Availability Of Latrines Research Articles

WASH services and menstrual hygiene management among reproductive age females in the IDPs camps of Shire town in Tigray region of Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study

Menstruation is a natural cyclic occurrence experienced by reproductive age females in a good health which deemed a proper management, otherwise, it ends with various health complications and impaired quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the menstrual hygiene management practice and its determinant factors among reproductive age females living in the IDPs camps of Shire town, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 reproductive age females in Shire town from May to June 2022. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis and binary and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to obtain the descriptive findings and to investigate the strength of the association respectively. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of good menstrual hygiene management practice among the reproductive age females was 41.9% (95% CI, 38-45.8%). Menstrual hygiene management practice was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with access to sanitary materials, educational level, availability of continuous water supply and sex-separated latrines. The results of this study demonstrated that more than a half of the reproductive age females did not have good menstrual hygiene management practices. Consequently, it is recommended to work collaboratively to enhance the menstrual hygiene practice, especially in IDPs camps.

Integrated Eco-Health approach significantly reduces helminth infections in endemic Khong islands with emphasis on Schistosoma mekongi

BackgroundHelminth infections, including Opisthorchis viverrini, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura, are prevalent in Khong district, Champasack province, southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mekongi is of public health concern on the islands of the Khong district. This study aimed to assess the impact of an Eco-Health/One-Health approach in combination with mass drug administration (MDA) to reduce these helminth infections.MethodsWe conducted a community intervention using a stepped-wedge trial approach on two endemic islands (Donsom and Donkhone) of the Khong district, Champasack province, Lao PDR, between April 2012 and March 2013. In each study village, 30–40 households were randomly selected. All members of selected households, who were at home during the study period were invited to participate in the study. A baseline study was conducted to assess helminth infections, knowledge attitudes and practices toward Schistosoma mekongi infection, behavior of open defecation and availability of latrine at home. After the baseline (T0), the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on Donsom (intervention) and Donkhone island (control). An assessment was conducted in 2014 (T1), one year after the completion of intervention implementation, to assess the short-term impact of the Eco-Health/One-Health approach on helminth infections and compare intervention and control islands. Later in 2015, the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on control island (Donkhone). After the implementation of intervention, the parasitological assessments were conducted annually in humans in 2015 (T2), in 2016 (T3) and in 2017 (T4), and in dogs in 2017 (T4) to evaluate the long-term impact of the intervention on helminth infections. Frequency was used to describe the prevalence of helminth infections. Logistic regression was applied to associate the KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practices and open defecation behavior) and the reduction of helminth infections between intervention and control islands. The reduction in prevalence pre- and post-intervention was associated using a McNemar test. A two-independent sample t-test was applied to compare the mean eggs per gram (EPG) of helminth infections between control and intervention islands. A paired t-test test was used to compare the mean EPG of stool samples before (baseline) and after (follow-up) interventions for the two islands separately. A P-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsEco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi by 9.0% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, P = 0.003] compared to the use of mass drug administration alone (control island). Additionally, this intervention package significantly reduced O. viverrini infection by 20.3% (OR = 1.92, P < 0.001) and hookworm by 17.9% (OR = 0.71, P = 0.045), respectively. Annual parasitological assessments between 2012 and 2017 showed that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach, coupled with MDA, steadily reduced the prevalence of S. mekongi on the intervention island from 29.1% to 1.8% and on the control island from 28.4% to 3.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with a significant reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi and helminth co-infections, particularly hookworm and T. trichiura. Therefore, implementing the Eco-Health/One-Health approach in schistosomiasis-endemic areas could accelerate the achievement of national goals for transmission interruption by 2025 and elimination by 2030.

