Auxiliary Pair Research Articles

Linearization Technique for Source-Degenerated CMOS Differential Transconductors

A supplementary linearization technique for CMOS differential pairs with resistive source degeneration is proposed. The approach exploits an auxiliary (degenerated) differential pair to drive the bulk terminals of the main pair. Transistor-level simulations on a design using a 0.25-mum process and powered with 2.5 V and 1 mA, show that total harmonic distortion (THD) in the voltage-to-current conversion is decreased by 10 dB (for an input differential signal with a peak amplitude of 0.5 V and for frequencies up to 100 MHz) compared to the traditional source-degenerated transconductor. This THD improvement is achieved with a negligible increase in power consumption.

On the typology of auxiliary selection

This paper extends a previous claim that auxiliary selection in the present perfect of monadic verbs reflects a pattern grounded in lexico-aspectual properties of individual verbs though mediated through their syntax. A novel argument in support of this conclusion is made, based on the cross-contextual typology of auxiliaries, showing that the cross-linguistic distribution of auxiliaries in the present perfect cannot be understood in isolation of other constructions requiring an auxiliary. In particular, it is argued that two sets of constraints restrict the mapping from lexico-aspectual features to a particular auxiliary ( have or be). One set restricts the mapping from lexical-aspectual features to argument structure at the lexicon-syntax interface, the other restricts the mapping from argument structure to the marked member of the auxiliary pair ( have). The analysis succeeds in predicting exactly 15 possible languages or patterns of auxiliary selection with monadic verbs, a variety of which are discussed throughout the paper. While the fundamental syntactic distinction made by the Unaccusative Hypothesis is confirmed by the formal analysis, it is argued that the present perfect imposes restrictions of its own on the argumental status of any verb entering the construction, on a par with constructions such as passives and resultatives.

Nonlinear wave function expansions: A progress report

AbstractSome recent progress is reported for a novel nonlinear expansion form for electronic wave functions. This expansion form is based on spin eigenfunctions using the Graphical Unitary Group Approach and the wave function is expanded in a basis of product functions, allowing application to closed and open shell systems and to ground and excited electronic states. Each product basis function is itself a multiconfigurational expansion that depends on a relatively small number of nonlinear parameters called arc factors. Efficient recursive procedures for the computation of reduced one‐ and two‐particle density matrices, overlap matrix elements, and Hamiltonian matrix elements result in a very efficient computational procedure that is applicable to very large configuration state function (CSF) expansions. A new energy‐based optimization approach is presented based on product function splitting and variational recombination. Convergence of both valence correlation energy and dynamical correlation energy with respect to the product function basis dimension is examined. A wave function analysis approach suitable for very large CSF expansions is presented based on Shavitt graph node density and arc density. Some new closed‐form expressions for various Shavitt Graph and Auxiliary Pair Graph statistics are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007

Spin–orbit interaction with nonlinear wave functions

AbstractThe computation of the spin–orbit interaction is discussed for electronic wave functions expressed in the new nonlinear expansion form. This form is based on spin eigenfunctions using the graphical unitary group approach (GUGA). The nodes of a Shavitt graph in GUGA are connected by arcs, and a Configuration State Function (CSF) is represented as a walk along arcs from the vacuum node to a head node. The wave function is a linear combination of product functions each of which is a linear combination of all CSFs, wherein each CSF coefficient is a product of nonlinear arc factors. When the spin–orbit interaction is included the Shavitt graph is a union of single‐headed Shavitt graphs each with the same total number of electrons and orbitals. Thus spin–orbit Shavitt graphs are multiheaded. For full‐CI multiheaded Shavitt graphs, analytic expressions are presented for the number of walks, the number of nodes, the number of arcs, and the number of node pairs in the associated auxiliary pair graph. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007

Restoring Coefficient Symmetry in Polyphase Implementation of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Polyphase implementation of FIR filters effectively reduces the multiplication rate and data storage in a multirate system. However, the coefficients of the polyphase components are no longer symmetric even though the overall filter has a symmetric (or anti-symmetric) impulse response. In this paper, we introduce a new technique that recasts pairs of the original polyphase components as sums or differences of auxiliary pairs of symmetric and anti-symmetric impulse response filters. The coefficient symmetry of these auxiliary polyphase components can be fully exploited to reduce arithmetic complexity without undue complications. Our new technique makes use of the fact that the impulse responses of the non-symmetric polyphase components exist in time-reversed pairs which can be synthesized from pairs of symmetric and anti-symmetric impulse response filters. This results in a factor-of-two reduction in the number of multipliers required to implement the polyphase components.

QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION USING ENTANGLED STATES

A quantum authentication scheme is presented in this paper. Two parties share Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR) pairs previously as the identification token. They create auxiliary EPR pairs to interact with the identification token. Then the authentication is accomplished by a complete Bell state measurement. This scheme is proved to be secure. If no errors and eavesdroppers exist in the transmission, the identification token is unchanged after the authentication. So it can be reused.

