Auxiliary Forces Research Articles

Polish Auxiliary Forces and their Law Academic Scripts at the University Camp in Grangeneuve/Fribourg

The soldiers of the 2nd Division of Rifle Infantry interned in Switzerland in the years 1940–1945 were offered an opportunity to undertake studies on the grounds of cooperation between war camps and Swiss academies. Among the study programs organized at the University Camp in Grangeneuve/Fribourg were studies in law. Their syllabus included subjects taught at the University of Fribourg and provided for lectures on Polish law. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the role that the law academic scripts (course materials) played in the camp. The article includes a brief explanation of what the scripts were and outlines the origin of the series entitled Scripts of University Lectures in Grangeneuve, later Fribourg – La Chassotte (Skrypty wykładów uniwersyteckich w Grangeneuve). They were authored, to a large degree, by soldiers themselves, together with pre-war academics based on Polish universities, graduates in law and practitioners of law. An excellent illustration of their involvement can be the script written in the winter of 1941 by Jan Świda, related to the basic institutions of Swiss inheritance law. The content of this work and the way it was prepared will be compared with the scripts created by Aleksander Mełeń and Wacław Petsch, printed in the same year.

Ergonomic Design and Performance Evaluation of H-Suit for Human Walking.

A soft exoskeleton for the hip flexion, named H-Suit, is developed to improve the walking endurance of lower limbs, delay muscle fatigue and reduce the activation level of hip flexors. Based on the kinematics and biomechanics of the hip joints, the ergonomic design of the H-Suit system is clearly presented and the prototype was developed. The profile of the auxiliary forces is planned in the auxiliary range where the forces start at the minimum hip angle, reach the maximum (120 N) and end at 90% of each gait cycle. The desired displacements of the traction unit which consist of the natural and elastic displacements of the steel cables are obtained by the experimental method. An assistance strategy is proposed to track the profile of the auxiliary forces by dynamically adjusting the compensation displacement Lc and the hold time Δt. The influences of the variables Lc and Δt on the natural gaits and auxiliary forces have been revealed and analyzed. The real profile of the auxiliary forces can be obtained and is consistent with the theoretical one by the proposed assistance strategy. The H-Suit without the drive unit has little effect on the EMG signal of the lower limbs. In the powered condition, the H-Suit can delay the muscle fatigue of the lower limbs. The average rectified value (ARV) slope decreases and the median frequency (MNF) slope increases significantly. Wearing the H-Suit resulted in a significant reduction of the vastus lateralis effort, averaged over subjects and walking speeds, of 13.3 ± 2.1% (p = 2 × 10−5).

Influencing factors of children\u2019s physical activity in family

BackgroundChildren's physical activity (PA) is an important guarantee for children's physical and mental health. Influencing factors of children's PA in family is related to the healthy growth of children and the happy life of families.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of influencing factors of children's PA in family. Parents whose children in 15 kindergartens(i.e., children are aged from 3 to 6 years) were sampled.ResultsGovernment had a significant negative impact on parents’ perceived risks. Community has a significant positive effect on parents’ perceived benefits and a significant negative effect on parents’ perceived risks. Kindergarten has a significant positive effect on parents’ perceived benefits, but has no significant effect on the parents’ perceived risks. Children sports club has a significant positive effect on parents’ perceived benefits. Parents’ perceived benefits has a significant positive impact on children's PA in family, while perceived risks has a significant negative impact.ConclusionGovernment should play a leading role in the development of children's PA in family. Community provides supplementary support. Kindergarten is the key point of developing children's PA in family. Children sports club is the auxiliary force of children's PA in family.

A deep learning strategy for EMG-based joint position prediction in hip exoskeleton assistive robots

The exoskeleton robots for the lower limb can help meet the necessary hip joint force to rehabilitate people with movement disorders. This paper proposes a deep learning strategy using electromyography (EMG) signals to predict the human hip joint position and to determine the exoskeleton robot’s necessary auxiliary force at the next step. For this purpose, the EMG signals, force-sensing resistor (FSR), load cell, waist angle with inertial measurement unit (IMU), and hip joint position when walking at speeds of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.85 m/s for seven healthy individuals are recorded. After the initial preprocessing and extraction of the EMG features, deep neural networks are used in two stages. First, the position of the hip joints is estimated by a convolutional neural network. Second, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is presented to predict the future hip position. The trained networks are then placed in an impedance control loop, which controls the robot online towards the predicted joint trajectory. Experiments have also been performed to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed position estimation and prediction algorithm. Results indicate that using the predicted position by the proposed deep strategy reduces the controller error and leads to better synchronization of the exoskeleton robot with its human user, reducing/supporting the required human effort in walking.

