AV Media Research Articles

Scalability and Performance of the AMWA IS-04 and IS-05 NMOS Specifications for Networked Media

The use of IP networks for professional AV media is becoming prevalent within the broadcast industry with standards such as SMPTE ST 2110 now available for streaming uncompressed video, audio, and ancillary data. To allow full interoperability between different manufacturers’ equipment, common methods for discovery, registration, and connection management of media devices are essential. The Advanced Media Workflow Association (AMWA) has been developing the Networked Media Open Specifications (NMOS) for this purpose, leading to the publication of interface specifications, including IS-04 for discovery/registration of NMOS Nodes and IS-05 for management of connections between Nodes. These use RESTful application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate between applications and devices and are gaining widespread adoption. A key requirement within the industry is that these APIs scale successfully in the very large installations typical of real-world deployments. To help address this, Sony has been leading an AMWA NMOS Scalability study to test these protocols for installations comprising thousands of media devices. This paper describes our test methodology using a simulated network environment, provides several experimental results, discusses their implications, identifies best practices for deployment, and suggests whether further API enhancements may be beneficial.

Common Mistakes in the Construction of Diagrams in Biological Contexts

Understanding diagrams plays an important role in everyday life, for example, if we want to understand the results of an election or properly interpret the graphic representation of news from the stock exchange. Electronic media in particular (AV media and computer-supported systems such as televisions, smartphones and tablet PCs) are increasingly using more graphic representations and visual symbol systems to simplify user guidance and present complex information in their online and offline ranges. One presumed advantage of these visual schematic illustrations is that links and relationships among data can be perceived more rapidly and vividly than if they were sequentially described in literary language (Kuckartz et al. 2010). This is one reason why graphics and other visualisations are often used in science in particular (Roth et al. 1999). In addition, it has been shown that the independent and active construction of diagrams by learners creates an environment that promotes learning (Cox 1999; Stern et al. 2003). In order to prepare students for a future that will necessitate skills for using graphic representations, the German ministries of education have adjusted their requirements for students. Accordingly, in the German curricula and (national) educational standards, mathematics is no longer the only subject in which students are taught how to interact with diagrams (KMK 2005)—they play a growing role in science. In subjects such as physics, chemistry and biology, the ability to independently construct and evaluate graphic representations of data is defined as an educational objective (Lachmayer 2008). In some German curricula, this ability Res Sci Educ (2015) 45:193–213 DOI 10.1007/s11165-014-9419-9

Effects of Music on Image Impression and Relationship between Impression and Physical Properties

SUMMARYAuditory information plays an integral role in AV media because even identical images are perceived differently when they are matched with different music. However, we now present the results of experiments in which the changes in subjective perceptions were analyzed on the basis of the physical properties of the perceived items. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of music on image impressions in terms of the physical properties of images. In this paper, we first elucidate the changes in subjective impressions when the image is presented by itself and when it is presented with music. Second, to clarify the relationship between the impressions of images or music and the physical properties, we compare the different image or music perceptions with each other and also compare their respective physical properties, which include color information, structural information, and frequency characteristics. The color information of an image containing green or saturation colors and the power of the music are found to be strongly correlated with adjectives expressing potency and activity. The entropy of saturation is found to be correlated with words expressing spatial extent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(9): 53–61, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11371

A P2P-to-UPnP Proxy Gateway Architecture for Home Multimedia Content Distribution

Deploying advanced home networking technologies and modern home-networked devices in residential environments provides a playground for new home applications and services. Because home multimedia entertainment is among the most essential home applications, this paper presents an appealing home media content sharing scenario: home-networked devices can discover neighboring devices and share local media content, as well as enormous amounts of Internet media content in a convenient and networked manner. This ideal scenario differs from traditional usages that merely offer local media content and require tedious manual operations of connection setup and file transfer among various devices. To achieve this goal, this study proposes a proxy gateway architecture for home multimedia content distribution. The proposed architecture integrates several functional mechanisms, including UPnP-based device discovery, home gateway, Internet media provision, and in-home media content delivery. This design addresses several inherent limitations of device heterogeneity and network interoperability on home and public networks, and allows diverse home-networked devices to play media content in an identical and networked manner. Prototypical implementation of the proposed proxy gateway architecture develops a proof-of-concept software, integrating a BitTorrent peer-to-peer client, a UPnP protocol stack, and a UPnP AV media server, as well as media distribution and management components on the OSGi home gateway platform. Practical demonstration shows the proposed design and scenario realization, offering users an unlimited volume of media content for home multimedia entertainment.

