Av Values Research Articles

Study to Solve the Problem of Color Reversion in Refined Soybean Oil

This study carried out on the soybean oil samples taken from the processing lines during refining process (degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorization process) for crude soybean oil as well as on color reversed oil after deodorization step during storage for several hours to study the physical and chemical properties (color, refractive index (RI), free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidative (TOTOX) value, oxidative stability (OS), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), unsaponifiable matter (unsap. %), soap content, minerals, waxes, total phenols content, K232 and k270 nm), the fatty acids composition, sterol compound, total tocopherols and their components (α, β, γ and δ tocopherol) and tocored compound for these oils and to find out the reason for the color reversion after a short period from storage for the deodorized soybean oil. Citric acid has been added (0.2%) to each color reversed and neutralized soybean oils, then procedure of bleaching and deodorization process on them, and studied its effect on the physical and chemical properties for them specially the color units (red and yellow), tocopherols contents and tocored compound. The results showed that refining process for soybean oil caused to a gradual decrease in values of AV, oxidative stability, IV, wax, % Unsapo., K232 and K270 nm, total polyphenols, minerals (P, Ca and Mg), total tocopherols and their compounds (α, β, γ and δ tocopherol) and also caused decrease in all sterol components, but they showed a few differences in percentages of fatty acids as result refining process. Color values (red and yellow unites) recorded gradually decreased during refining process, but these values were increased in deodorized soybean oil after storage (color reversed soybean oil). Reduction of α, β, γ and δ tocopherol contents was found to be linearly with the increase of red and yellow color units (color darking). The tocored is responsible for the color reversion phenomenon, where as maximum amount of tocored was in crude soybean oil 169.2 ppm, which gradually decreased during refining process 120.35, 99.82, 20.25, and 8.46 ppm, respectively, but it was found to be 46.5 ppm in color reversed soybean oil. Addition of citric acid (0.2%) related to the removal of tocored from soybean oil during the bleaching and deodorization process of soybean oil before and after color reversion in parallel with the significant decrease in the color values.

Effects of antimicrobial addition on lipid oxidation of rendered chicken fat.

This study evaluated the effects of antimicrobial acidulant addition on lipid oxidation of rendered chicken fat. Chicken fat was untreated (control) or treated with either sodium bisulfate (SBS) or lactic acid (LA) at 0.5% w/w and incubated for 6 wk at 40 °C. Peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AV), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were measured at days 0 (D0), 1(D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5), and 7 (D7), and weeks 2 (W2), 3 (W3), 4 (W4), 5 (W5), and 6 (W6). The FFA level of untreated-control fat was ~7% and remained consistent throughout the incubation until W6 (~8.5%; P < 0.05). The FFA values in SBS-treated fat were constant (range 7.25%–8.30%) throughout the incubation, whereas the FFA in LA-treated fat peaked at W5 (9.3%; P < 0.05). For the control fat, PVs were between 0.56 and 0.67 meq/100 g until W1 then declined. For the SBS-treated fat, the PVs remained low and similar to the control with the exception of a slight increase on W4 to 0.38 meqv/100 g (P < 0.05). In the LA-treated fat, the PV was greater than (P < 0.05) the control from W1 and increased to a peak on W5 (2.52 meq/100 g). The AV of control fat averaged 2.12 at D0 and increased through W2. In control and LA-treated fat, the AV values declined slightly thereafter, whereas SBS-treated fat increased (P < 0.05) to 10.28 on W5. This study indicates that when included at antimicrobial effective levels, LA may reduce the shelf-life of chicken fat, but SBS had a minimal effect over 6 wk of storage.

Theoretical study of the spin-orbit coupling in the [formula omitted] state of NO

Theoretical spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants, Av, have been computed for the sixteen lowest vibrational levels of the X2Π ground state. For such, the SOC matrix elements of the radical NO as a function of internuclear distances are investigated by using the Breit-Pauli operator (H^SO) and internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (icMRCI) wavefunctions. Our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the recent experimental Av values. This analysis has been extended for the A2Σ+ state to study spin–orbit coupling effects in the γ system besides its corresponding potential energy curve.

