input uncertainties.

Advances and Challenges in Low-Resource-Environment Software Systems: A Survey

A low-resource environment has limitations in terms of resources, such as limited network availability and low-powered computing devices. In such environments, it is arguably more difficult to set up new software systems, maintain existing software, and migrate between software systems. This paper presents a survey of software systems for low-resource environments to highlight the challenges (social and technical) and concepts. A qualitative methodology is employed, consisting of an extensive literature review and comparative analysis of selected software systems. The literature covers academic and non-academic sources, focusing on identifying software solutions that address specific challenges in low-resource environments. The selected software systems are categorized based on their ability to overcome challenges such as limited technical skills, device constraints, and socio-cultural issues. The study reveals that despite noteworthy progress, unresolved challenges persist, necessitating further attention to enable the optimal performance of software systems in low-resource environments.

A Study on Problems in the Insurance Repository System in India

This section discusses the problems of the insurance repository system and it is possible to state that the situation is quite chaotic here. Due to the availability of many repositories in the industry, policyholders are confused and the emergence of repository services distorts the insurers-policyholders nexus. Further, the majority of the policyholders have low computer literacy which extends the problem as far as the adoption of the repository services is concerned and also increases the possibility of exploiting the policyholder information. But when arrangements are made to try and bring the services closer to ensure that they are availed to all the various policyholders of the repository services, it is realized that many of the life insurance firms do not encourage the policyholders through active marketing. And, it contributes to the other issue which makes the policyholders’ attitude towards the repository system not highly positive. Promoting the use of the repository system has also been lacking tangent arising from the interface initiates that copy with the hands of the regulatory bodies such as IRDA. In the context of this research, system barriers, including network availability bear more difficulty in being solved, hence resulting in higher variability in as well as levels and patterns of use of the repository system compared to consolidated groups like the CPRP. These complex challenges underscore the need to come up with suitable and feasible interventions to address the issues that have characterized the insurance repository system, with the view to making it functional for all the targeted users and other stakeholders.

Impact of Temperature and Shading on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Telecom Sites

Nigeria's rural mobile network boom strains its power generation. Expensive and polluting diesel generators power off-grid base stations, prompting mobile network operators to explore solar PV systems. However, real-life performance under field conditions is a major concern, as manufacturer datasheets often fall short. This study highlighted the performance of a solar PV system powering a telecommunication station in Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. We examined temperature, irradiance and shading effect. The findings highlight the impact of shading and temperature on energy yield and performance ratio (PR). While stand-alone and solar tracking systems had similar PRs (66 to 68 percent), tracking systems generated the most energy (4.53 energy yield) due to increased solar exposure. However, this benefit came with a trade-off; higher temperature losses (1559 kWh) caused by temperature rise from direct sunlight. Additionally, the nearby structures significantly impacted tracking systems by causing shading. In conclusion, well-designed solar PV systems for telecommunication stations must consider mitigating factors like shading and temperature. This can achieve substantial advantages: lower operational expenses for operators, improved network availability for rural users, and a reduced environmental impact, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals.

The Analysis of Geospatial Factors Necessary for the Planning, Design, and Construction of Agricultural Biogas Plants in the Context of Sustainable Development

This spatial analysis focuses on the relevant elements regarding the use of renewable energy sources, in particular, biogas, taking into account sustainability. The characteristics of the processes of biogas formation are presented, including the technological and biological aspects of its production. The issues of agricultural biogas plant profitability are discussed using examples from Poland, analyzing the economic and financial aspects of investing in this type of plant. Geospatial analysis supported by geographic information systems (GISs) looked at factors affecting the relief of the land and also the analysis of local plans or zoning decisions for the selected site. In addition, distance relationships and geological aspects taking into account terrain, landslides, and forestation, as well as hydrological aspects relating to flood and flooding hazards, were examined. It analyzed the availability of utility networks and proximity to road infrastructure. It was also examined that the proposed project will not have a negative impact on environmental protection. The analyzed site meets favorable conditions for the construction of the proposed project, and the conclusion drawn from this study is to emphasize the importance of integrating renewable energy sources with information systems to achieve sustainable development.

