Auxiliary Station Research Articles

Modelling Stage-discharge Relationships for Hydrological Stations in the Da River Basin using First-kind Chebyshev Polynomial Approximation

Observed discharge time series is essential data for hydrological analysis, streamflow forecasting, as well as water resources planning and management. Estimation of continuous discharge time series is generally based on the curves (or empirical models) that can properly simulate the relationships between water levels (stages) and concurrent water discharges observed at a particular hydrological station. For stations with complex hydraulic conditions, in addition to gauged stages at the discharge gauging section, another variable such as stage measured at an auxiliary station (to calculate the slope) or rate of change in stage is added to the estimation process. This paper presents the results of applying the first-kind Chebyshev polynomial approximation method in constructing rating curves for three hydrological stations in the Da river basin, each having different basin characteristics and various influencing factors. The analysis results using five evaluation indices (MAE, σ, Pbias, KGE, and MAPE) show that the Chebyshev polynomials are highly effective in modelling both simple and complex stage-discharge relationships. The Chebyshev polynomial approximation method is suggested to be used for establishing stage-discharge relationships in hydrometry.

Air Quality Measurement Using an IoT Network: a Case Study

Context: The evaluation of air quality in Colombia is localized; it does not go beyond determining whether the level of the polluting gas at a specific point of the monitoring network has exceeded a threshold, according to a norm or standard, in order to trigger an alarm. It is not committed to objectives as important as the real-time identification of the dispersion dynamics of polluting gases in an area, or the prediction of the newly affected population. From this perspective, the presence of polluting gases was evaluated on the university campus of Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito, located north of the city of Bogotá, and the affected population was estimated for the month of October, 2019, using the Kriging geostatistical technique. Method: This study is part of the design and construction of an auxiliary mobile station that monitors and reports complementary information (CO and SO2 gases) to that provided by the Guaymaral meteorological station, located in the north of Bogotá. This information is transmitted through an IoT network to a server, where a database is created which stores the information on polluting gases reported by the 14 stations of the Bogotá air quality monitoring network, the information sent by the auxiliary station, and the statistical information of the population present on the university campus. Pollutant gas data and population information recorded from October 1st to 31st, 2019, are the input for data analysis using the Kriging interpolation method and predicting the affected population on said campus. Results: There is a particulate matter concentration of 29 µg/m3 of PM10 in the coliseum and 12,6 µg/m3 of PM2,5 in building G, in addition to 9,8 ppb of O3 in building I, 14,9 ppb of NO2 in that same building, 0,79 ppb of CO in building C, and 0,65 ppb of SO2 also in building C, thus allowing to infer, according to the Bogotá air quality index, a favorable air quality for a population of 2.131 people who visited the campus university during the aforementioned period. Conclusions: The correct integration of the data in the web server and their analysis, carried out in the R language, allowed determining the approximate indicators of the polluting factors around Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito. Additionally, to determine the affected population, these indicators were correlated with the information on the registered population that entered the campus during the period under study. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the air quality on the campus of Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito is favorable, and that 2.131 people benefited daily from these conditions.

Nutrient's response to water transfer in an urban river-network

Abstract Through water transfer, the hydrodynamic conditions of the river network can be improved, and the biochemical degradation of pollutants can be promoted, but at the same time, the endogenous release may be intensified. It is therefore possible to subdivide the response of nutrient content to water transfer into three components: (a) Direct Impact (DI) of dilution through water diversion, (b) Indirect Impact (II) by sediment release, and (c) Self Impact (SI) of nutrient degradation and attenuation of nutrients. By combining field investigation, laboratory experiment, and numerical simulation, the contribution weight of DI, II, and SI to the change of nutrient concentration was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that: (1) in the upper reaches of the river network, II plays a leading role in that the weight is more than 75%, and increasing the amount of water diversion increases the nutrient content; (2) SI plays a leading role in the tributary of the central part of the river network, the weight is more than 60%, and when the auxiliary pumping station is opened, the weight of II is less than 1%; (3) in the southeast of the river network, the nutrient release rate is sensitive to the change of hydrodynamics, and the weight of II is more than 90%. The results of this study can provide a reference for the formulation of a comprehensive hydrodynamic water quality management control scheme in the urban river network.