Performing Arts and Cinema Demand: Some Evidence of Linder's Disease

This study presents some results for performing arts demand in Norway, obtained by means of a complete demand system with performing arts (dance, theatre and concert performances) and cinema as two of several cultural/media goods. The calculations are carried out on the basis of consumer survey data for more than 21,600 households from the period 1986–2002. The results provide a fairly firm basis for concluding that the demand for performing arts in Norway is income elastic while cinema is income inelastic. However, since both are time-intensive in consumption, they are subject to Linder's disease which is due to a shadow value of leisure increasing with income. This implies a negative bias in the income elasticity as estimated by us. Our calculations suggest that the bias has become bigger in the period analyzed, i.e., that Linder's disease has become more serious for both performing arts and cinema over time. The results for other cultural/media goods support this finding. The results do also indicate that the demand for both the performing arts and cinema is price inelastic, and that they generally are substitutes to each other as well as to other cultural/media goods. One notable exception is performing arts and audio-visual media which, according to our findings, seem to be complements suggesting that decreases in the prices of AV media stimulate the demand for performing arts. JEL Classification: D1, Z1

Modelling and analysis of UPnP AV media player system based on Petri nets

UPnP is a universal plug-and-play technology widely used in the digital home network. The UPnP AV architecture expands the UPnP technology to realise efficient communication and management. Petri nets are powerful formalism to model, analyse and simulate dynamic systems with concurrent and non-deterministic behaviours. We use Petri nets to model an UPnP AV media player system. Specifically, we simulate the media player in the digital home, by using reachability graph analysis to study the exception handling, data transmission, integrity and potential problems of this system.

Hva bestemmer utlånene fra svenske folkebiblioteker?

This article presents the main findings in an analysis of the determinants of borrowing demand of books and AV media at local public libraries in Sweden, using balanced panel data for libraries at ...

音楽が画像の印象に及ぼす影響と印象と物理的特性との関連に関する一考察

SUMMARY Auditory information plays an integral role in AV media because even identical images are perceived differently when they are matched with different music. However, we now present the results of experiments in which the changes in subjective perceptions were analyzed on the basis of the physical properties of the perceived items. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of music on image impressions in terms of the physical properties of images. In this paper, we first elucidate the changes in subjective impressions when the image is presented by itself and when it is presented with music. Second, to clarify the relationship between the impressions of images or music and the physical properties, we compare the different image or music perceptions with each other and also compare their respective physical properties, which include color information, structural information, and frequency characteristics. The color information of an image containing green or saturation colors and the power of the music are found to be strongly correlated with adjectives expressing potency and activity. The entropy of saturation is found to be correlated with words expressing spatial extent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(9): 53–61, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11371

Green building acoustics: Scoring user performance factors.

Architectural acoustics lacks specificity in the LEED for Schools (2007), green building rating system, which is based on a checklist score. Uncorrected, this edition lacks the guidance needed to meet, consistently, the stated intent: to facilitate better teacher-to-student and student-to-student communications. An alternative system—user performance based—is developed for scoring speech transmission index (STI), and tested in K–5 elementary school classrooms. K–5 teachers are surveyed and then interviewed regarding sound and noise control strategies employed in their respective classrooms, by academic subject; AV media; and teacher/student configuration. Reported outcomes are compared with STI contours. The requisite background noise level and room impulse response measurements are made using a binaural acoustic mannequin at each listening position. It is expected that STI will vary among listening positions, and by academic subject and teacher/student configuration. Accordingly, scoring for the classroom will vary. Results are discussed, and based on the findings, passive means are suggested for improving STI in the classrooms studied.