Turkish Paramilitaries during the Conflict with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party PKK

This paper focuses on how the paramilitary organisations of the Turkish state have transformed and been used over time as a ‘useful’ tool against dissidents, especially the Kurds. Paramilitary groups have been one of the main actors in the war between the Turkish state and the PKK, which has been ongoing for nearly forty years. These groups have sometimes been used as auxiliary forces and at other times made into death squads operating alongside the official armed forces, and they have mainly been used against Kurdish civilians who allegedly support the PKK, especially at the height of the war in unsolved murders, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings since the 1980. In this article, I argue that the Turkish state elites use this apparatus not only in domestic politics but also in conflicts in the Middle East and the Caucasus and that this paramilitary tradition of the state even extends to western Europe.

Terrorists and freedom fighters : Arrow Cross Party militias, "Ragged Guard" and "KISKA" auxiliary forces in Hungary (1938–1945)

This study analyzes the correlations of three Hungarian right-wing organizations between 1938 and 1945 focusing on a political party (Arrow Cross Party), a paramilitary unit ("Ragged Guard") and a military auxiliary force (KISKA). After clarifying the meaning of key-word racialism, the paper aims to show the origins, the similarities, the differences, and the transitions of these organizations interpreting their connections to political violence and their different approaches to the German-led "New Europe".

Существовала ли «империя печенегов» в степях между Трансильванией и Нижним Доном?

The attempts by some researchers to present “The Pechenegia” mentioned by Konstantin Porphyrogenitus as a nomadic empire seem purely speculative. The Pechenegs were fragmented into separate tribes, which persisted for the entire period of their residence in the European steppes. They had neither supreme leader nor developed ethnic identity nor imperial thinking. They failed to organize a single devastating invasion by the joint military forces of all the tribes. Instead, their neighboring sovereigns used some of their militia as an auxiliary force to fight their opponents.

The Maintenance of Law and Order in the China–Vietnam Borderlands During the French Colonial Period (1896–1940)

The item about border between China and Vietnam is not just a contemporary issue. Its building and its story takes its roots in the past and the colonial period played a major role. This article aims to analyse how the French colonial administration tried to keep order on the Tonkin border. First, the structure of the maintenance of law and order along the border is analysed to better understand how these diverse borderlands areas with a harsh climate and a multi-ethnic population resulted in many issues, giving birth to the challenges of law and order on border. Then, dynamics of cross border criminal activities are studied. The authority of these isolated French colonial troops in the borderlands is usually fragile. In front of this situation, the author will question the colonial administrations response against the threat of cross border criminality. Military actions and police operations are mixed and order and law is kept thanks to an auxiliary force made up of local populations, the partisans, that is the real backbone to maintain law and order in the borderlands.

The Development and Impact of Hong Taiji’s Artillery Corps (1631–1643)

Abstract This study retraces the development of the Later Jin/Qing artillery corps between 1631 and 1642, examines the factors that led to its success, and evaluates its military and socio-political impact. The newly established artillery corps, under the direction of the talented Hong Taiji, learned effectively from its participation in sieges and developed the relevant military knowledge. By 1642, it had turned from an auxiliary force into a full-fledged unit that played a decisive role in siege warfare. The success of the Qing artillery corps greatly facilitated the Qing conquest of China (1644–1683). Moreover, the military performance of the artillery corps in the time period led to the multiple expansions and the ultimate institutionalization of the Han Eight Banner Army (baqi Hanjun).

A Case Study of the Career Development and Growth Path of "Craftsmen of the Nation"

The object of the present study is Lu Kaizhong, a highly skilled talent of the Shanghai Construction Engineering Foundation Group. The present study combines the case study and grounded theory,using first-hand data from in-depth interviews and other second-hand data, and aims to analyze Lu Kaizhong’s growth path and competency, and reveal a cultivation support system for Lu Kaizhong’s career development. The results show the following: As a "Craftsmen of the Nation," Lu Kaizhong’s growth path has had three stages, from working for himself, to working for the enterprise, and eventually to working for society. In the initial stage, he studies hard and accumulates experience. In the growth stage, he innovates and sticks to his ingenuity. In the mature stage, he plays a leading role and pursues excellence. Lu Kaizhong’s competence includes learning and development, sense of responsibility, dedication, enterprising, troubleshooting, innovation, and training.The cultivation support system for Lu Kaizhong's career development is formed by the driving force of individual competency, the traction force of the social environment, the impetus of enterprises, and the auxiliary force of colleges and universities.