Three-dimensional dust geometry of the LMC H i ridge region as revealed by the IRSF/SIRIUS survey

Abstract We present a new method to evaluate the dust extinction (AV) along the line of sight using the InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF) near-infrared (NIR) data of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) H i ridge region. In our method, we estimate an AV value for each star from the NIR color excess and sort them from bluer to redder in each line of sight. Using the percentile values of the sorted AV, we construct a new three-dimensional AV map. We compare the resultant AV map with the total hydrogen column density N(H) traced by velocity-resolved H i and CO observations. In the LMC H i ridge region, Fukui et al. (2017, PASJ, 69, L5) found two velocity components and an intermediate velocity one bridging them. Comparing our three-dimensional AV maps with N(H) maps at the different velocities, we find that the dust geometry is consistent with the scenario of ongoing gas collision between the two velocities as suggested in the previous study. In addition, we find a difference by a factor of 2 in AV/N(H) between the two velocity components, which suggests that inflow gas from the Small Magellanic Clouds (SMC) is mixed in this region. Overall, our results support triggered star formation in 30 Doradus due to the large-scale gas collision caused by tidal interaction between the LMC and the SMC.

Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Rice Paddy, Upland Field, and Greenhouse in Incheon from 2015 to 2019

This study was performed with the monitoring data of soil chemical properties of rice paddy, upland field and greenhouse soils in Ganghwa, Incheon metropolitan city from 2015 to 2019. Soil pH values tended to increase gradually in three soils, but there was no significant change in that of greenhouse soil. The concentration of organic matter (OM) and available phosphate (Av. P2O5) have fluctuated from 2015 to 2019, showing significant differences. In 2019, the average value of OM and Av. P2O5 were distributed within the appropriate level suggested by Rural Development Administration. In rice paddy field, the available silicate (SiO2) were found to be proper within the standard concentration every year. The contents of exchangeable cations were higher than the proper standard, showing significant differences among the years, except greenhouse soil. The mean concentration of EC for five years in upland and greenhouse soils were 2.5 and 5.9 dS m-1 above the proper standard. The optimal frequencies of pH were 46.8% and 47.1% at rice paddy and upland soil, but the excessive frequency ratio of pH was 48.5% at greenhouse soil in 2019. The exchangeable cations seemed to be seriously disproportionate exceeding the optimal level by 95%. In Pearson correlation matrix, the value of exchangeable Ca had a significantly positive correlation with exchangeable Mg content at upland and greenhouse soils. By principal component analysis, the exchangeable K, Mg and OM could distinguish between greenhouse and other soils on the first principal component and the pH and Av. P2O5 could differentiate between rice paddy and upland soils on the second principal component. Scatter plot of chemical properties investigated from rice paddy (P), upland (U) field and greenhouse (F) soils from 2015 to 2019.

Observations of the [C i] (3P1–3P0) emission toward the massive star-forming region RCW 38: Further evidence for highly-clumped density distribution of the molecular gas

Abstract We present observations of the 3P1–3P0 fine-structure line of atomic carbon using the ASTE 10m sub-mm telescope towards RCW 38, the youngest super star cluster in the Milky Way. The detected [C i] emission is compared with the CO J = 1–0 image cube presented in Fukui et al. (2016, ApJ, 820, 26) which has an angular resolution of 40″ (∼0.33 pc). The overall distribution of the [C i] emission in this cluster is similar to that of the 13CO emission. The optical depth of the [C i] emission was found to be τ = 0.1–0.6, suggesting mostly optically thin emission. An empirical conversion factor from the [C i] integrated intensity to the H2 column density was estimated as X[C i]$= 6.3 \times 10 ^{20}\:$cm−2 K−1 km−1 s (for visual extinction: AV ≤ 10 mag) and 1.4 × 1021 cm−2 K−1 km−1 s (for AV of 10–100 mag). The column density ratio of the [C i] to CO (N[C i]$/N_{\rm CO}$) was derived as ∼0.1 for AV of 10–100 mag, which is consistent with that of the Orion cloud presented in Ikeda et al. (2002, ApJ, 571, 560). However, our results cover an AV regime of up to 100 mag, which is wider than the coverage found in Orion, which reaches up to ∼60 mag. Such a high [C i]$/$CO ratio in a high-AV region is difficult to explain via the plane-parallel photodissociation region model, which predicts that this ratio is close to 0 due to the heavy shielding of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Our results suggest that the molecular gas in this cluster is highly clumpy, allowing deep penetration of UV radiation even at averaged AV values of 100 mag. Recent theoretical works have presented models consistent with such clumped gas distribution with a sub-pc clump size (e.g., Tachihara et al. 2018, arXiv:1811.02224).