Analisis Hubungan Sanitasi Dasar Rumah dengan Resiko Kejadian Diare pada Balita

Public health is affected by environmental health. Poor sanitation conditions will have a bad impact on human life, ranging from a decrease in the quality of the community's environment to the pollution of drinking water sources, which can lead to an increase in cases of diarrhea and other diseases. Clean water sources, healthy latrines, and standardized Wastewater Treatment Systems (SPAL) are essential. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between basic sanitation conditions in households and the risk of diarrhea in toddlers. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was used in this study to identify the relationship between basic home sanitation, which includes the availability of clean water, the availability of healthy latrines, and the management of SPAL RT, and the possibility of diarrhea in toddlers. In this study, 63 samples of mothers from 74 populations had babies. To get information, questionnaires are distributed. The data were tested with chis-quare, and an error rate of 0.05% was taken into account. The results showed that the availability of clean water had a correlation with the possibility of diarrhea with a P_value of 0.004, the management of household waste sewers had a correlation with P_value 0.008, and the availability of good latrines had no correlation with the possibility of diarrhea with a P_value of 0.262. The results show that the Ujong Fatihah Health Center must continue to make efforts and socialization to increase public knowledge. Health staff must be educated by village officials on the importance of maintaining daily hygiene.

Environmental Analysis of Basic Sanitation Quality of Residential Houses in Cokro Spring Stream Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract Fulfillment of basic sanitation includes clean water, availability of latrines, wastewater disposal facilities, and waste management facilities. Cokro Klaten Spring along its flow has many activities including washing clothes and agricultural activities by the surrounding community. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of basic sanitation owned by the community using Cokro spring water. This research method is descriptive to find out in detail the conditions that exist at the research location by taking data through questionnaires on respondents as many as 298 households who at the time of the study were carrying out activities using the flow of Cokro Klaten Spring. The results of research on basic sanitation of residential houses along the flow of Cokro Klaten springs are known that all houses (100%) have access to clean water both from wells and PAM which can be used to meet daily clean water needs. However, for the availability of latrines, there are still 9 (3%) houses that do not have latrines and still as many as 20% of houses that have latrines do not meet the requirements for healthy latrines in accordance with the provisions of the Minister of Health No. 39 of 2016. In terms of the availability of waste disposal facilities, as many as 56 (18.8%) do not have waste disposal facilities because they directly throw garbage into the river and from 298 houses there are still 23 houses (7.7%) that do not have wastewater disposal channels, they directly drain domestic wastewater to the back of their yards. The conclusion of this study is that the sanitation of residential houses in the Cokro Klaten spring stream has fulfilled the fulfillment of clean water, but the availability of latrines, waste management facilities and wastewater disposal has not met the basic sanitation requirements. Improvement of basic sanitation is needed to improve the quality of sanitation, especially in the provision of waste disposal facilities so that the community meets the quality of basic sanitation in accordance with the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 829 / Menkes / SK / VII / 1999.

Promotion of market-based sanitation in Ethiopia: a case study from Wolaita zone.

Ethiopia increased the availability of latrines notably, but the sanitation facilities rarely meet hygienic standards. Therefore, the market-based sanitation (MBS) programme has been implemented across the country for nearly a decade to expand the market and boost the demand for hygienic sanitation products and services. While it does not seem that the MBS would bring any notable change in sanitation conditions so far, its implementation challenges are not adequately understood. To address this gap, this article delves into the grassroots-level implementation of MBS in the Wolaita zone. The study relies on qualitative data gathered through interviews with various stakeholders, examining both demand- and supply-side challenges. Some issues identified were external to MBS implementation, such as high inflation and an unstable political and security situation in Ethiopia. Additionally, the study reveals that more general deficiencies of the Ethiopian health extension program, including the stress and discouragement of local change agents (health extension workers, health development army members) due to workloads and low remuneration, have adversely impacted MBS delivery. The implementation of MBS has also not effectively addressed the affordability of hygienic sanitation products. On the supply side, economic constraints and organizational inefficiencies have hindered the development of the sanitation market, preventing it from reaching a critical mass. Our research suggests that MBS alone will not suffice to improve sanitation in Ethiopia.