Performance of prototype GE1[formula omitted]1 chambers for the CMS muon spectrometer upgrade

The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will result in ten times higher particle background than measured during the first phase of LHC operation. In order to fully exploit the highly-demanding operating conditions during HL-LHC, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration will use Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technology. The technology will be integrated into the innermost region of the forward muon spectrometer of CMS as an additional muon station called GE1∕1. The primary purpose of this auxiliary station is to help in muon reconstruction and to control level-1 muon trigger rates in the pseudo-rapidity region 1.6≤|η|≤2.2. The new station will contain trapezoidal-shaped GEM detectors called GE1∕1 chambers. The design of these chambers is finalized, and the installation is in progress during the Long Shutdown phase two (LS-2) that started in 2019. Several full-size prototypes were built and operated successfully in various test beams at CERN. We describe performance measurements such as gain, efficiency, and time resolution of these prototype chambers, developed after years of R&D, and summarize their behavior in different gas compositions as a function of the applied voltage.

RESEARCH ON CORS (CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATION) SYSTEM-BASED REGIONAL WATER VAPOR RETRIEVAL IN GUILIN

Abstract. This paper was aimed at analyzing and verifying each of the parameter settings in the computing process of GAMIT. The optimum number of introduced auxiliary station was determined, and models for the weighted mean temperature of the atmosphere in Guilin were established. Under the underlying strategy of introducing all the respective most optimum criteria, the precipitable water vapor (PWV) was first calculated by using the data provided by the CORS base station in Guilin, before analyzing and comparing it with the PWV and actual precipitation obtained from the sounding data. According to the result, a high degree of coincidence was discovered among the general trend of the following three indicators: the calculated PWV, as well as the PWV and actual precipitation acquired using the sounding data, hence offering a significant value for reference in terms of extreme weather warning.

Parametric Optimization of Packet Transmission with Resending Packets Mechanism

The data transmission process is modelled by a Markov closed queuing network, which consists of two stations. The primary station describes the process of sending packets over a lossy channel by means of a finite and single-channel queue. The auxiliary station, being a multichannel queuing system, accumulates packets lost by the primary station and forwards them back for retrial. The transmission rate at the primary station and the retrial rate at the auxiliary station are in the specified ranges and are subject to optimization in order to minimize the time of successful delivery and the amount of network resources used. The explicit expressions for these characteristics are derived in the steady-state mode in order to formulate the problem of bi-criterion optimization. The optimal policies are established in two scenarios: the first problem is to minimize the average time of successful transmission with limited resources; the second problem is to minimize the consumption of network resources under the constraint on the time for successful transmission. The set of Pareto-optimal policies is obtained by solving the problem of minimization of the augmented functional. The quality characteristics of approximate solutions that do not take into account the service rate in the auxiliary system are analyzed.

The Effect of Sunspot Weighting

Although W. Brunner began to weight sunspot counts (from 1926), using a method whereby larger spots were counted more than once, he compensated for the weighting by not counting enough smaller spots in order to maintain the same reduction factor (0.6) as was used by his predecessor A. Wolfer to reduce the count to R. Wolf’s original scale, so that the weighting did not have any effect on the scale of the sunspot number. In 1947, M. Waldmeier formalized the weighting (on a scale from 1 to 5) of the sunspot count made at Zurich and its auxiliary station Locarno. This explicit counting method, when followed, inflates the relative sunspot number over that which corresponds to the scale set by Wolfer (and matched by Brunner). Recounting some 60,000 sunspots on drawings from the reference station Locarno shows that the number of sunspots reported was “over counted” by \({\approx}\,44~\%\) on average, leading to an inflation (measured by an effective weight factor) in excess of 1.2 for high solar activity. In a double-blind parallel counting by the Locarno observer M. Cagnotti, we determined that Svalgaard’s count closely matches that of Cagnotti, allowing us to determine from direct observation the daily weight factor for spots since 2003 (and sporadically before). The effective total inflation turns out to have two sources: a major one (15 – 18 %) caused by weighting of spots, and a minor source (4 – 5 %) caused by the introduction of the Zurich classification of sunspot groups which increases the group count by 7 – 8 % and the relative sunspot number by about half that. We find that a simple empirical equation (depending on the activity level) fits the observed factors well, and use that fit to estimate the weighting inflation factor for each month back to the introduction of effective inflation in 1947 and thus to be able to correct for the over-counts and to reduce sunspot counting to the Wolfer method in use from 1894 onwards.

APPLYING SEASONAL CLIMATE TRENDS TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN TANJUNG KARANG, MALAYSIA

The North West Selangor Integrated Agriculture Development Agency (NWS-IADA) is the most productive agricultural part in Selangor, Malaysia. This is partly because of the inherent high fertil ity of the soils and the moderate variable climate. However, w ith increasing global concern about climate impacts , this article examines relative importance of climat e influences on the paddy production rate over 28 y ears (1980-2008). Data collection involved compiling and analyzing climate records from auxiliary station MARDI, Tg. Karang, Malaysia (Station no. 44325, 24 m M.S.L) at the coordinates of N 03° 27’ 17” E 101° 09’ 24”. The results indicate that the average rain fall recorded is 1, 765 mm which is similar to nati onal rainfall trend. Meanwhile, the daily humidity varie d between 94-96% (8.00 AM) and around 70% (2.00 PM) while the sunshine hours ranged between 2.3 to 9.5 h. A correlation analysis between the productio n yield and climatic data at the studied area for the year 2000-2008, showed that for precipitation; rai nfall is redundant during the main season while during the o ff season it bears direct effect on the production yield with the R 2 value of -0.293 and 0.1715, respectively; Sunshine hours and temperature demonstrate their importance to production yield as suggested with th eir respective R 2 values.