The Galactic Plane Infrared Polarization Survey (GPIPS): Data Release 4

The Galactic Plane Infrared Polarization Survey (GPIPS) seeks to characterize the magnetic field in the dusty Galactic disk using near-infrared stellar polarimetry. All GPIPS observations were completed using the 1.83 m Perkins telescope and Mimir instrument. GPIPS observations surveyed 76 sq-deg of the northern Galactic plane, from Galactic longitudes 18 to 56 deg and latitudes -1 to +1 deg, in the H-band (1.6 um). Surveyed stars span 7th to 16th mag, resulting in nearly 10 million stars with measured linear polarizations. Of these stars, ones with m_H < 12.5 mag and polarization percentage uncertainties under 2% were judged to be high quality and number over one million. GPIPS data reveal plane-of-sky magnetic field orientations for numerous interstellar clouds for AV values to ~30 mag. The average sky separation of stars with m_H < 12.5 mag is about 30arcsec, or about 60 per Planck polarization resolution element. Matching to Gaia DR2 showed the brightest GPIPS stars are red giants with distances in the 0.6-7.5 kpc range. Polarization orientations are mostly parallel to the Galactic disk, with some zones showing significant orientation departures. Changes in orientations are stronger as a function of Galactic longitude than of latitude. Considered at 10 arcmin angular scales, directions that show the greatest polarization fractions and narrowest polarization position angle distributions are confined to about ten large, coherent structures that are not correlated with star forming clouds. The GPIPS polarimetric and photometric data products (Data Release 4 catalogs and images) are publicly available for over 13million stars.

Intrinsic Voltage Gain of Stacked GAA Nanosheet MOSFETs Operating at High Temperatures

In the semiconductor industry, the scaling down of devices has always been the driver in order to improve circuit area efficiency and high current drive, leading to the triple gate FinFET, which is the newest technology for high performance applications. However, it is believed that these devices cannot reach the sub 7 nm nodes and the GAA nanowires MOSFETs has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for this technology node, as it presents high density of integration and higher electrostatic control between gate and channel (1-2).The studied devices are GAA silicon nanosheet MOSFETs, fabricated at Imec, Leuven – Belgium, with two stacked channels with the vertical distance between the sheets of 7.5 nm, an EOT of 0.9 nm, a width of 15 nm and a channel length varying from 200nm down to 28nm.The threshold voltage (VTH) as a function of temperature is presented in figure 1, in which it is possible to observe that, VTH is reduced (in absolute value) for both n- and pMOS as temperature increases due to the fermi potential reduction. The VTH variation rate for these devices shows to be better when compared to other technologies, presenting a variation around -0.64 mV/ºC for the p-type, and -0.4 mV/ºC for the n-type, while planar fully depleted SOI devices reach around -0.8 mV/ºC (3), junctionless FinFETs can achieve around -0.94 mV/ºC (4) and bulk nFinFETs present values around -0.67 mV/ºC for narrow fins and -0.92 mV/ºC for wide ones (5).It is possible to see that the subthreshold swing (SS) values (figure2) are very close to the theoretical limit for the MOS technology, except for 28nm channel length pMOS devices, indicating that pMOS is more susceptible to short channel effects (SCEs) than the nMOS counterpart.In figure 3, the Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) degrades when the temperature increases. DIBL degradation for both n- and pMOS with temperature are very similar, showing a variation rate of 0.11 mV/V.ºC. It is also important to note that although DIBL is affected by the temperature, the obtained values (except for L=28nm) are very small reaching in the worst case 50mV/V at 200ºC.The transconductance (gmsat) and output conductance (gd) on saturation region of n-type and p-type, showed in figure 4, decreases with increased temperature mainly due to the carrier mobility degradation. Although the gd degradation for L=28nm occurs for both caused by the channel length modulation, the p-type device presents a higher degradation in all range of temperature due to the gate to channel electrostatic coupling as already observed in the SS behavior (figure 2).The intrinsic voltage gain (AV) does not change significantly with temperature due to the compensation between the gm degradation and gd improvement as shown in figure 4. Long p-channel devices present higher Av (gm/gd) than n-type GAA FETs due to the smaller values of gd which is not compensated by the gm degradation. However, for short devices the higher gd degradation results in smaller Av. As said before, AV is calculated considering gmsat and gd and both depend on the mobility, so it is possible to note that AV is barely affected by temperature. Other important highlight is the obtained AV values for the studied GAA MOSFETs that are very high considering other multiple gate MOSFET structures. Both nMOS and pMOS nanosheet devices, with channel length of 100 nm, reach around 42 dB and 50dB respectively, while for bulk FinFETs , junctionless SOI nanowires and W-gate SOI nanowires the values achieved are 34 dB (6), 37 dB (7) and 40 dB (8), respectively, for the same VGT and similar channel length.Even though the longest devices show better SCE immunity and higher AV values, the device with a channel length of 28 nm still shows a good performance. The GAA nanosheet achieves AV of 33 dB and 28 dB, for n and p-type, respectively, while triple gate SOI nanowires, with channel length of 40 nm, and W-gate SOI nanowires, with channel length of 20 nm, presents values around 27 dB (9) and 20 dB (10), respectively. Figure 1

