Auxiliary Enzymes Research Articles

Molecular Profiling of Rice Straw Degradability Discrepancy in Stropharia rugosoannulata Core Germplasm.

The rice-S. rugosoannulata pattern is a rapidly growing agricultural practice for straw disposal and mushroom production in China. However, different S. rugosoannulata strains show a large variation in rice straw degradability. Here, we constructed a core collection of S. rugosoannulata containing 14 strains with rich genetic diversity. The molecular profiling of the lignocellulose degradability discrepancy of S. rugosoannulata strains was then explored using enzyme activity assays and transcriptome analysis. The results indicated that mycelial growth rate, lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, and rice straw degradability differed widely among the S. rugosoannulata core strains. The genes encoding lignin modifying and degrading auxiliary enzymes, oxidases, glycoside hydrolases, and detoxification proteins were differentially expressed between two representative S. rugosoannulata strains, resulting in differences in their lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and further causing differences in lignocellulose degradability. This study is useful to improve the production efficiency of S. rugosoannulata and promote the recycling of rice straw.

Targeting Plasmodium falciparum IspD in the Methyl-d-erythritol Phosphate Pathway: Urea-Based Compounds with Nanomolar Potency on Target and Low-Micromolar Whole-Cell Activity.

The methyl-d-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway has emerged as an interesting target in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. The pathway is essential in many human pathogens, including Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), but is absent in human cells. In the present study, we report on the discovery of a new chemical class targeting IspD, the third enzyme in the pathway. Exploration of the structure-activity relationship yielded inhibitors with potency in the low-nanomolar range. Moreover, we investigated the whole-cell activity, mode of inhibition, metabolic, and plasma stability of this compound class, and conducted in vivo pharmacokinetic profiling on selected compounds. Lastly, we disclosed a new mass spectrometry (MS)-based enzymatic assay for direct IspD activity determination, circumventing the need for auxiliary enzymes. In summary, we have identified a readily synthesizable compound class, demonstrating excellent activity and a promising profile, positioning it as a valuable tool compound for advancing research on IspD.

Taguchi-assisted multi-response improved simultaneous nanocellulose and sugar production from microcrystalline cellulose derived from raw oil palm leaves

Enzymatic treatment on lignocellulosic biomass has become a trend in preparing nanocellulose (NC), but the process must be optimized to guarantee high production yield and crystallinity. This study offers insights into an innovative protocol using cultivated fungal cellulase and xylanase to improve NC production from raw oil palm leaves (OPL) using five-factor-four-level Taguchi orthogonal design for optimizing parameters, namely substrate and enzyme loading, surfactant concentration, incubation temperature and time. Statistical results revealed the best condition for producing NC (66.06 % crystallinity, 43.59 % yield) required 10 % (w/v) substrate, 1 % (v/v) enzyme, 1.4 % (w/v) Tween-80, with 72-h incubation at 30 °C. Likewise, the highest sugar yield (47.07 %) was obtained using 2.5 % (w/v) substrate, 2.0 % (v/v) enzyme, 2.0 % (w/v) Tween-80, with 72-h incubation at 60 °C. The auxiliary enzymes used in this study, i.e., xylanase, produced higher crystallinity NC, showing widths between 8 and 12 nm and lengths >1 μm and sugars at 47.07 % yield. Thus, our findings proved that optimizing the single-step enzymatic hydrolysis of raw OPL could satisfactorily produce relatively crystalline NC and sugar yield for further transformation into bio-nanocomposites and biofuels. This study presented a simple, innovative protocol for NC synthesis showing characteristics comparable to the traditionally-prepared NC, which is vital for material's commercialization.

Toward the point-of-care testing of alkaline phosphatase in human serum

This work addresses challenges of simple but reliable determination of enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in μL-sized serum samples. The single-tube assay and plate-based immunoassay were developed by using a commercial glucose test strip (GTS) to transduce analytical signal from the ALP + glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) reaction. The glucose released from G6P contributed to the flow of anodic charge Q20s through GTS. The interferences from serum matrix including those from native glucose were eliminated by devising a signal ΔQ20s = Q20s (total) – Q20s (matrix). The ΔQ20s was proportional to ALP activity within a linear range of 7.4–720 IU L−1 for assay (R2, 0.995) and 10–300 IU L−1 for immunoassay (R2, 0.983), which far exceeded a normal clinical range for ALP in adult human serum (30–150 IU L−1). Both methods required no auxiliary enzymes or labels, and were accurate (93–99 % signal recovery) and precise (RSD ≤10%). The assay was a simpler option because it required only one 20-min incubation step to determine ALP. The immunoassay involved three steps but it was still less laborious (by ∼70%) than a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of ALP due to the substitution of ELISA detection antibody with GTS. The GTS-G6P-based methods bring ALP testing closer to the point-of-care locations, which is important considering the growing role of ALP as a prophylactic, therapeutic, and anti-inflammatory agent, and a marker of human diseases.