The Many Lives and Afterlives of Khaim Sygal: Borderland Identities and Violence in Wartime Ukraine

ABSTRACT At first glance, the dark mid-century wartime odyssey of Khaim Sygal, a simple Jewish schoolteacher from L’viv, appears as a horrible, but fascinating, historical oddity. Sygal served as a Soviet policeman from 1939 to 1941, transformed himself into a Ukrainian during the war, served in a Ukrainian nationalist militia, and ultimately, participated in the Holocaust alongside the Germans as an auxiliary police force member in Volhynia. After the war, he morphed into a Polish Jew and Holocaust victim before being arrested, tried, and executed in 1953 by the Soviets. Sygal’s story first garnered attention in the late 1970s, and, since then, commentators from the Soviet Union to post-Soviet Ukraine to contemporary North America have been drawn to his case for its exceptional character. This article provides a new account of Sygal’s biography and then dissects and analyzes various interlocking narratives about Sygal. In the process, I demonstrate how these narratives have been used to advance political goals and intentionally obfuscate the truth about Sygal’s complicated past, and I show how untangling these narratives provides a lens into historical, as well as contemporary understandings of the Nazi occupation of Eastern Europe.

A Fênix Tupiniquim: as (re)invenções da Polícia Militar (1809-1936)

Tendo como tema a história das Polícias Militares brasileiras, a partir do estudo das ligações entre a história do Exército Brasileiro (EB), da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PMERJ) e da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo (PMESP), o presente artigo questiona história oficial sobre a fundação dessas corporações no século XIX e o senso comum de que foram criadas durante o período da Ditadura Militar no Brasil (1964-1985). O estudo faz uso da noção de processos históricos de Thompson e da ideia de longa duração da Braudel. Para tal, foram analisados diversos tipos de fontes que evidenciaram o processo histórico de formação dessas corporações, suas imbricações com a história do EB e as permanências e mudanças ao longo dos anos. O artigo conclui que as corporações criadas no século XIX para o serviço de policiamento na Corte e na cidade de São Paulo, marcadas por atuações truculentas, após a Revolução de 1930, aliaram-se a alguns oficiais do EB e, como uma espécie de fênix, reinventaram-se visando sobreviverem à extinção iminente. Com isso, durante a era Vargas, transformaram-se em um novo tipo de corporação: a Polícia Militar, força reserva e auxiliar do EB. Esse resultado demonstrou como determinadas instituições sobrevivem ao processo histórico, por meio de mecanismos como a adaptação e a reinvenção.

The role of intra-abdominal pressure in human testicular migration.

ABSTRACTObjectives:This review aims to study the role of the abdominal wall in testicular migration process during the human fetal period.Materials and Methods:We performed a descriptive review of the literature about the role of the abdominal wall in testicular migration during the human fetal period.Results:The rise in intra-abdominal pressure is a supporting factor for testicular migration. This process has two phases: the abdominal and the inguinal-scrotal stages. The passage of the testis through the inguinal canal occurs very quickly between 21 and 25 WPC. Bilateral cryptorchidism in Prune Belly syndrome is explained by the impaired contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall; mechanical obstruction due to bladder distention and structural alteration of the inguinal canal, which hampers the passage of the testis during the inguinoscrotal stage of testicular migration. Abdominal wall defects as gastroschisis and omphaloceles are associated with undescended testes in around 30 to 40% of the cases.Conclusions:Abdominal pressure wound is an auxiliary force in testicular migration. Patients with abdominal wall defects are associated with undescendend testis in more than 30% of the cases probably due to mechanical factors; the Prune Belly Syndrome has anatomical changes in the anterior abdominal wall that hinder the increase of intra-abdominal pressure which could be the cause of cryptorchidism in this syndrome.