Regulation of the epithelial Ca 2+ channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 by 1α,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D 3 and dietary Ca 2+

Active, transepithelial Ca 2+ transport is a pivotal process in the regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis and consists of three sequential steps: apical Ca 2+ influx, diffusion towards the basolateral membrane and subsequent extrusion into the blood compartment. TRPV5 and TRPV6 (renamed after ECaC1 and ECaC2/CaT1, respectively) constitute the rate-limiting influx step of transepithelial Ca 2+ transport and these highly selective Ca 2+ channels are controlled by several factors. This review focuses on the regulation of TRPV5 and TRPV6 abundance and/or activity by 1α,25-dihydroxyVitamin D 3 (1α,25(OH) 2D 3), dietary Ca 2+ and the auxiliary protein pair S100A10/annexin 2. Finally, the implications for our understanding of transcellular Ca 2+ transport will be discussed.

Experimental realization of freely propagating teleported qubits

Quantum teleportation is central to quantum communication, and plays an important role in a number of quantum computation protocols. Most information-processing applications of quantum teleportation include the subsequent manipulation of the qubit (the teleported photon), so it is highly desirable to have a teleportation procedure resulting in high-quality, freely flying qubits. In our previous teleportation experiment, the teleported qubit had to be detected (and thus destroyed) to verify the success of the procedure. Here we report a teleportation experiment that results in freely propagating individual qubits. The basic idea is to suppress unwanted coincidence detection events by providing the photon to be teleported much less frequently than the auxiliary entangled pair. Therefore, a case of successful teleportation can be identified with high probability without the need actually to detect the teleported photon. The experimental fidelity of our procedure surpasses the theoretical limit required for the implementation of quantum repeaters.

Differences Between Two Alleged Perfects In Korean

This paper provides a systematic semantic account of the auxiliary verb pair a/e noh and a/e twu in Korean, which have been commonly assumed in the literature to express the perfect as synonyms, indicating the event described by their main clause complements has ended. Contrary to this common assumption, this paper argues that a noh is a dynamic event description, focusing on culmination, whereas a twu is static, triggering a presupposition about the causal event. This opposition corresponds to a difference between asserting the completion of an event and asserting a current state resulting from a past event that is presupposed to have already taken place. This paper provides empirical evidence supporting this claim: The two markers are distinguished when embedded in change of state predicates in sentences. In discourse, a noh describes a following/preceding episode, whereas a twu expresses an overlapping state. The semantic differences between the two have been represented formally using the logical tools of Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle (1993)). In DRT, a noh moves the reference time (Rpt) forward, while a twu represents a state preserving the given Rpt.

Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids, Part 13

AbstractInexpensive acryloyl chloride was converted in 91% overall yield to two derivatives of β‐alanine, (R,R,R)‐6 and (R,R,S)‐6, containing two chiral auxiliaries. C‐Alkylation of (R,R,R)‐ and (R,R,S)‐6 via a dianion derivative, was performed by direct metallation with 2.2 equiv. of lithium hexamethyldisilazane (LHMDS) in THF at −78°. C‐Alkylation of (R,R,S)‐6‐Li2 (‘matched' pair of chiral auxiliaries) afforded the mono‐alkylated products 8–11 in 29–96% yield and 54–95% stereoselectivity. Employment of LiCl as an additive generally increased stereoselectivities, whereas the effect of HMPA as a cosolvent was erratic. Chemical correlation of the major diastereoisomer from the alkylation reactions with (S)‐α‐alkyl‐β‐alanine (12–15) showed that addition of the electrophile preferentially takes place on the enolate's Si‐face. This conclusion is also supported by molecular‐modeling studies (ab initio HF/3‐21G), which indicate that the lowest‐energy conformation for (R,R,S)‐6‐Li2 presents the more sterically hindered Re‐face of the enolate. The theoretical studies also predict a determining role for NLiO chelation in (R,R,S)‐6‐Li2, giving rise to an interesting ‘ion‐triplet' configuration for the dilithium dianion.

Spatial point contact kinematics and parallel transport

A point contact kinematic model is developed, using a non-holonomic parameterization first introduced in 1885 by Neumann and Richter. The model is built with two auxiliary pairs of imaginary bodies. Each body carries a coordinate reference frame. By this, one single point pair becomes a serial composite of three pairs, two Levi-Civita and one revolute pair. Convenient, insightful and computationally attractive algebraic expressions are obtained. The approach is general and applicable to any pair of regular, parametric surfaces. Algebra is simplified by the discovery of an intimate relationship between point-contact kinematics and parallel transport of vector fields in the sense of Levi-Civita. A new special motion, Levi-Civita motion, is defined and discussed. The following first- and second-order kinematic properties of Levi-Civita motion are presented: motion screw, motion pitch, Hamilton cylindroid, Sturm theorem, parallelism, Schieldrop-Johnsen vector of non-holonomic deviation, analogy to a rigid body with a fixed point and a kinematic proof of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem of differential geometry.