Transcriptional and secretome analysis of Rasamsonia emersonii lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases

The current study is the first to describe the temporal and differential transcriptional expression of two lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) genes of Rasamsonia emersonii in response to various carbon sources. The mass spectrometry based secretome analysis of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) expression in response to different carbon sources showed varying levels of LPMOs (AA9), AA3, AA7, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes pointing toward the redox-interplay between the LPMOs and auxiliary enzymes. Moreover, it was observed that cello-oligosaccharides have a negative impact on the expression of LPMOs, which has not been highlighted in previous reports. The LPMO1 (30 kDa) and LPMO2 (47 kDa), cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris, were catalytically active with (kcat/Km) of 6.6×10-2 mg-1 ml min-1 and 1.8×10-2 mg-1 ml min-1 against Avicel, respectively. The mass spectrometry of hydrolysis products of Avicel/carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) showed presence of C1/C4 oxidized oligosaccharides indicating them to be Type 3 LPMOs. The 3D structural analysis of LPMO1 and LPMO2 revealed distinct arrangements of conserved catalytic residues at their active site. The developed enzyme cocktails consisting of cellulase from R. emersonii mutant M36 supplemented with recombinant LPMO1/LPMO2 resulted in significantly enhanced saccharification of steam/acid pretreated unwashed rice straw slurry from PRAJ industries (Pune, India). The current work indicates that LPMO1 and LPMO2 are catalytically efficient and have a high degree of thermostability, emphasizing their usefulness in improving benchmark enzyme cocktail performance.Key points• Mass spectrometry depicts subtle interactions between LPMOs and auxiliary enzymes.• Cello-oligosaccharides strongly downregulated the LPMO1 expression.• Developed LPMO cocktails showed superior hydrolysis in comparison to CellicCTec3.

Functionalized Polysaccharides Improve Sensitivity of Tyramide/Peroxidase Proximity Labeling Assays through Electrostatic Interactions.

High-throughput assays that efficiently link genotype and phenotype with high fidelity are key to successful enzyme engineering campaigns. Among these assays, the tyramide/peroxidase proximity labeling method converts the product of an enzymatic reaction of a surface expressed enzyme to a highly reactive fluorescent radical, which labels the cell surface. In this context, maintaining the proximity of the readout reagents to the cell surface is crucial to prevent crosstalk and ensure that short-lived radical species react before diffusing away. Here, we investigated improvements in tyramide/peroxidase proximity labeling for enzyme screening. We modified chitosan (Cs) chains with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and evaluated the effects of these conjugates on the efficiency of proximity labeling reactions on yeast cells displaying d-amino acid oxidase. By tethering HRP to chitosan through different chemical approaches, we localized the auxiliary enzyme close to the cell surface and enhanced the sensitivity of tyramide-peroxidase labeling reactions. We found that immobilizing HRP onto chitosan through a 5 kDa PEG linker improved labeling sensitivity by over 3.5-fold for substrates processed with a low turnover rate (e.g., d-lysine), while the sensitivity of the labeling for high activity substrates (e.g., d-alanine) was enhanced by over 0.6-fold. Such improvements in labeling efficiency broaden the range of enzymes and conditions that can be studied and screened by tyramide/peroxidase proximity labeling.

Microcalorimetry as a tool in enzymatic kinetics research

Enzymes, as biocatalysts, are an important target of many therapies and are also of great industrial importance, which is why repeatable and accurate parameterization of enzymatic catalysis is very important. The most popular spectrophotometric detection method in enzymology, despite its low cost and speed, often cannot be used directly due to the inappropriate spectral properties of substrates and products. It is then necessary to use auxiliary enzymes, chemical modification of substrates or post-reaction analysis, which may increase the cost of measurement, extend its time or affect the accuracy. Isothermal titration calorimetry is a method widely used mainly for the characterization of inter-molecular interactions, however, its use in enzyme kinetics is gaining more and more recognition due to the direct measurement of the reaction rate using the universal parameter of heat, high sensitivity and low reagent consumption. This work discusses two strategies for conducting a kinetic calorimetric experiment and their applications.