GSEM analysis of environmental factors as the risk of increasing infectious diseases in under-fives to stunting incidence in Solok district

Environment is one of the factors in causing stunting in toddlers. An unhealthy environment can increase the risk of infection for toddlers. Infectious diseases caused by poor hygiene and sanitation can interfere with the absorption of nutrients in the digestive process. Some infectious diseases suffered by babies can cause the baby to lose weight. If this condition occurs for a long time and is not accompanied by sufficient intake for the healing process, it can result in stunting (Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, 2018). When children grow up in an environment with poor sanitation, their risk of getting sick is greater and the possibility of recurrence is also high, this is what causes their growth to be stunted. This research is a quantitative study using a cross sectional study design. This study was conducted to determine environmental factors as a risk in increasing infectious diseases in toddlers against the incidence of stunting in Solok Regency. The population in this study were all mothers who had children under five with stunting in Solok Regency with 200 samples using the Simple Random Sampling (SRS) method for each country according to the needs of this study. The prevalence of stunting in Solok Regency is 82%, with many infectious diseases, namely diarrheal diseases of 57.5%. Environmental factors are still lacking with the availability of healthy latrines at 31%, 23.5% good wastewater treatment, and 35.5% good waste management. Based on the results of the GSEM analysis, it was found that infectious diseases were a direct factor in the incidence of stunting, parenting, diet, and environment were indirect factors for the incidence of stunting.

The Influence of Environmental Sanitation on Stunting

Introduction: According to Pekanbaru City Health Department in 2019, there were 17.,67% of toddlers in Pekanbaru with poor nutritional status. Poor sanitation can trigger the emergence of infectious diseases that can reduce nutritional absorption in toddlers throughout the digestive process, resulting in stunting. The aim of this study was to analyze environmental sanitation influences on stunting. Methods: This research used case control study design. The case and control groups each received 30 samples. Independent variables include water source for sanitation, condition of latrines, condition of hand washing facilities with soap, condition of waste water drainage channels, management of household waste, type and condition of floors, presence of vectors and disease carrier animals, drinking water quality from biological conditions. The dependent variable was stunting. All data were collected using questionnaires that were asked directly to participants. Data analysis was performed by using the chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Water sources for sanitation, availability and condition of latrines, drinking water quality from biological terms influences on stunting (p-value &lt;0.,05). Multivariate tests show that, the drinking water quality from biological terms and water sources for sanitation had a probability value of 21% to cause stunting. Conclusion: The dominant factor influences on stunting is the drinking water quality in biological terms and water sources for sanitation.

Meta-Analysis the Effects of Hand Washing Behavior Using Soap and Latrine Availability on the Diarrhea Incidence in Children Under Five

Meta-Analysis the Effects of Hand Washing Behavior Using Soap and Latrine Availability on the Diarrhea Incidence in Children Under Five

Relationship Between Clean Water Sources, Waste Management, and Availability of Healthy Latrines with the Incidence of Pulmonary TB in Marginal Community

Pulmonary TB is a disease that can attack anyone because the source of this disease is very broad, especially in the environmental aspect. These environmental aspects include rubbish, clean water sources, and healthy latrines. The incidence of pulmonary TB in the Minasatene Community Health Center working area is still found. This research aims to determine the relationship between waste management, availability of latrines, and clean water sources with the incidence of pulmonary TB in Minasatene District, Pangkajene Islands Regency. This type of research is a quantitative analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The sampling technique used in this research was a simple random technique (Simple Random Sampling) with a sample size of 163 respondents. The results of the research are that there is a relationship between waste management and the incidence of diarrhea with a value of p = 0.006, there is a relationship between clean water sources and the incidence of diarrhea with a value of p = 0.000, there is a relationship between the availability of healthy latrines and the incidence of diarrhea with a value of p = 0.000, there is a need to manage community waste through counseling or outreach organized by the government or private sector.

Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and feeding patterns: Linkages with stunting among children aged 6-23 months

Stunting is still a significant public health problem in Indonesia. The interaction between the inadequacy of feeding practices and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) are the direct causes of stunting. The study aimed to assess the relationship between WASH and child feeding patterns with stunting among children aged 6-23 months. The study used a cross-sectional design conducted in July-August 2022 in the working area of Simbang Community Health Center, Maros Regency. Samples of 90 children aged 6-23 months were selected by simple random sampling. Data on sociodemographic, WASH and feeding patterns were collected by interview using a questionnaire. Stunting was measured by a height-for-age z-score. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that the prevalence of stunting was 31,1%. Mother's age &lt;20 years, low maternal height, sex of child, non-exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding started, the poor sewage management and availability of latrines related to stunting (p&lt;0,05). Multivariate test results showed low maternal height (p=0,005; OR=21,015), sex of child (p=0,001; OR=22,332), poor sewage management (p=0,008; OR=10,992), and non-exclusive breastfeeding (p=0,002; OR=20,509) has a significant effect on stunting. In conclusion, the WASH and inadequacy of feeding practices contribute to stunting.