Deutsche Grammatik--Thema in Variationen: Festschrift fur Hans-Werner Eroms zum 60. Geburtstag (review)

Reviewed by: Deutsche Grammatik—Thema in Variationen: Festschrift für Hans-Werner Eroms zum 60. Geburtstag ed. by Karin Donhauser, Ludwig M. Eichinger John M. Jeep Deutsche Grammatik—Thema in Variationen: Festschrift für Hans-Werner Eroms zum 60. Geburtstag. Ed. by Karin Donhauser and Ludwig M. Eichinger. (Germanistische Bibliothek 1.) Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1998. Pp. iv, 429. In the three decades following his 1968 dissertation (University at Marburg) on the word vreude ‘joy’ in Middle High German, Hans-Werner Eroms (University at Passau) has been extremely productive in a number of linguistic areas including dialectology (especially Bavarian German), syntax, morphology, and the history of linguistics as is evidenced in a listing of his over 170 published monographs, articles, and reviews (411–23). It is fitting that many of the 26 essays (all in German) collected for the occasion of his 60th birthday should reflect and, in some instances, explicitly refer to a fair part of Eroms’s own philological contributions. Fifteen of the papers are subsumed under the rubric ‘Grammatical theory and the grammar of present-day German’, the remaining eleven fall under the heading ‘History of the language and an historical grammar of German’. Even in the light of these admittedly broad descriptors, the papers collected here cover quite a wide range of topics. Roughly one-third of the essays deal in some fashion with syntax, extending along the language timeline from Old High German—Rosemarie Lühr on ‘generalizing’ relative clauses (263–81) and Karin Donhauser on negation, (283–98) to the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard, who died in 1989. Syntactic topics addressed include pronoun placement, relative clauses in head position, and the pragmatics of relative clauses. [End Page 193] Among topics of a (perhaps) somewhat broader nature, Gerhard Helbig (121–36) discusses the terminology of German sentence types (Satzarten), concluding that the intricate complexities of formal and functional categories are co-determined by pragmatic components (Satzmodi). Hans Jürgen Heringer (235–43) returns to the writings of the neogrammarian Hermann Paul and his use of the notion of evolution. The first essay in this handsome volume, Jean-Marie Zemb’s ‘Von einem Grammatiker, der auszog, das Definieren zu lernen’ (3–20), is an engaging, wide-ranging, and challenging discourse on a medley of linguistic topics past and present, including Aristotle’s ‘Categories’, the recent German orthography (including punctuation) reform, and treatment of ‘sentences’ by the experts at Duden publishers (Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim). Anyone who doubts that linguistic discourse can be engaging, even entertaining, should read (and reread) Zemb. In a historical study, Theo Vennemann (‘Germania semitica’, 245–61) presents evidence of significant influence of Semitic on the (West) Germanic family of languages, specifically via the etymology of terms related to English plough, play, furrow, farrow, folk, flock and two Proto-Germanic etymons, *felh-‘to hide, bury’ and *folg-‘to follow’. More recent corpora investigated in the essays include Low German charters (thirteenth-sixteenth century, ‘to do’ as auxiliary), a Parish Book from Gebenbach in Bavaria (1418–1437, dialect features), a letter by Sebastian Brant (1502), a novel by Grimmelshausen (1669, ‘to do’ as auxiliary), and a Finnish translation of Günther Grass’s tale ‘Unkenrufe’ (1992). The auxiliary verb tun ‘to do’ is the object of three studies while one paper investigates current usage of scheinen ‘to appear’ as a quasi-modal verb. Bavarian German is the object of analyses of verb-initial declarative sentences, the particle auch ‘too, also, etc.’, and the use of ‘Northern German’ Januar/‘Southern German’ Jänner ‘January’ in Passau by Hermann Scheuringer (389–97). Jean-François Marillier (21–34) discusses the interplay of morphological and syntactic aspects of the German perfect auxiliary pair haben/sein ‘to have’/‘to be’ + participle (cf. English She has arrived/Christ is risen). Textlinguistics is practiced by Klaus Brinker (191–202), who analyzes a sermon broadcast on radio in 1990. Franz Simmler (299–335) analyzes the ninth-century bilingual Latin-Old High German Tatian manuscript from St. Gall (Switzerland), a socalled Gospel Harmony, or Synopsis of the Life of...