Exploring class III cellobiose dehydrogenase: sequence analysis and optimized recombinant expression

BackgroundCellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase with multiple functions in plant biomass degradation. Its primary function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) facilitates the efficient depolymerization of cellulose, hemicelluloses and other carbohydrate-based polymers. The synergistic action of CDH and LPMO that supports biomass-degrading hydrolases holds significant promise to harness renewable resources for the production of biofuels, chemicals, and modified materials in an environmentally sustainable manner. While previous phylogenetic analyses have identified four distinct classes of CDHs, only class I and II have been biochemically characterized so far.ResultsFollowing a comprehensive database search aimed at identifying CDH sequences belonging to the so far uncharacterized class III for subsequent expression and biochemical characterization, we have curated an extensive compilation of putative CDH amino acid sequences. A sequence similarity network analysis was used to cluster them into the four distinct CDH classes. A total of 1237 sequences encoding putative class III CDHs were extracted from the network and used for phylogenetic analyses. The obtained phylogenetic tree was used to guide the selection of 11 cdhIII genes for recombinant expression in Komagataella phaffii. A small-scale expression screening procedure identified a promising cdhIII gene originating from the plant pathogen Fusarium solani (FsCDH), which was selected for expression optimization by signal peptide shuffling and subsequent production in a 5-L bioreactor. The purified FsCDH exhibits a UV-Vis spectrum and enzymatic activity similar to other characterized CDH classes.ConclusionThe successful production and functional characterization of FsCDH proved that class III CDHs are catalytical active enzymes resembling the key properties of class I and class II CDHs. A detailed biochemical characterization based on the established expression and purification strategy can provide new insights into the evolutionary process shaping CDHs and leading to their differentiation into the four distinct classes. The findings have the potential to broaden our understanding of the biocatalytic application of CDH and LPMO for the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides.

Genome and secretome insights: unravelling the lignocellulolytic potential of Myceliophthora verrucosa for enhanced hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.

Lignocellulolytic enzymes from a novel Myceliophthora verrucosa (5DR) strain was found to potentiate the efficacy of benchmark cellulase during saccharification of acid/alkali treated bagasse by ~ 2.24 fold, indicating it to be an important source of auxiliary enzymes. The De-novo sequencing and analysis of M. verrucosa genome (31.7Mb) revealed to encode for 7989 putative genes, representing a wide array of CAZymes (366) with a high proportions of auxiliary activity (AA) genes (76). The LC/MS QTOF based secretome analysis of M. verrucosa showed high abundance of glycosyl hydrolases and AA proteins with cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) (AA8), being the most prominent auxiliary protein. A gene coding for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) was expressed in Pichia pastoris and CDH produced by M. verrucosa culture on rice straw based solidified medium were purified and characterized. The mass spectrometry of LPMO catalyzed hydrolytic products of avicel showed the release of both C1/C4 oxidized products, indicating it to be type-3. The lignocellulolytic cocktail comprising of in-house cellulase produced by Aspergillus allahabadii strain spiked with LPMO & CDH exhibited enhanced and better hydrolysis of mild alkali deacetylated (MAD) and unwashed acid pretreated rice straw slurry (UWAP), when compared to Cellic CTec3 at high substrate loading rate.

A sequential bioconversion-purification process to produce high purity xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from Nothophagus pumilio sawdust wastes

Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is an ongoing technology in which the best raw material, catalyst, and reaction conditions remain unclear. This study proposed a three-step sequential operation to produce prebiotic Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) Nothophagus pumillio sawdust. First, a commercial (Enzeco Xylanase S) and recombinant (GtXyl10A) xylanase were evaluated in XOS production from pre-extracted xylan. Then, the effect of auxiliary enzyme addition (α-glucuronidase) was evaluated in xylan hydrolysis, and finally, XOS were purified by three steps of membrane filtrations: an ultrafiltration (UF) followed by two nanofiltrations (NF). From the above, XOS production yield reach 333 [mgxos∙gxylan−1] of highly purified XOS (95 %) when the process was carried out without auxiliary enzyme addition and 473 [mgxos∙gxylan−1] of 96 % purified XOS when auxiliary enzyme was added, resulting in an improvement of the XOS production yield in 42 %.This shows the feasibility to produce high purity prebiotics from sawdust wastes of the forestry industry.