Effect of different NPK levels on growth and yield attributes of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L) under south Gujarat condition

A three years field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium levels on yield and growth attributes of Broccoli under South Gujarat condition. There were different nineteen treatments including control. Out of them, eighteen treatments comprising of three nitrogen levels [ 80 kg N ha-1 (N1), 120 kg N ha-1 (N2) and 160 kg N ha-1 (N3)] combined with three phosphorus levels [40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P1), 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P2) and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P3)] along with two levels of potassium [control (K1) and 60 kg K2O (K2)]. In control, only biocompost is applied @ 5t/ha. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with three replications. P fertilizer was applied 100% while N and Kfertilizer were applied 50% at the time of transplanting. Need based control measures were taken for the pest and disease management. The results revealed that the higher dose of N (N3- 160 kg N /ha) recorded significantly higher values of number of leaves (18.53) and plant height (37.68 cm) per plant of broccoli. The combination P3N3 (40.34 cm) and P3K2 (36.98 cm) recorded significantly higher plant height. The interaction effect of all the factors (N x P x K) was also found significant on average head weight and the combination (P3N3K1) recorded significantly higher average head weight (211 g) and remained at par with P3N3K2 (192 g). The treatment N3 (10181, 9902 and 6159 kg/ha) recorded significantly the higher head yield of broccoli, respectively during all the three years. The treatment combinationN3P3K2 (160:80:60) recorded significantly higher values of av. head weight, polar diameter and equatorial diameter of head as well as significantly highest head yield (10120 kg/ha) than rest of the treatment combinations.

Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values.

To reduce the sugar content of processed foods through reformulation, the first step is to determine the content of the largest sources of sugars in each country’s diet. The aim of this work was to describe the sugar content in the most commonly consumed processed foods in Spain and to compare that sugar’s labelling and laboratory analysis values (LVs and AVs, respectively) to confirm its adequacy. A sample of the 1173 most commonly consumed processed foods in Spain (28 groups; 77 subcategories) was collected. For each product, the total sugar content was compared according to its AV and LV. The median (25th –75th percentiles, interquartile range) sugar content by group was calculated for the total sample, and the groups were classified as “high sugar content” when this value was above 22.5 g/100g of product. The adequacy of the LV, according to the European Union (EU) tolerance requirements, was then evaluated, and each subcategory median was compared with the AV to determine its appropriateness via a median test for independent samples (p < 0.05). In total, 10 out of 28 groups presented high sugar content. Moreover, 98.4% of the products met the EU tolerance ranges. Finally, only one subcategory (“cured ham”) presented significant differences between the AV and LV median values (0.4 g vs. 0.1 g sugar/100g, p < 0.05). The groups of food products whose sugar content reduction could have the greatest impact on public health were identified. In addition, our study showed the high adequacy of LV with the EU labeling tolerance requirements, as well as the LV’s appropriateness as a tool to implement actions aimed at reducing sugar consumption.