Intelligent wearable device of auxiliary force using fuzzy-Bayesian backpropagation control

Labor force is gradually becoming insufficient owing to the aging population. The quality and safety of workforces are increasingly important, and thus, a set of intelligent wearable devices that assist the transport of loads by laborers, provide auxiliary standing support, and prevent falls were designed in this study. By applying an auxiliary force to the knee joint externally, an intelligent wearable device saves labor and reduces the burden on this joint, thereby protecting it. This study utilizes a Bayesian backpropagation algorithm for intelligent control. The intelligent wearable device provides the most suitable velocity and torsion depending on the initial driving torsion of the user by a Bayesian backpropagation algorithm based on the current angle position, velocity, and torsion load of the device motor, thereby achieving an intelligent control effect of auxiliary standing support. A triaxial accelerometer is utilized to sense a fall and prevent it by a so-called fuzzy-Bayesian backpropagation control (FBC). Eventually, this study successfully designed and manufactured an intelligent wearable device by the FBC method. For a single motor control, two knee auxiliary devices can generate a torsion of 18.6 Nm. For dual motor control, two knee auxiliary devices can generate a torsion of 43.2 Nm. Thus, the laborers can not only perform their work efficiently and safely but also reduce costs and raise the working market competitiveness.

Протоколы совещаний начальников участков Красногородского района как источник по изучению нацистской оккупации Калининской области. 1941-1944 гг.

The article is to study the everyday life of the Soviet population under the Nazi occupation as it remains insufficiently studied yet. One of the author’s tasks is to introduce new sources into scientific use. The study reveals informative capabilities of documents on governance in the occupied territory using microhistorical approach and involving methods of text data analysis. The article reviews minutes of meetings of the staff of civil administration of the Krasnogorodsk region chaired by the German commandant. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War the region was a part of the Kalinin region; in 1941–44 it was under occupation. Then the German commandant was chief representative of the authorities in the region. The staff of the regional administration and its chief (including chiefs of the districts and villages) followed his directions. The districts more or less corresponded to village soviets. The meetings of the commandant with the administration staff were held regularly. The records of meetings found by the author in the fonds of the Velikiye Luki department of the State Archives of the Pskov Region date back to early 1943. The data analysis of the documents suggests that most often discussed issues were administrative and civil order matters, for instance, functions of military and civil administration and forms of their interaction. The job duties and powers of different civil administration staff and their requirements were often clarified, as well as regulations for getting passports and collecting data on population composition and various aspects of the region’s economic life. Much attention was paid to arrangement and implementation of agricultural work, the most difficult matter was lack of draught animals. Deadlines and terms for obligatory delivery of agricultural products were constantly reiterated. Issues related to the social sphere: bread rationing, accommodation of refugees, orphans, and homeless children, their provision with food supplies were mentioned. There are rare references to schools and hospitals mentioning the shortage of funds for their reconstruction and heating. At the meetings ideological work with the attendees was carried out, resulting in moral and material rewards for those who collaborated with Nazis. The commandant constantly reminded of the necessity for recruitment of reliable persons to auxiliary forces and warfare units. Thus, the study of the records shows that top-priority tasks of the invaders were maintaining order and supplying resources to the German army.

DOMITIAN’S DACIAN WAR

Domitian, who was one of the most vilified Roman emperors, had suffered damnatio memoriae by the senate after his assassination in 96. The condemnation of senate sympathizer authors such as Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio overshadowed many of Domitian’s accomplishments, including the Dacian campaign. Despite initial setbacks in 86 and 87, Domitian managed to push the invading Dacians into the Dacian territory and even approached to the Dacian capital in 88. However, the Saturninus revolt and instability in the Chatti and Pannonia in 89 prevented Domitian focusing on the Dacia region. The peace treaty which stopped the Dacian incursions, without annexing the Dacian territory is consistent with Domitian’s non-expansionist imperial policy. This peace treaty stabilized a hostile area and turned Dacia a client kingdom. After dealing with various threats, in his final years, he strengthened the auxiliary forces in Dacia, stabilizing the Dacian frontier. Domitian’s these new endeavors opened the way of the area’s total subjugation by Trajan in 106.

Militarização das polícias e doutrina de segurança nacional no contexto do combate ao inimigo interno no Brasil (1969-1970)

This study aims to analyze the influence of the National Security Doctrine on the militarization of Brazilian police between 1969-1970. During the military dictatorship, there were developments in the interpretation of who is the “internal enemy” for the State. That interpretation could have impact on the militarization of Brazilian police. The São Paulo State Public Force militarization model became the central reference of analysis in this paper because it’s one of the main practical laboratories for the institutionalization of the National Security Doctrine in the highlighted period. In order to achieve the objectives, the historical-legal investigation focused on primary sources (documents and reports produced at the time) and secondary sources (academic and doctrinal works, in dialogue with institutions and legislation). The institutional changes in the military police triggered by the military regime's internal security plans and guidelines were linked to the practices of State agents within an apparatus considered authoritarian, managed exclusively by the Armed Forces, without control by the institutions and the population. The transition from dictatorship to democracy has not been able to activate institutional reforms in the structure of military policies, especially for the demilitarization of the police as auxiliary forces of the Armed Forces.