Unravel the Supremacy of Klebsiella variicola over Native Microbial Strains for Aroma-Enhancing Compound Production in Reconstituted Tobacco Concentrate through Metagenomic Analysis.

Sensory attributes strongly influence consumers' preferences for products. The inoculation of the Klebsiella variicola H8 strain in a reconstituted tobacco leaf concentrate (RTLC) solution increased neutral aroma-enhancing compound (NAEC) production by 45%, decreased the nicotine level by 25%, decreased the water-soluble total sugar content by ~36%, and improved the sensory quality by 5.71%. The production of NAECs such as dihydrokiwi lactone (DHKL: 192.86%), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene (THTMN: 177.77%), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP: 25%), 4-oxoisofolkone (OIFK: 116.66%,) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyn-3-ol (HDD: 116.67%), β-damastrone (BDS: 116.67), and megastigmatrienone A (MSTA: 116.67%) was increased. A metagenomics analysis of the microbial community in the fermented RTLC (FRTLC) was performed to elucidate the mechanism by which NAECs were produced. As a result, 24 groups of functional genes were identified, and among them, five families of carbohydrate-active enzymes, (i) glycoside hydrolase (GH), (ii) glycosyltransferase (GT), (iii) polysaccharide lyase (PL), (iv) carbohydrate esterase (CE), and (v) auxiliary active enzyme (AA), were found to be positively correlated with the production of NAECs. However, among the GHs, the GHs annotated from the H8 strain chromosome displayed the highest relative abundance and a positive correlation with the production of NAECs. Specifically, the GH13-14, GH13-20, GH13-38, GH13-25, GH13-10, GH42, and GH28 genes of the H8 strain were relatively more abundant and were key contributors to the production of NAECs. The correlation analyses revealed that the H8 strain plays a leading role among all the microorganisms in FRTLC in the production of NAECs. Our findings support the application of Klebsiella variicola in NAEC production and a reduction in nicotine content in tobacco products.

Synthesis of Chiral Sulfoxides by A Cyclic Oxidation-Reduction Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Biocatalysis.

Optically pure sulfoxides are valuable organosulfur compounds extensively employed in medicinal and organic synthesis. In this study, we present a biocatalytic oxidation-reduction cascade system designed for the preparation of enantiopure sulfoxides. The system involves the cooperation of a low-enantioselective chimeric oxidase SMO (styrene monooxygenase) with a high-enantioselective reductase MsrA (methionine sulfoxide reductase A), facilitating "non-selective oxidation and selective reduction" cycles for prochiral sulfide oxidation. The regeneration of requisite cofactors for MsrA and SMO was achieved via a cascade catalysis process involving three auxiliary enzymes, sustained by cost-effective D-glucose. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a series of heteroaryl alkyl, aryl alkyl and dialkyl sulfoxides in R configuration were synthesized through this "one-pot, one step" cascade reaction. The obtained compounds exhibited high yields of >90 % and demonstrated enantiomeric excess (ee) values exceeding 90 %. This study represents an unconventional and efficient biocatalytic way in utilizing the low-enantioselective oxidase for the synthesis of enantiopure sulfoxides.

Bioprospecting CAZymes repertoire of Aspergillus fumigatus for eco-friendly value-added transformations of agro-forest biomass

BackgroundValorizing waste residues is crucial to reaching sustainable development goals and shifting from a linear fossil-based economy to a circular economy. Fungal cell factories, due to their versatility and robustness, are instrumental in driving the bio-transformation of waste residues. The present work isolated a potent strain, i.e., Aspergillus fumigatus (ZS_AF), from an ancient Złoty Stok gold mine, which showcased distinctive capabilities for efficient hydrolytic enzyme production from lignocellulosic wastes.ResultsThe present study optimized hydrolytic enzyme production (cellulases, xylanases, and β-glucosidases) from pine sawdust (PSD) via solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus fumigatus (ZS_AF). The optimization, using response surface methodology (RSM), produced a twofold increase with maximal yields of 119.41 IU/gds for CMCase, 1232.23 IU/gds for xylanase, 63.19 IU/gds for β-glucosidase, and 31.08 IU/gds for FPase. The secretome profiling validated the pivotal role of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and auxiliary enzymes in biomass valorization. A total of 77% of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were constituted by glycoside hydrolases (66%), carbohydrate esterases (9%), auxiliary activities (3%), and polysaccharide lyases (3%). The saccharification of pretreated wheat straw and PSD generated high reducing sugar yields of 675.36 mg/g and 410.15 mg/g, respectively.ConclusionThese findings highlight the significance of an efficient, synergistic, and cost-effective arsenal of fungal enzymes for lignocellulosic waste valorization and their potential to contribute to waste-to-wealth creation through solid-waste management. The utilization of Aspergillus fumigatus (ZS_AF) from an unconventional origin and optimization strategies embodies an innovative approach that holds the potential to propel current waste valorization methods forward, directing the paradigm toward improved efficiency and sustainability.