A new approach for green synthesis and characterization of Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) genotype extracts -Cu2+ nanocomplexes (nanoflower) and their effecitve antimicrobial activity

In this study, we have demonstrated the fabrication of novel organic-inorganic nanobio-antimicrobial agents called “nanoflowers” (NFs) and elucidate the increase in the antimicrobial activity of NFs. This is the first report that the NFs were formed of plant extracts as the organic components and copper (II) ions (Cu2+) as the inorganic component. The Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) methanol extracts from three genotypes including A. absinthium L. (Aa), A. vulgaris L. (Av) and A. ludoviciana Nutt. (Al) were selected in the NF synthesis. The effect of the plant extract concentrations on the morphology of NFs was examined. Most regular and uniform flower-shaped morphologies were observed when a concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1 plant extract was used in the synthesis of NFs. The syntesized NFs were characterized with several techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The NFs exhibited much antimicrobial activity against the pathogens even at low concentrations compared to the extracts. The MICs and MBCs values for NFs were found to be range between 0.4 to 40 μg mL-1 and 40 to 400 μg mL-1 while those values for Aa, Av and Al extracts were ranged from 500-2000 μg mL-1 and 1000-4000 μg mL-1 for the studied pathogens, respectively.

UTILIZATION OF POULTRY PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding natural additives (rosemary, cardamom and liquid smoke) and their levels (0.5 or 1.0%) on chemical composition, chemical, physical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of duck and chicken liver pastes during cold storage at 4±1oC up to 25 days. Rosemary liver paste had significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) TVN, TBA, PV and AV values, total bacteria and spore-forming bacteria. Chicken burger prepared by replacing chicken meat with 20, 40 and 60% of some by-products such as gizzard and mechanical deboned chicken meat (MDCM) and stored at -18±1oC for 6 months. Chicken burger formulated with gizzard had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) moisture content, crude protein, total ash, cooking loss and shrinkage but significantly lower TVN, TBA, PV, pH, water holding capacity and plasticity than chicken burger formulated with MDCM.

K2 Rotation Periods for Low-mass Hyads and a Quantitative Comparison of the Distribution of Slow Rotators in the Hyades and Praesepe

Abstract We analyze K2 light curves for 132 low-mass (1 M ⊙ ≳ M * ≳ 0.1 M ⊙) members of the 600–800 Myr old Hyades cluster and measure rotation periods ( ) for 116 of these stars. These include 93 stars with no prior measurements; the total number of Hyads with a known is now 232. We then combine literature binary data with Gaia DR2 photometry and astrometry to select single-star sequences in the Hyades and its roughly coeval Praesepe open cluster and derive a new reddening value of A V = 0.035 ± 0.011 for Praesepe. Comparing the effective temperature– distributions for the Hyades and Praesepe, we find that solar-type Hyads rotate, on average, 0.4 day slower than their Praesepe counterparts. This difference indicates that the Hyades is slightly older than Praesepe: we apply a new gyrochronology model tuned with Praesepe and the Sun and find an age difference between the two clusters of 57 Myr. However, this difference decreases and eventually disappears for lower-mass stars. This provides further evidence for stalling in the rotational evolution of these stars and highlights the need for more detailed analysis of angular momentum evolution for stars of different masses and ages.

Evaluation of the potential use of discard species for fish silage and assessment of its oils for human consumption

SummaryWaste or by‐products contains a substantial amount of nutrients. Fish silage is an alternative way for assessment of fish discards and waste generated in the fish processing industries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of discard species (Equulites klunzingeri, marine fish and Carassius gibelio, freshwater fish) for fish silage and chemical quality of fish oil extracted from fish silages prepared with acid and fermented methods. Lipid quality of fish oils extracted from fish silages with LAB strains was evaluated in terms of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), peroxide value (PV), p‐Anisidine (AV), totox values and fatty acid composition. The results showed that PV, TBA, AV and totox values of all extracted fish oils were within the acceptable limits for edible oils. Recovered fish oils from silage contained high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), serving as a source of good quality fish oil for human consumption.

