Auxiliary Stations Research Articles

Filming seismograms and related materials at the California Institute of Technology

As part of the worldwide effort to create an international earthquake data bank, the seismology archive of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has been organized, labeled, described, and microfilmed. It includes a wide variety of original records, documents, and printed materials relating to local and distant earthquakes. The single largest and most complex component of the task has been the preparation and microfilming of Caltech's vast collection of original seismograms. The original proposal envisioned a modest project in which a selected number of seismographic records at Caltech could be made more generally available to the scientific community. These single‐copy records are stored at Kresge Laboratory and comprise thousands of individual photographic sheets, each 30×92 cm. In the end, we microfilmed both the Pasadena station records and those written at the six original stations in the Caltech network. This task got underway in June 1981 and was completed in January 1985. In the course of the project, the staff sorted, arranged, inventoried, copied, and refiled more than 276,000 records written between January 10, 1923 and December 31, 1962. The microfilm edition of the earthquake records at the Seismological Laboratory at Pasadena and at auxiliary stations at Mount Wilson, Riverside, Santa Barbara, La Jolla, Tinemaha, and Haiwee (the latter two in the Owens Valley) consists of 461 reels of film. The film archive is cataloged and available to researchers in Caltech's Millikan Library in Pasadena, at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif, and at the World Data Center (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in Boulder, Colo.

Characterization and source apportionment of wintertime aerosol in a wood-burning community

The continuing upsurge in residential wood combustion has raised questions about potential adverse effects on ambient air quality. A study to investigate the effects of wood-burning emissions on ambient aerosol concentrations was conducted in Waterbury, Vermont, from January to March 1982. Data on total, inhalable and respirable particles (24-h averages) were collected at a central monitoring site and augmented with similar measurements at two auxiliary stations. Mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically and selected samples were analyzed for elemental composition (XRF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (GC/MS, HPLC), and organic and elemental carbon (thermal-optical method). In addition, continuous data from an integrating nephelometer and a meteorological data acquisition system were collected at the central site. This paper presents results of organic and elemental characterization of wintertime aerosol and examines several different source-apportionment methods, focusing on the contribution of residential wood combustion to measured ambient concentrations.

The role of HM Coastguard with particular reference to helicopters

HM Coastguard's main function is the co-ordination of all civil marine search and rescue operations around the coast of the United Kingdom—the area limits corresponding to those set out in the ICAO SAR Plan. To achieve this task the coastguards are so disposed around our coast, on a 24 hour watchkeeping basis, to best receive the distress information and vector the appropriate rescue facility to the scene. There are 550 regular coastguards maintaining 150 regular stations (see map) backed up by over 7000 auxiliary coastguards and 214 auxiliary stations. All regular Coastguard Stations maintain watch on MF and VHF marine distress frequencies, are netted in to their local 999 emergency telephone system and are interconnected by VHF radio and telephone. All Rescue HQs and some strategically placed constantly manned stations are addtionally connected to the PO Telex system with direct lines to their adjacent PO Coast Radio Stations. CG Auxiliary stations, provided with VHF radio and telephone facilities, are only manned at times of casualty risk.

Design considerations for the Upper Atmosphere Observatory incoherent scatter radar

A new large incoherent scatter radar system has been proposed as the principal element in a binational center for studies of the upper atmosphere. The radar has been designed to yield a sensitivity comparable to the best now available and yet provide a latitude coverage of the F region of ±13°.The radar shall comprise a 100‐m diameter parabolic reflector antenna that can be tilted in the magnetic meridian plane by ±85° from the zenith. This antenna will be coupled to a UHF pulse transmitter with a peak power of 10 Mw, and will serve for both transmitting and receiving. Two auxiliary fully steerable antennas will be located northeast and northwest of the main antenna and will also receive the signals. This will enable the velocity of the ion drift to be studied, permitting measurements of neutral winds, electric fields, and fluxes of ions into or from the magnetosphere. The auxiliary antennas will form 10 coplanar pencil beams, so that these drift measurements may be made at 10 heights simultaneously.The paper describes how the above concept was developed and the work of selecting a site for the radar. By locating the main station near L = 4, and the auxiliary stations about 550 km distant, it will be possible to measure the electric fields in the F region over the range 3 ≤ L ≤ 8 to an accuracy of ±2 mv m−1. Thus, the radar should be able to map the electric fields produced by substorms at auroral and subauroral latitudes. In addition, the properties of the ionosphere and many parameters of the atmosphere will be determined over the altitude range 100 to 1000 km.

Computer-Assisted Frequency Selection in the Auxiliary Broadcast Band

The selection of frequencies in the Television Auxiliary Broadcast Service has not heretofore been a matter of great concern because of the relative lack of congestion in the auxiliary broadcast bands as compared to other microwave bands. However, this situation is changing, particularly in the popular 6875-7125-MHz band. The authors first describe a systematic procedure for selecting frequencies in this band that avoids interference both to and from existing auxiliary broadcast stations, including mobile stations, using only data available from FCC files. They next describe a computer program that has greatly improved the speed and efficiency of what is otherwise a tedious manual operation.

Der Jahresgang des mittleren geographischen Höhengradienten der Lufttemperatur in den verschiedenen Klimagebieten der Erde

The average vertical gradient of air temperature, like all other climatic elements, shows a variation throughout the year, its course running differendly in the different climatic regions of the world. An investigation of this feature was suggested by H. Lautensach and carried out by R. Bögel, who made use of the data of 297 pairs of terrestrial weather Stations on mountains throughout the world. Because of the all too great distance between two stations of a pair, auxiliary stations had frequently to be used. Wherever possible observation data of the free atmosphere were used for comparison. Nine types of annual variation of the vertical temperature gradient were found. Middle Europe is governed by the "normal" type where the maximum occurs in summer and the minimum during the winter. In the regions of subtropical climate with dry summers (Köppen's Cs climate) the Cs-Type, showing a summer minimum and a winter maximum, prevails. The type of the poles of coldness is characterised by negative values of the vertical temperature gradient, i. e. an increase of the monthly mean temperature with altitude. The origin and distribution of these types is explained by reference to the respective different properties of the "base layer" of the troposphere as they have become known from the investigations of Schneider-Carius in 1953. Since the average vertical gradient, regionally as well as seasonally, is subject to pronounced variations which, according to the data used, lie between + 1.16° C and - 1.84° C per 100 m., it will no longer be permissible to reduce mean temperatures to sea level everywhere and for every month simply by means of the usual amount of 0.5° C per 100 m. Rather is it necessary to differentiate the reduction factor regionally as well as seasonally, and the reduction of the annual variations of the monthly temperature to sea level must also be clone accordingly.

The Two New Auxiliary Stations of Galerazamba and Chinchina in Columbia

The Two New Auxiliary Stations of Galerazamba and Chinchina in Columbia

Recent earthquakes near Whittier, California

Abstract Summary