Heterologous expression and enzymatic characteristics of sulfatase from Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1.

Barley, rich in bioactive components including dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds and functional proteins, exhibits health benefits such as regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Previous studies have found that the content and composition of free phenolic acids in barley may be significantly changed by fermentation with the laboratory patented strain Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 (L. p dy-1), but the mechanism of enzymatic release of phenolic acid remains to be elucidated. Based on this, this study aimed to identify the key enzyme in L. p dy-1 responsible for releasing the bound phenolic acid and to further analyze its enzymatic properties. The Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes database revealed that L. p dy-1 encodes 7 types of auxiliary enzymes, among which we have identified a membrane sulfatase. The enzyme gene LPMS05445 was heterologous to that expressed in E. coli, and a recombinant strain was induced to produce the target protein and purified. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was about 59.9 kDa, with 578.21 U mg-1 enzyme activity. The optimal temperature and pH for LPMS05445 expression were 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis by LPMS05445 can obviously change the surface microstructure of dietary fiber from barley bran and enhance the release of bound phenolic acid, thereby increasing the free phenolic acid content and improving its physiological function. In conclusion, sulfatase produced by Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 plays a key role in releasing bound phenolic acids during the fermentation of barley.

CARBOHYDRASES – 50 YEARS OF RESEARCH AT THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENZYMOLOGY OF LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

The review describes the history of the development of research on carbohydrasеs conducted at the Department of Chemical Enzymology from the mid-1970s to the present. The results concerning the study of the mechanism and kinetics of the processes of enzymatic conversion of cellulose and renewable plant raw materials under the action of a multi-enzyme cellulases complexes; the role of individual components of these complexes - basic (endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases) and auxiliary enzymes (polysaccharide monooxygenase, β-glucosidase, xylanase) and their synergistic interaction. The features of using reactors of various designs for bioconversion of plant raw materials are described: periodic type, continuous column type, reactor for hydrolysis in a constant electric field, reactor with intensive mixing by ferromagnetic particles in magnetic field. The possibilities of increasing the reactivity of plant raw materials using various pretreatment methods, as well as the influence of the structural and physico-chemical properties of cellulose on the efficiency of its enzymatic conversion are discussed. Data on the creation of highly active strains of microscopic fungi-producers of cellulases and other carbohydrases using methods of induced mutagenesis - Trichoderma (Hypocrea), Penicillium (Talaromyces), Aspergillus, Chrysosporium (Myceliophtora) spp., as well as data on the composition of the enzyme complexes produced by them and the properties of the enzymes forming them are presented. It describes the creation of expression systems based on P. canescens and P. verruculosum and the production of recombinant producer strains with their help, which made it possible to obtain enzyme preparations (EP) that ensure high efficiency of bioconversion processes of plant raw materials, as well as to create producers of a wide range of carbohydrases for practical use in various fields of industry and agriculture. A number of industrially important EP obtained using the P. verruculosum expression system are currently being produced at the Agroferment LLC plant.

Development of a new method of improving the oxidase‐based biosensors′ analytical characteristics by adding catalase as an auxiliary enzyme

AbstractThis research investigated the possibility of using the method of adding an additional enzyme to a monoenzyme oxidase‐based biosensor to improve the biosensor's analytical characteristics. Namely, the catalase (CAT) was used to better saturate the biomembrane with oxygen for the best glucose oxidase (GOx) performance. For this purpose, two different biosensors were created – based on one enzyme (GOx) and two (GOx and CAT). To create a bioselective membrane, the method of covalent binding in vapors of glutaraldehyde was used. The method of coimmobilization of catalase (CAT) and glucose oxidase (GOx) enzymes, as well as the concentration of enzymes in the mixture, was chosen in the work. The stability of the biosensor functioning, i. e. the repeatability during measurements and the reproducibility of the biosensors’ preparation, were investigated. Analytical characteristics of the proposed biosensor were studied in comparison with a monoenzyme biosensor based on glucose oxidase only. It was shown that the addition of catalase as an auxiliary enzyme significantly improves the analytical characteristics of the biosensor, in particular, the sensitivity, the repeatability of the measurement results, and the limits of the linear and dynamic ranges of operation. The developed method can be successfully used to optimize conductometric enzyme biosensors based on oxidases.