Exploring multi-level risk factors and post-war burdens of trachomatous trichiasis among displaced population in Raya Kobo districts, implication for urgent action.

To estimate post-war burdens of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and multi-level risk factors among displaced population in Raya Kobo districts, implication for urgent action. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 603 participants from randomly selected 14 displaced slums in the Raya Kobo district. The data was collected from February 16th to March 30th, 2023. Study participants were selected using the multistage sampling technique. A structured questionnaire and ophthalmic loupe with ×2.5 magnificence were used to collect from participants. Multi-level binary logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with TT infection. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were claimed for the strength of association at P<0.05. We recruited 602 (99.9%) participants for the final analysis. From the total, 126 (20.9%) and 98 (16.3%, 95%CI: 13.5%-19.4%) participants were diagnosed with active trachoma & TT infection, respectively. Being age ≥45y (AOR=7.9, 95%CI: 2.4-25.3), having multiple eye infections (AOR=2.73, 95%CI: 1.47-5.29), poor wealth index (AOR=9.2; 95%CI: 2.7-23.7) and twice face washing per day (AOR=0.082, 95%CI: 0.03-0.21) has identified as individual as factors for TT infection. Whereas, distance between clean water source ≥10 km (AOR=6.5, 95%CI: 3.9-31.3), and latrine availability (AOR=0.35, 95%CI: 0.21-0.58) were the two community-level factors associated with TT infections. The high prevalence of TT infection post-war throughout the study districts indicates a need for urgent clinical intervention in addition to rapid scaling up surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (SAFE) strategies, strategy for high-risk population. Age≥45y, distance from the clean water source, poor wealth indexes, and eye infection are identified to be risk factors for TT infection. Furthermore, community-level preventative factors for TT infection are found as latrine availability and face washing practice.

The effect of a health extension program on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in rural Ethiopia

BackgroundTo make basic primary health care services accessible, especially to the rural community, the government of Ethiopia launched the Health Extension Program (HEP) in 2004. Most of components of HEP are dedicated to hygiene and sanitation. Few studies have assessed the role of the Health Extension Program in improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) practices in Ethiopia. This study explored the role of health extension workers (HEWs) in influencing household water treatment practices, latrine ownership, latrine use and ownership, and the use of hand-washing facilities on the incidence of diarrheal diseases among the children under five years of age in rural Ethiopia.MethodsUsing a cross sectional design, we conducted a national assessment that covered all nine regions of Ethiopia. We conducted face-to-face interviews among a sample of 6430 rural households using a structured questionnaire and an observation checklist to collect data from March 2018 to May 2019. Multilevel logistic regressions models were used to determine the relationships between the exposure of households to HEWs and WASH practice outcomes such as the use of water from an improved water source, household water treatment practices, availability of hand-washing and hand-washing with soap and water, availability of latrines, and use of latrines as well as the incidence of diarrheal diseases among children age 5 and younger. Our models were adjusted for covariates and confounders and P-values less than 5% were set to determine statistical significance.ResultsWe found that 72.7% of rural households had some type of latrine and 27.3% reported practicing open defecation. A total of 71.5% of rural households had access to drinking water from improved water sources, but only 9.4% reported practicing household water treatment. Exposure to HEWs was positively associated with household water treatment practices (AOR: 1.46; 95% CI = 1.01–2.10) and latrine availability (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI = 1.15–1.80). Among the households who were either visited by HEWs at their home or the that visited health posts to meet with the HEWs, being exposed to WASH health education by HEWs was significantly associated with the availability of a hand-washing facility (AOR: 5.14; 95% CI = 4.11–6.42) and latrine availability (AOR: 1.48; 95% CI = 1.10–2.01). However, we did not find a relationship between the incidence of diarrhea among children age 5 and under and exposure to HEWs (AOR: 2.09; 95% CI = 0.73– 6.62).ConclusionOur results show a significant association between exposure to the Health Extension Program/ HEWs and improved household water treatment practices, latrine construction, and the availability of hand-washing facilities in rural Ethiopia, suggesting the need to strengthen efforts to change WASH behavior through the Heath Extension Program. On the other hand, further investigation is needed regarding the spillover effect of latrine use practices and the reduction of the incidence of diarrheal diseases.