Recovery of entanglement lost in entanglement manipulation

When an entangled state is transformed into another one with probability one by local operations and classical communication, the quantity of entanglement decreases. This Letter shows that entanglement lost in the manipulation can be partially recovered by an auxiliary entangled pair. As an application, a maximally entangled pair can be obtained from two partially entangled pairs with probability one. Finally, this recovery scheme reveals a fundamental property of entanglement relevant to the existence of incomparable states.

On the integrable geometry of soliton equations and $N=2$ supersymmetric gauge theories

We provide a unified construction of the symplectic forms which arise in the solution of both N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories and soliton equations. Their phase spaces are Jacobian-type bundles over the leaves of a foliation in a universal configuration space. On one hand, imbedded into finite-gap solutions of soliton equations, these symplectic forms assume explicit expressions in terms of the auxiliary Lax pair, expressions which generalize the well-known Gardner-Faddeev-Zakharov bracket for KdV to a vast class of 2D integrable models; on the other hand, they determine completely the effective Lagrangian and BPS spectrum when the leaves are identified with the moduli space of vacua of an N=2 supersymmetric gauge theory. For SU($N_c$) with $N_f\leq N_c+1$ flavors, the spectral curves we obtain this way agree with the ones derived by Hanany and Oz and others from physical considerations.

ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Radical Cyclization Induced by a Matched Pair of Chiral Auxiliaries: Synthesis of a Chiral 1β‐Methylcarbapenem Key Intermediate.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Asymmetric Radical Cyclization Induced by a Matched Pair of Chiral Auxiliaries: Synthesis of a Chiral 1β-Methylcarbapenem Key Intermediate

Asymmetric Radical Cyclization Induced by a Matched Pair of Chiral Auxiliaries: Synthesis of a Chiral 1β-Methylcarbapenem Key Intermediate

Mathematical boundary integral equation analysis of an embedded shell under dynamic excitations

AbstractA boundary integral equation method is presented for the analysis of a thin cylindrical shell embedded in an elastic half‐space under axisymmetric excitations. By virtue of a set of ring‐load Green's functions for the shell and a group of dynamic fundamental solutions for the semi‐infinite medium, the structure–medium interaction problem of wave propagation is shown to be reducible to a set of coupled boundary integral equations. Through the analysis of an auxiliary pair of Cauchy integral equations, the singularities of the contact stress distributions arc rendered explicit. With a direct incorporation of such analytical features into the formulation, an effective computational procedure is developed which involves an interpolation of regular functions only. Typical results for the dynamic contact load distributions, displacements, and complex compliance functions are included as illustrations. In addition to furnishing quantities of direct engineering interest, this treatment is apt to be useful as a foundation for further rigorous as well as approximate developments for various related physical problems and boundary integral methods.

Passive ambience recovery system for the reproduction of sound

A multi-channel stereophonic system in which different audio signals are produced and caused to converge upon a listening site in an enclosure at selectively spaced time intervals so as to enhance the realism of the sound impressed upon the listener. A first pair of auxiliary speakers are arranged in front of and above a pair of conventional main speakers with one of the auxiliary speakers facing the ceiling of the enclosure. Signals are transmitted from an amplifier in selected phase relationship to each of the auxiliary speakers, the sound produced at least by each of the first pair of auxiliary speakers being selectively reflected off of sound-reflective surfaces in order to physically separate the added sound produced by the auxiliary speakers from the conventional stereo speakers. One of the speakers of the first pair of auxiliary speakers is connected out-of-phase to the amplifier while the other speaker is connected in phase. A second pair of auxiliary speakers are arranged behind the ideal listening site facing a rear wall of the enclosure. One of the speakers of the second auxiliary pair is connected out-of-phase to the amplifier while the other speaker of the second auxiliary pair is connected in phase.

Multiple-Bridge Circuits for Measurement of Small Changes in Resistance

In the multiple-bridge circuit, first-order effects of random resistance variations occurring at the junctions of a Wheatstone bridge are eliminated by an extension of Kelvin's method, which involves adding an auxiliary resistor pair at each bridge corner at which the variations occur. The remaining second-order error, and the effects of thermals, are evaluated. The multiple-bridge technique makes possible precise resistance comparisons, and the accurate measurement of small changes in resistance of an element that is connected through switch contacts, or brushes and sliprings. Some numerical design data are given. Elaborations of the basic circuit, and typical applications, including measurements with resistance strain gauges, are described.

On Professor Whittaker's solution of differential equations by definite integrals: Part I

In the preceding paper Professor Whittaker has given a general method for the solution of differential equations by means of definite integrals. It depends on finding a solution χ (q, Q) of an auxiliary pair of simultaneous partial differential equations to be derived from an arbitrary contact transformation by changing the momentum variables into differential operators. The first object of the present paper is to arrive at a method for passing from the contact transformation in its algebraic form to these partial differential equations, in a manner which is unambiguous and which makes them compatible. We show too how to obtain any number of such, pairs of equations from any given contact transformation. Successive transformations are also discussed.