Paddy Production and Climate Change Variation in Selangor, Malaysia

The North West Selangor Integrated Agriculture Development Agency (NWS-IADA) has the most productive agricultural land in Selangor. This is partly because of the inherent high fertility of the soils, and the moderate variable climate. However, with the increasing global concern about climate impacts, there is a need to examine the issue and this article presents a study that examined the relative importance of climate influences on the paddy production rate over 28 years (1980-2008). Data collection involved compiling and analyzing climate records from MARDI Tg. Karang auxiliary station (Station no. 44325, 24m m.s.l) at the coordinates of N 03° 27’ 17” E 101° 09’ 24”. The results indicate that the average rainfall recorded was 1, 765 mm which is similar to the national rainfall trend. Meanwhile, the daily humidity varied between 94 – 96% (8.00 AM) and around 70% (2.00 PM) while the sunshine hours ranged between 2.3 to 9.5 hours. A correlation analysis between the production yield and climatic data at the studied area for the year 2000 – 2008 showed that for precipitation, rainfall is redundant during the main season while during the off season it bears direct effect on the production yield with R2 value of -0.293 and 0.1715, respectively. Sunshine hours and temperature demonstrate their importance to production yield as suggested by their respective R2 values.

Stopover-Site Fidelity at a Near-Coastal Banding Site in Georgia

Abstract We documented one Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern Waterthrush) exhibiting stopover-site fidelity by returning to a near-coastal stopover site at the Butler Island Auxiliary Station (BIAS) on the Altamaha Waterfowl Management Area in southeast Georgia during banding operations from 1995–2000. The Northern Waterthrush was recaptured in fall 2000 after being banded at BIAS in fall 1997. Although few individual passerine migrants have exhibited stopover-site fidelity, the majority were recaptured at banding stations nearer (<500 km) breeding populations of the respective species. Stopover-site fidelity is rarely documented in the southeast, as migration banding stations are generally located at coastal migrant traps, which primarily capture hatching-year birds that likely migrate to inland locations in subsequent fall migrations and do not return to coastal migrant traps. High percentages of hatching-year migrants at our near-coastal site suggest that this area is used by migrants in a similar fashi...

A Revised U.S. Climate Extremes Index

Abstract A revised framework is presented that quantifies observed changes in the climate of the contiguous United States through analysis of a revised version of the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI). The CEI is based on a set of climate extremes indicators that measure the fraction of the area of the United States experiencing extremes in monthly mean surface temperature, daily precipitation, and drought (or moisture surplus). In the revised CEI, auxiliary station data, including recently digitized pre-1948 data, are incorporated to extend it further back in time and to improve spatial coverage. The revised CEI is updated for the period from 1910 to the present in near–real time and is calculated for eight separate seasons, or periods. Results for the annual revised CEI are similar to those from the original CEI. Observations over the past decade continue to support the finding that the area experiencing much above-normal maximum and minimum temperatures in recent years has been on the rise, with infrequent occurrence of much below- normal mean maximum and minimum temperatures. Conversely, extremes in much below-normal mean maximum and minimum temperatures indicate a decline from about 1910 to 1930. An increasing trend in the area experiencing much above-normal proportion of heavy daily precipitation is observed from about 1950 to the present. A period with a much greater-than-normal number of days without precipitation is also noted from about 1910 to the mid-1930s. Warm extremes in mean maximum and minimum temperature observed during the summer and warm seasons show a more pronounced increasing trend since the mid-1970s. Results from the winter season show large variability in extremes and little evidence of a trend. The cold season CEI indicates an increase in extremes since the early 1970s yet has large multidecadal variability.

Estimation of Background Noise for International Monitoring System Seismic Stations

The prototype International Data Centre (IDC) in Arlington, Virginia has been acquiring data from seismic stations at locations designated in the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty for the International Monitoring System (IMS) since the start of 1995. A key characteristic of these stations is their background noise levels and their seasonal and diurnal variability. Since June 1997 an automated sample selection effort has collected over 700,000 individual noise sample spectra from 39 primary and 57 auxiliary stations. Monthly median and 5 and 95 percentile estimates have been calculated for each channel of every station. Compatibility of median spectra obtained for the same station and channel in the same month for two different years confirms the consistency of the noise-sampling algorithm used. A preliminary analysis of the results shows strong (more than a factor of two) seasonal variation at a quarter of all stations. Strong diurnal variations at half of the sites indicate that many of the selected sites are poorly located with respect to cultural noise sources. The results of this study are already being used to evaluate station quality, improve those processes that require background noise values, such as automatic association and requesting auxiliary station data, and to improve the estimation of station and network detection and location thresholds.