Ordering self-assembly structures via intermolecular BrS interactions.

Recent research studies have shown that the halogenated benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (DTBDT) unit as a polymer donor exhibits high charge carrier mobility due to the well-ordered molecular packing and high crystallinity, which is meaningful for achieving highly efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). However, it is difficult to acquire the accurate packing information of polymer materials. Herein, we investigated the self-assembled behaviors of two DTBDT derivatives, 4,8-bis(4-octadecylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (H-DTBDT) and 4,8-bis(5-bromo-4-octadecylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (Br-DTBDT), to elucidate the effect of introducing a bromine atom on molecular packing structures by STM at the 1-phenyloctane/HOPG interface. It is observed that the H-DTBDT molecules exhibit a random arrangement along each lamella, while the Br-DTBDT molecules self-assemble into a highly ordered lamellar structure. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis combined with the topological properties of the electron density at the bond critical points revealed that the existence of weak intermolecular interactions of BrS facilitates the regular packing motif of Br-DTBDT molecules. The results helped us to understand that the BrS bond generally acted as the auxiliary force and can play the primary role in the construction of supramolecular nanostructures.

When guns govern public health: Examining the implications of the militarised COVID-19 pandemic response for democratisation and human rights in Uganda

The article is premised on the hypothesis that the Uganda Peoples' Defence Force (UPDF) and the attendant auxiliary forces are not an ideal force for domestic deployment in contending with public health pandemics such as COVID-19. The UPDF has been the main architectural tool that has been deployed by the National Resistance Movement party, a former guerilla movement, to perpetuate militarisation in the country for the past 30 years. The conduct, power, authority and prominent position accorded to the UPDF in the management of COVID-19 and the enforcement of the prevention measures laid bare this reality. Thus, unlike in other jurisdictions where the militaries were deployed because of their superior capability to adapt and provide extra and immediate professional services to support the civilian authorities, in Uganda this deployment was different. It was informed by the long-held and widely-documented belief by the President of Uganda, Museveni, that the UPDF, which developed from his personal guerrilla army of the National Resistance Army (NRA), only holds a legitimate vision for the country and is far more reliable. The COVID-19 pandemic, therefore, was an opportunity to continue the deliberate build-up and normalisation of the infiltration of the military in what have hitherto been spheres of operation for the civil and public servants. Thus, a critical question arises as to whether the primary motivation factor for the UPDF deployment was political, to accentuate the presidency of Museveni in power through militarisation. The question is also whether any positive harvests from the deployment of the military in the fight against COVID-19 were unintended consequences and, if they did materialise, how they were used to further glorify the centrality of the military in dealing with societal crises, further entrenching militarism. The article concludes with some recommendations emphasising the need for accountability - more so, parliamentary oversight in the deployment of the military in such situations to counter a breach of rights and freedoms. Additionally, this would check the current trend of the executive having the exclusive power to deploy the military, making it susceptible to hijacking and eventual politicisation and militarisation.

Detection of Participation and Training Task Difficulty Applied to the Multi-Sensor Systems of Rehabilitation Robots.

In the process of rehabilitation training for stroke patients, the rehabilitation effect is positively affected by how much physical activity the patients take part in. Most of the signals used to measure the patients’ participation are EMG signals or oxygen consumption, which increase the cost and the complexity of the robotic device. In this work, we design a multi-sensor system robot with torque and six-dimensional force sensors to gauge the patients’ participation in training. By establishing the static equation of the mechanical leg, the man–machine interaction force of the patient can be accurately extracted. Using the impedance model, the auxiliary force training mode is established, and the difficulty of the target task is changed by adjusting the K value of auxiliary force. Participation models with three intensities were developed offline using support vector machines, for which the C and σ parameters are optimized by the hybrid quantum particle swarm optimization and support vector machines (Hybrid QPSO-SVM) algorithm. An experimental statistical analysis was conducted on ten volunteers’ motion representation in different training tasks, which are divided into three stages: over-challenge, challenge, less challenge, by choosing characteristic quantities with significant differences among the various difficulty task stages, as a training set for the support vector machines (SVM). Experimental results from 12 volunteers, with tasks conducted on the lower limb rehabilitation robot LLR-II show that the rehabilitation robot can accurately predict patient participation and training task difficulty. The prediction accuracy reflects the superiority of the Hybrid QPSO-SVM algorithm.