Behavioral and Environmental Risk Factors Related to Stunting Incidents in Toddlers

Stunting is a growth disorder or condition of failure to thrive in children due to lack of nutrition and repeated infections in the first 1000 days of life, causing the child to be shorter than his age. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with stunting in toddlers in Pulo Ampel District in 2021. This study uses an observational study with approach case control. The instruments used are questionnaires and observation sheets. Sample in this study consisted of 72 case and 72 control by using purposive sampling technique. From the results of the univariate test in the stunting toddler group, it was found that the knowledge of mothers was not good (90,3%), low economic status (98,6%), the availability of clean water facilities that did not meet the requirements (8,3%), latrines were not available (13,9%), and poor feeding patterns (76,4%). Statistical test using Chi Square, obtained the results of mother’s knowledge (Pv = 0,000), economic status (Pv = 0,000), availability of clean water facilities (Pv = 0,012), availability of latrines (Pv=0,003), and feeding patterns (Pv = 0,000) has a significant relationship with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Suggestions from this research are expected for the Puskesmas to provide counseling with video media and booklets about stunting and nutritious eating for toddlers.&#x0D; Keywords: stunting, clean water, toilet, toddlers

Determinants of stunting incidence in toddlers age 24-59 months based on the epidemiological triangle in the working area of the Nambo Health Center, Kendari City, 2023

Background: The incidence of stunting in the Nambo sub-district is included in the top five highest stunting prevalence rates in Kendari City out of ten sub-districts. This study focuses on toddlers in coastal areas in Kendari City. This study aims to determine the relationship between host factors (gender, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's employment status, mother's level of knowledge, family income), agent factors, history of infectious diseases, environment factors (access to clean water and availability of latrines) with incidence of stunting aged 24–59 months. Method: This study was conducted directly in the field using observational analytics using quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design with the aim of determining whether there is a relationship between sex factors, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's employment status, mother's level of knowledge, family income, history of toddler infectious diseases, access to clean water and latrine availability facilities with the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Nambo Health Center in Kendari City in 2023. The sampling technique of this study is probability sampling using stratified random sampling, which is a sampling technique taken by random stratification (based on strata) with a total sample of 248 toddlers. Results: The variable results showed that for host factors related were birth weight (ρ-Value = 0.000), exclusive breastfeeding (ρ-Value = 0.009) and maternal knowledge level (ρ-Value = 0.003), while the unrelated were the sex of the toddler (ρ-Value = 0.108), mother's employment status (ρ-Value = 0.362 ), family income ( ρ-Value = 0.367), agent factor has no relationship between history of infectious disease (ρ-Value = 0.130), environmental factors have no relationship between access to clean water (ρ-Value = 1.000) and latrine availability facilities (ρ-Value = 0.491) with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Conclusion: there is a relationship between birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding and maternal knowledge level with the incidence of stunting and there is no relationship between gender, maternal employment status, family income, history of infectious diseases, access to clean water and means of availability of latrines with the incidence of stunting.

Social Marketing: Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Open Defecation Free Behaviour Among Households in Ghana

Background Despite global efforts to combat the menace of open defecation, the phenomenon persists, particularly in developing nations. It is estimated that about 14% of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population still practice open defecation. Focus The study sought to examine the behavioral and psychological mechanisms that influence attitudes toward open-defecation-free behavior in Ghana by applying a behavior change theory. Key Hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested by this study: households’ attitude towards open defecation-free has a significant positive relationship with the actual open defecation-free behavior, household’s subjective norms towards open defecation-free have a significant positive relationship with their actual open defecation-free behavior and households’ perceived behavioral control over open defecation free has a significant positive relationship with their actual open defecation free behavior. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 550 respondents. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. Results All three variables of the theory of planned behavior were found to have a positive significant influence on Ghanaian households’ actual open defecation-free behaviors. Demographics such as income, educational level, and availability of latrines were found to moderate the relationships between subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and households’ actual open defecation behavior. Importance to Social Marketing Field The study extends the current literature on social marketing by demonstrating that the theory of planned behavior could be used to predict people’s attitudes toward open-defecation-free behavior. Though the theory of planned behavior has been empirically proven as a good predictor of behavior, by moderating its relationship with open defecation-free behavior with demographic variables our model fleshes out more nuances of the theory, thereby contributing to the development of a social marketing theory. Recommendations for Research or Practice This study employed a cross-sectional survey; hence it may presume static relationships among the constructs which can be cured by a future longitudinal study that could explain the pattern of behavior change. The study recommends that government facilitates the provision of latrines for households by providing financial assistance to those who cannot afford the construction of latrines. A social marketing campaign should also be adopted to encourage the use of latrines.