GSETT-3: Evaluation of the Detection and Location Capabilities of an Experimental Global Seismic Monitoring System

This article presents the results of the seismological evaluation of the first 18 months (January 1995 to June 1996) of the Group of Scientific Experts third Technical Test (GSETT-3). Performance measures such as completeness, estimates of detection thresholds, and equivalent circle areas as an estimate of location accuracies are obtained by comparing the REB (Reviewed Event Bulletin) of GSETT-3 to global and regional reference bulletins, and also by intrinsic methods. Incremental detection thresholds are stated on the PDE (Preliminary Determination of Epicenter) m b scale: magnitude conversion formulae are derived to convert REB m b and other reference bulletin magnitudes to this scale. At the 90% confidence level, an incremental detection threshold of about m b (PDE) 3.5 or better is attained in northwest Europe and parts of North America, Central Asia, and Australia. Apart from these areas, the threshold is generally around 4.0 in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere it is 4.2 or better in most of South America and northern and equatorial Africa, and between 4.2 and 4.6 in other regions with the highest values being attained in some remote parts of the southern oceans. Still at the 90% confidence level, equivalent circle areas for the m b (PDE) 4–4.5 magnitude range come close to 1,000 km 2 in northern Europe. The global average is about 8,000 km 2 . At the 50% level (the median of all detected events), most northern hemisphere regions have equivalent circle areas at or below 1,000 km 2 , and even in the southern hemisphere 5,000 km 2 are not exceeded. Observed performance is used to calibrate network simulation codes, which allow to interpolate system capabilities over aseismic regions and to extrapolate for the capabilities of the future International Monitoring System (IMS) seismic network. It is concluded that at the 90% confidence level, except in remote ocean areas, a global incremental detection threshold of m b (PDE) 4 and a location accuracy of the order of 1,000 km 2 are attainable with the IMS seismic network. However this will require a full calibration of the network and an optimized usage of the auxiliary station network. New computational methods as well as calibration will help to improve the depth determination.

Centro de investigaciones agrícolas en Saint-Aubin - Fribourg – Suiza

This Centre is made up of different installations, such as: management building, plant protection station, research centre, veterinary station, fodder centre and auxiliary exploitation, farm area, insulation station, entrance and dwellings, mill, slaughterhouse, etc. All the buildings, except the fodder tower, have only one floor —of differing heights— so that all communications are horizontal. The prefabricated reinforced concrete pillars rest on pile foundations and act as a support for the roof parts, which are U-shaped, and achieve cenital lighting and the due stability, as well as providing a characteristic physionomy and distinctive appearance of the whole.

Studies on Water in the Hydration Chamber of a Modified Electron Microscope

Use of the electron microscope to examine wet objects is possible due to the small mass thickness of the equilibrium pressure of water vapor at room temperature. Previous attempts to examine hydrated biological objects and water itself used a chamber consisting of two small apertures sealed by two thin films. Extensive work in our laboratory showed that such films have an 80% failure rate when wet. Using the principle of differential pumping of the microscope column, we can use open apertures in place of thin film windows.Fig. 1 shows the modified Siemens la specimen chamber with the connections to the water supply and the auxiliary pumping station. A mechanical pump is connected to the vapor supply via a 100μ aperture to maintain steady-state conditions.

The Michigan. Pan American Airways Greenland Expedition: Preliminary Results

rT HE University of Michigan-Pan American Airways Greenland Expedition was organized in the spring of 1932 to make certain glaciological investigations and to take part in the Second International Polar Year program. We established our base station on the Upper Nugssuak near the Cornell Glacier in the Upernivik district on the west coast of Greenland (Fig. I), at about latitude 74? I9' N. and longitude 560 o8' W. We planned to carry out the meteorological program of the International Polar Year and also some of the auroral observations. Since we were located in a not too well known part of Greenland, we made some additions to the existing maps, resurveyed Cornell Glacier, which had been mapped in I896 by R. S. Tarr, made the first systematic botanical collection from this area, and conducted special investigations in connection with the study of glaciation. We ran an auxiliary weather station for comparative purposes at the village of Kraulshavn, 30 miles west of our base, and another on the inland ice, about I8o miles in from the front of the ice.