Dust reddening and extinction curves toward gamma-ray bursts at z &gt; 4

Context. Dust is known to be produced in the envelopes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, the expanded shells of supernova (SN) remnants, and in situ grain growth within the interstellar medium (ISM), although the corresponding efficiency of each of these dust formation mechanisms at different redshifts remains a topic of debate. During the first Gyr after the Big Bang, it is widely believed that there was not enough time to form AGB stars in high numbers, hence the dust at this epoch is expected to be purely from SNe or subsequent grain growth in the ISM. The time period corresponding to z ~ 5−6 is thus expected to display the transition from SN-only dust to a mixture of both formation channels as is generally recognized at present. Aims. Here we aim to use afterglow observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) at redshifts larger than z &gt; 4 to derive host galaxy dust column densities along their line of sight and to test if a SN-type dust extinction curve is required for some of the bursts. Methods. We performed GRB afterglow observations with the seven-channel Gamma-Ray Optical and Near-infrared Detector (GROND) at the 2.2 m MPI telescope in La Silla, Chile (ESO), and we combined these observations with quasi-simultaneous data gathered with the XRT telescope on board the Swift satellite. Results. We increase the number of measured AV values for GRBs at z &gt; 4 by a factor of ~2–3 and find that, in contrast to samples at mostly lower redshift, all of the GRB afterglows have a visual extinction of AV &lt; 0.5 mag. Analysis of the GROND detection thresholds and results from a Monte Carlo simulation show that although we partly suffer from an observational bias against highly extinguished sight-lines, GRB host galaxies at 4 &lt; z &lt; 6 seem to contain on average less dust than at z ~ 2. Additionally, we find that all of the GRBs can be modeled with locally measured extinction curves and that the SN-like dust extinction curve, as previously found toward GRB 071025, provides a better fit for only two of the afterglow SEDs. However, because of the lack of highly extinguished sight lines and the limited wavelength coverage we cannot distinguish between the different scenarios. For the first time we also report a photometric redshift of zphot = 7.88-0.94+0.75 for GRB 100905A, making it one of the most distant GRBs known to date.

Quality properties of puffed corn snacks incorporated with sesame seed powder.

Puffed corn snacks are tasty and affordable cereal‐based food products which have a relatively poor nutritional quality. Sesame seed is a rich source of essential amino and fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and antioxidants. In this study, puffed corn snacks were produced by incorporating sesame powder at 0% (control sample), 5%, 10%, and 15% levels in its formulation and stored at room temperature (24°C) for 60 days. Fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sesamin and sesamolin, phenolic compounds, peroxide value (PV), acidity (AV), and sensory evaluation of the samples were determined. The results indicate that oleic acid content increased and palmitic acid decreased significantly (p < .05) in all the samples at 10% and 15% inclusion levels. The content of phenolic compounds, γ‐tocopherols, sesamin, and sesamolin had significant increases in all the formulated samples. PV results indicated that the formulated samples had a higher stability when the ratio of sesame powder was increased, while the AV values showed a significant increase during storage. Incorporation of 10% sesame powder in the snack formulation had a positive effect on the stability, sensory, and nutritional quality of the product. This approach can be used to modify nutritional quality of this food product and introduce to food market as a relatively healthy snack.

Quality attributes of French fries as affected by different coatings, frozen storage and frying conditions

Potato strips treated with different coatings (Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), pectin, agar and chitosan) at concentrations of 1 and 2% then fried for various durations (5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 minutes) were investigated for organoleptic and other quality parameters. Strips were submerged in coating solutions for 5 seconds prior deep fat frying. Frying for 11 and 13 minutes gave the most significantly accepted fries while all coating treated strips obtained lower sensory quality scores and the concentrations used did not significantly affect sensory parameters of strips (p<0.05). Coatings reduced the amount of oil absorbed by strips by 12.93% (pectin), 11.71% (CMC), 8.28% (chitosan) and 5.25% (agar). Coating treatments and concentration significantly improved moisture retention of strips (p<0.05). Strips treated with hydrocolloids at 1% and fried for 11 minutes revealed that texture and yellowness (b*) values were not significantly different from the control strips. Lightness (L*) values of treated strips were similar to the control strips except chitosan treated strips (p<0.05). Redness (a*) values of all coated strips were not significantly different from the control strips except agar coated strips. In another study, potato strips were semi-fried at 170 ± 5°C for 2 minutes followed by quick air blast freezing at -32°C for 20 min and stored at -18°C for 6 months. The effect of frozen storage duration on quality parameters was monitored every month. Data revealed that peroxide values (PV) initially increased and later decreased with elongation of storage duration. Free fatty acid (FFA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and p -anisidine ( p -AV) values significantly increased with storage duration (p<0.05). Total oxidation (totox) values increased with storage duration. The CMC coating treatment did not significantly lower PV, FFA and TBA values while p -AV values were significantly lowered during frozen storage (p<0.05).