Risk Factors of Diarrhea in Toddlers at Andi Makkasau Hospital Parepare City

Diarrheal disease is a major problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. Aside from being a cause of death, diarrhea is also a major cause of malnutrition which can lead to death. Besides being caused by malnutrition, in terms of public health science, there are other factors related to the incidence of diarrhea. The dominant factors causing diarrhea in Indonesia are clean water, sanitation, and feces disposal facilities. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for diarrhea in toddlers at Andi Makkasau Hospital, Parepare City. Analytical survey research methods and case-control study designs. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. This study's sample was all children under five treated at Andi Makkasau Hospital, Parepare City, namely as many as 50 toddlers. The sample was divided into two groups, where 25 toddlers were in the case group (diarrhea), and 25 were in the control group (no diarrhea). Data analysis used the Odds Ratio (OR) test. The results obtained from the risk factors for diarrhea in toddlers are the availability of clean water (OR=1.263), hand washing habits (OR=1.658), food sanitation (OR=3.273), availability of healthy latrines (OR=17.250) and management garbage (OR=5,762). This study concludes that clean water, hand washing habits, food sanitation, availability of healthy latrines, and waste management are risk factors for diarrhea in toddlers at Andi Makkasau Hospital, Parepare City. Parents are expected to improve clean living behavior to prevent diarrheal disease in toddlers.

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN AGES 12-59 MONTHS IN POJOK VILLAGE, BOJONEGORO, INDONESIA

Background: Diarrhea is caused by infection, malabsorption, and food consumption. Based on the results of the Indonesian Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the frequency of diarrhea in Indonesian people diagnosed by health workers is 6.80%. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation and diarrhea in children aged 12-59 months in Pojok Village, Purwosari District, Bojonegoro Regency. Methods: This study used analytical observations from a Cross-Sectiononal design. The sampling method used was total sampling. The population for this study consisted of mothers with children aged 12-59 months, as many as 24 people in the village of Pojok in the Purwosari district of Bojonegolo Regency in 2020. The statistical test used Chi-Square with computer software. Results: The results showed that respondents who did not have healthy latrines had a higher risk of developing diarrhea than those who had healthy latrines (PR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.01-6.69, p = 0.02). Respondents who did not have closed SPAL had a higher risk of developing diarrhea than those who had closed SPAL (PR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.19-8.07, p = 0.00). Respondents who did not have a closed trash can had a higher risk of experiencing diarrhea than those with a closed trash can (PR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.40-11.79, p = 0.00).Conclusion: In this study, there was a significant association between healthy latrine availability, SPAL availability, and trash availability variables and the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 12-59 months in the village of the Pojok Purwosari district of Bojonegoro. Kata kunci : Sanitasi, Diare, Kematian anak, Kesehatan Masyarakat Diarrhea is watery defecation more than three times a day, with or without blood and/or mucus in the stool. Diarrhea is caused by infectious factors, malabsorption (impaired absorption of nutrients), food and psychological factors. In developing countries, including Indonesia, children suffer from diarrhea more than 12 times per year and this is the cause of death by 15-34% of all causes of death. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation and diarrhea in children aged 12-59 months in Pojok Village, Purwosari District, Bojonegoro Regency. The type of research used is analytic observational research using cross sectional research methods. The sampling technique used was total sampling. The population and sample in the study were all mothers with children aged 12-59 months who were in Pojok Village, Purwosari District, Bojonegoro Regency in 2020 as many as 24. Statistical tests using Chi Square with the help of computer software. The results of the study showed that respondents who did not have healthy latrines (PR = 2,600, 95% CI = 1,011-6.689, p = 0.021), not having a closed SPAL (PR = 3.095, 95% CI = 1.188-8.066, p=0.002), and not having a closed waste bin (PR = 3.500, 95% CI = 1.039-11.789, p=0.005) had a higher risk of having children with diarrhea in the last 2 weeks. It was concluded that there was a significant relationship between the variables of availability of healthy latrine, availability of SPAL, and availability of trash cans with the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 12-59 months in Pojok Village, Purwosari District, Bojonegoro Regency. Researchers suggest making clean water sources in accordance with established procedures, making healthy latrines, making closed garbage boxes and making waste water disposal channels as well as optimizing environmental health socialization programs, namely prevention and control of diseases. Keywords: Water &amp; sanitation and hygiene, Diarrhea, Child Mortality, Public Health