동적 사설 IP 기반의 다중 홈간 DLNA 미디어 컨텐츠 공유

최근 들어 홈내에 다양한 AV 미디어 장치 및 컨텐츠들이 증가함에 따라, 이들간의 상호운용성을 제공하는 표준안으로서 DLNA의 호환성 가이드라인이 제안되었다. 그런데, 이 권고안에서는 하나의 디지털홈 내부에서의 네트워크 및 미디어 장치 그리고 미디어 컨텐츠들의 상호운용성에 초점을 두었기 때문에, 여러 홈들 간의 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 공유를 위한 검색 및 전송 방법은 제시되어 있지 않다. 또한, 이 권고안에서는 DLNA 장치 발견 및 알림 메시지를 IP멀티캐스트 방식으로 전송하도록 하기 때문에, 현재 인터넷 범위에서는 IP멀티캐스트 서비스가 정상적으로 이루어짐을 보장할 수 없으므로 다른 홈내에 있는 DLNA의 디바이스를 인터넷을 통해 원격에서 검색 및 제어할 수 없다는 제약점이 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 이러한 제약점을 분석하고, 동적 사설 IP기반의 DLNA 장치들로 구성된 여러 홈내에 분포되어 있는 미디어 컨텐츠를 상호 공유할 수 있는 방법으로서, IHM(Inter-Home Media) 프락시 시스템 구조 및 방법에 대해 제안한다. 본 제안된 방법은 자신의 홈 뿐만아니라 다른 홈내에 분산되어 있는 여러 다양한 미디어 컨텐츠들을 공유할 수 있도록 함으로써, 사용자의 위치제약성을 해소할 뿐만 아니라 각각의 홈내 거주자 측면에서는 자신이 부담해야할 컨텐츠 저장소 비용을 절약할 수 있다는 잇점을 가진다. According to the increase of various AV media devices and contents in the digital home, the DLNA becomes to play an important role as the interoperability standard between then Since this guideline only focuses on the interoperability among home networked devices, media players, and media contents existing inside of the homenetwork, there is no retrieval and transmission method for sharing multimedia contents located over several homes via Internet. Additionally, this guideline lets device-detection and notification messages to be transmitted using W multicast methods, and current Internet environment cannot guarantee consistent IP multicast services, it has the limitation that it cannot retrieve and control DLNA devices in other digital homes remotely via the Internet. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the IHM(Inter-Home Media) proxy system and its operating mechanism to provide a way of sharing media contents distributed over multiple DLNA-based homes, through analyzing these limitations and building up a sharing method for A/V media contents distributed over the DLNA homes based on the dynamic or private IP networks. Our method removes the limitation on the user locations through sharing distributed media contents, and also makes cost-downs for storing media contents, from the view point of individual residents.

Anatomy of Educational Technology in a Developing Country

Abstract The ways that educational technology evolve in developing countries are examined, with particular reference to the Yemen. The article looks at this evolution and draws conclusions within the framework of textbooks, AV media, radio and television, and computers.

Letting AV Media Work for You

Over the years, a great deal of research has been devoted to the study of the cost effectiveness of media. This article is an attempt to summarize some of the research as found in the books and articles listed in the references.

IFLA Round Table on AV Media

IFLA Round Table on AV Media

Methodological Aids to Media Evaluation and Selection

Abstract: The article provides a compact description of the Multi‐Criteria Utility Analysis (MCUA), represented in evaluating alternative educational media. Following an overview of the current methods of comparison of alternative media systems, the MCUA proves to be a very efficient and pragmatic method for evaluating alternatives in complex decision situations. In particular, the MCUA takes into account a multidimensional goal system and the preference structure of the decision maker. The methodological part of the article explains the steps of the MCUA, relating to decision theory. Practical application of the MCUA is shown by an example which deals with a concrete case of AV media evaluation. * A detailed version of this article was published by UNESCO, Division of Structures, Content, Methods and Techniques of Education (Klepzig and Weiss, 1979)

VIDEO IN EDUCATION: THE NEXT FIVE YEARS?

ABSTRACT The paper considers the vast range of educational conditions under development, and the potential of video technology within them. Trends in the application of AV media in the industrial world and developing countries are examined, and essential questions in relation to the educational media's future development are isolated. Use of the term ‘video’ signifies the electronic image outside of normal broadcasting networks‐‐non‐broadcast, and not TV

AV Media and the Art Room

AV Media and the Art Room