Comparative analysis of the intrinsic voltage gain and unit gain frequency between SOI and bulk FinFETs up to high temperatures

This paper presents an experimental analysis of the analog application figures of merit: the intrinsic voltage gain (AV) and unit gain frequency, focusing on the performance comparison between silicon triple gate pFinFET devices, which were processed on both Si and Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) substrates. The high temperature (from 25°C to 150°C) influence and different channel lengths and fin widths were also taken into account. While the temperature impact on the intrinsic voltage gain (AV) is limited, the unit gain frequency was strongly affected due to the carrier mobility degradation at higher temperatures, for both p- and n-type FinFET structures. In addition, the pFinFETs showed slightly larger AV values compared to the n-type counterparts, whereby the bulk FinFETs presented a higher dispersion than the SOI FinFETs.

Effect of oil extraction assisted by ultrasound on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo)

The effects of amplitude and time of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the physicochemical properties and the fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) were evaluated. Ultrasound time (5–30min) and the response variables amplitude (25–100%), extraction yield, efficiency, oxidative stability in terms of the free fatty acids (FFA) of the plant design comprising two independent experiments variables, peroxide (PV), p-anisidine (AV), totox value (TV) and the fatty acid profile were evaluated. The results were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The time and amplitude showed significant differences (P<0.05) for all variables. The highest yield of extraction was achieved at 5min and amplitude of 62.5% (62%). However, the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasound time of 26.34min and amplitude of 89.02%. All extracts showed low FFA (2.75–4.93% oleic acid), PV (1.67–4.68meq/kg), AV (1.94–3.69) and TV (6.25–12.55) values. The main fatty acids in all the extracts were oleic and linoleic acid. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted oil extraction had increased performance and reduced extraction time without affecting the oil quality.

Chemical and Toxicological Evaluation of Some Snacks Consumed by Children in Egypt

Snacks are commonly consumed by the most of children, that as fast foods and drinks, between main meals. Such fast foods being consumed do not usually provide a balanced meal, but they can be a useful source of some nutrients especially extra energy. The safety of snacks dietary components, including flavors and colors, is currently a subject of great interest since some of which are proved to be animal toxins and/or carcinogens. Therefore, the present work was carried out to study the chemical and toxicological evaluation of some snacks consumed by children in Egypt. Potato chips, puff snacks and fatty cake samples were purchased within about three months, transported to the laboratory, ground or homogenized before they were freeze-dried to ensure equal moisture content then used for alcohol extracts preparation. Also, extracts were prepared from potato chips samples made in lab for comparative study. Liver cells, isolated from Bolti fish and established in primary culture, were treated with a concentration of 1x10-1 to 1x10-7 % snacks extracts for 48 hr. Cytotoxicity in primary cultures was evaluated by changes in lysosomes activity, mitochondrial activity and cell membrane integrity over a range of each extract concentrations. The highest adverse cytotoxic effects were recorded for puff snacks followed by fatty cake and potato chips, respectively. Very little effects induced in lab made potato chips extracts. The dose-response curves with the cytotoxicity assays corresponded well to those of adverse biochemical effects including cells growth assay and protease activity. Properties of oil extracted from tested snacks indicated that lab made potato chips extracts possessed the best quality values for AV (mg KOH/100 g oil), FFA (% as oleic acid), PV (meg/kg oil), IN (gI2) and MDA content were 0.62, 0.98, 6.85, 112.36 and 1.27 respectively, while as oil extracted from puff snacks registered the lowest quality values were 1.29, 2.10, 18.20, 90.24 and 3.68 respectively. For all assays, the sequence of potencies of the tested extracts was in the order of puff snacks > fatty cake > potato chips > lab made potato chips. Our results indicate that these extracts may include chemicals which act at various sites on the liver cells to induce different cytotoxic and biochemical adverse effects.