Pelatihan Pembuatan Hansanitizer Dan Sabun Cuci Dari Herbal Untuk Pencegahan Infeksi Sebagai Upaya Penurunan Stunting Di Desa Pelita Jaya

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five due to chronic malnutrition so that children are too short for their age. Malnutrition occurs since the baby is in the womb and in the early days after the baby is born, however, stunting only appears after the baby is 2 years old. Data on the prevalence of stunting under five collected by WHO, Indonesia is included in the third country with the highest prevalence in the Southeast Asia region. The average prevalence of stunting under five in Indonesia in 2005 - 2017 was 36.4%. According to the national target, Bone Bolango Regency is one of the 260 Regencies/Cities, priority areas for accelerating the national stunting prevention in 2019. But until now, the prevalence of stunting in Bone Bolango is still high, namely 25.1%, which is above the standard rate. tolerated by WHO, which is below 20%. Based on the results of observations in Pelita Jaya Village, Bone Bolango Regency, cases of stunting that occur are closely related to the lack of availability of clean latrines, where there are still houses that do not have latrines that comply with sanitation requirements. This can trigger cases of infection in children. And if this infection occurs repeatedly, it can cause toddlers and children to experience electrolyte and nutritional deficiencies. So that it can lead to disruption of child development. Based on this, the Service Team, Lecturers of the Faculty of Sports and Health, State University of Gorontalo, need to conduct socialization, training and manufacture of herbal hand sanitizer and hand washing products to improve clean and healthy living behavior in the community, so that they are free from infectious diseases and the risk of stunting.

Environmental factors that affect the incidence of stunting in under-five children: A literature review

Introduction: Stunting and other health issues affecting children under five result from unhealthy environments. Environmental sanitation by providing sanitary latrines and clean water supplies cannot be divorced from its influence. A review of the literature was conducted to assess how healthy latrines and clean water sources can improve stunting in children under the age of five.Methods: Four databases (Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) with high and medium-quality standards were used to find the articles for this literature study. The study’s quality was judged using Joanna B Institute’s criteria. The research is included in the inclusion criteria if it has a critical assessment score of at least 50%. PICOS used as the review’s organizing structure.Results: The availability of clean water sources and sanitary latrines significantly impacts stunting. Access to subpar latrines increases the risk of stunting in children under five. Stunting in children under five is influenced considerably by the availability of safe water sources.Keywords: environmental factors; stunting; under-five children

The Relationship between Availability Basic Sanitation with Toddlers Stunting Incidence

Poor basic sanitation was one of the indirect causes of stunting. Stunting was one of the toddler health problems which characterized by the child's height not according to his age. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the availability of basic sanitation facilities with stunting in toddlers incidence. This research was a correlational quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The total population in this study was 465 people in Sukamulya Village, Rancaekek District, Bandung Regency. Samples were taken by purposive sampling technique so that the sample used was 96, with the criteria of parents with toddlers. The instrument used was the RKDU questionnaire instrument originating from primary research which consisted of demographic data, questions related to the availability of latrines, questions related to waste management and questions related to SPAL. Data were analyzed using the chi- square statistical test. The results of statistical tests show that there was no relationship between the availability of basic sanitation facilities and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Sukamulya Village (p value= 0,366). There are 22 respondents who still have poor sanitation facilities and 31 toddlers who still suffer from stunting. This needs to be give special attention from nurse to provide counseling interventions for sanitation facilities and stunting treatment.