A novel Distributed Denial of Service attack defense scheme for Software-Defined Networking using Packet-In message and frequency domain analysis

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enhances network management by improving adaptability, flexibility, and scalability. However, its centralized controller is vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks that can disrupt network availability. This study introduces a novel real-time DDoS detection scheme integrated into the SDN controller. The scheme uses a two-step process to analyze Packet-In messages in both time and frequency domains. A time-series is generated by sampling the number of Packet-In messages at specific time intervals, which is compared against a predefined threshold. If exceeded, frequency domain analysis is applied to extract features, which are then used by Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to identify DDoS attacks. The scheme achieves 99.85% accuracy in distinguishing normal traffic from attack traffic, demonstrating its effectiveness in safeguarding SDN environments from DDoS threats.

Assessment of reliability and availability of wireless sensor networks in industrial applications by considering permanent faults

SummaryWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are critical for communication within a mile radius and industrial applications. These networks are very prone to failure due to their enormous number of nodes and their unique hardware and software restrictions. To make sure network performance, a lot of study needs to be done to improve failure tolerance and stability. This study looks at how to judge the availability and dependability of WSNs that have long‐term issues. The suggested method checks how well a network works in various failure cases by using fault trees and Markov chain analysis. Such methods help us find and study possible failure scenarios and how they might impact the network's dependability in a planned way. The results show that WSNs have major flaws and give useful suggestions for making the systems work better. The findings show that using these evaluation methods may greatly enhance the ability to handle faults, lower the risk of damage, and allow developers of WSNs to make smart choices.

Social Media as a Source of Information for the Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions in Post-Marketing Surveillance: A Review

INTRODUCTION. With the development of the Internet and the increasing availability of social networks and fora, patients have received an opportunity to share their medication experiences online. According to the guidelines on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices, social media can be considered an important additional source of patient-derived information in post-marketing surveillance, but the effectiveness of their use in detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is still being investigated.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the results of relevant original studies and assess the potential of using social networks and online patient fora as a source of information on ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products.DISCUSSION. Published studies indicate that posts on social networks and patient fora describe both minor and serious ADRs, including new ADRs. The relevance of social media as a source of information about the safety of a medicinal product varies depending on several factors, including the medicinal product class and time on the market, as well as the platform demographics. Young users (18–44 years) are interested in online discussions about medicinal products for mental and reproductive system disorders. Users aged 45–64 years tend to discuss the use of medicinal products for chronic pain (including muscle pain), menopause, and gastritis. Discussions among users over 65 years old predominantly focus on medicinal products for diabetes, heart conditions, and muscle pain. People are much more likely to describe ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products for orphan diseases and cancer on fora for patients than on social networks in general, and vice versa for ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products for mental disorders. In addition, social media may be of interest as a source of information about cases of overdose, misuse and off-label use of medicinal products, and use of medicinal products during pregnancy and lactation.CONCLUSIONS. Social media can be a source of valuable information about the safety of medicinal products and the impact of ADRs on the quality of patients’ lives. Marketing authorisation holders can obtain new information about the safety of medicinal products by extending their safety monitoring strategies to include social media. Nevertheless, since the relevance of a particular social network or patient forum for the detection of ADR cases varies considerably, a preliminary assessment is necessary to ascertain the presence of information on the medicinal product of interest.

INTEGRATION OF TELEGRAM BOT AND UPTIME KUMA FOR WI-FI NETWORK MONITORING USING MIKROTIK

Wi-Fi network monitoring is a crucial aspect in ensuring the availability and security of widely used internet services. This research confirms the use of Telegram bots for notification integration with the Uptime-Kuma monitoring program and proxy devices for Wi-Fi network monitoring. The main router and network controller in this study were Mikrotik devices, while Uptime Kuma was used as a monitoring tool to track the performance and availability of the Wi-Fi network. When important events are discovered on the network, network administrators can receive quick notifications through integration with Telegram bots. In the context of Wi-Fi networks, the Security Policy Development Life Cycle (SPDLC) method is used to design relevant and effective security policies. It includes the stages of planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and regular updating of security policies to maintain optimal levels of security. The results show that the integration of Telegram bots with the Kuma Uptime monitoring tool can improve network availability. This allows quick reaction to Uptime and Downtime reports in network conditions, which record the percentage of time network services are available. Thus, administrators do not need to wait for complaints from users if the connection is suddenly lost, because changes in connection status will automatically send a notification to Telegram.