Construction of an artificial phosphoketolase pathway that efficiently catabolizes multiple carbon sources to acetyl-CoA.

The canonical glycolysis pathway is responsible for converting glucose into 2 molecules of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) through a cascade of 11 biochemical reactions. Here, we have designed and constructed an artificial phosphoketolase (APK) pathway, which consists of only 3 types of biochemical reactions. The core enzyme in this pathway is phosphoketolase, while phosphatase and isomerase act as auxiliary enzymes. The APK pathway has the potential to achieve a 100% carbon yield to acetyl-CoA from any monosaccharide by integrating a one-carbon condensation reaction. We tested the APK pathway in vitro, demonstrating that it could efficiently catabolize typical C1-C6 carbohydrates to acetyl-CoA with yields ranging from 83% to 95%. Furthermore, we engineered Escherichia coli stain capable of growth utilizing APK pathway when glycerol act as a carbon source. This novel catabolic pathway holds promising route for future biomanufacturing and offering a stoichiometric production platform using multiple carbon sources.

Whole-Cell PVA Cryogel-Immobilized Microbial Consortium LE-C1 for Xanthan Depolymerization

Xanthan is an extracellular heteropolysaccharide produced by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. Due to its unique properties, the polysaccharide and its derivatives are widely used in many industries, from food to biomedicine and oil production, that demands an efficient xanthan depolymerization method to adapt this polysaccharide for various applications. Unlike the known chemical approaches, biological methods are considered to be more environmentally friendly and less energy intensive. In laboratory conditions, we have isolated a bacterial community capable of reducing the xanthan viscosity. Identification of the individual isolates in the microbial community and their testing resulted in the consortium LE-C1, consisting of two microorganisms Paenibacillus phytohabitans KG5 and Cellulosimicrobium cellulans KG3. The specific activities of the overall xanthanase and auxiliary enzymes that may be involved in the xanthan depolymerization were as follows: xanthanase, 19.6 ± 0.6 U/g; β-glucosidase, 3.4 ± 0.1 U/g; α-mannosidase, 68.0 ± 2.0 U/g; β-mannosidase, 0.40 ± 0.01 U/g; endo-glucanase, 4.0 ± 0.1 U/g; and xanthan lyase, 2.20 ± 0.07 U/mg. In order to increase the efficiency of xanthan biodegradation, the LE-C1 whole cells were immobilized in a poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel. The resulting regenerative biocatalyst was able to complete xanthan depolymerization within 40 cycles without loss of activity or degradation of the matrix.

Self-assembled multienzyme complex facilitates synthesis of glucosylglycerol from maltodextrin and glycerol.

Compound 2-O-α-d-glucosylglycerol (2αGG) naturally serves as a compatible osmolyte in acclimation to environmental stresses, such as high osmolarity, dryness, and extreme temperature. It presents several bioactivities and has been used in the food, agriculture, and cosmetics areas. In the present study, we attempted to synthesize the 2αGG from low-cost maltodextrin and glycerol by constructing an in vitro multi-enzyme system. The system contained two core enzymes, namely glucan phosphorylases (GPs) and glucosylglycerol phosphorylases (GGPs), and two auxiliary enzymes, namely isoamylase and 4-α-glucanotransferase. Several new GGPs from different organisms were characterized with the function of converting α-G1P and glycerol to sole stereo-configuration product 2αGG. Then, polypeptide SpyTag-SpyCatcher was employed to construct a self-assembled multienzyme complex, and different combinations between enzymes and peptides were constructed and tested. The best self-assembled multienzyme complex exhibited three-fold higher productivity compared to that of free enzyme. This reaction system also produced 240 mm (61 g L-1 ) 2αGG under high substrate concentration, with a conversion yield of 86%. The present study provides an efficient approach for producing 2αGG. It also demonstrates that the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system could be applied to construct other multienzyme complexes for increased productivity and product titer. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Resolving domain positions of cellobiose dehydrogenase by small angle X-ray scattering.

The interdomain electron transfer (IET) between the catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and the electron-transferring cytochrome domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) plays an essential role in biocatalysis, biosensors and biofuel cells, as well as in its natural function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. We investigated the mobility of the cytochrome and dehydrogenase domains of CDH, which is hypothesised to limit IET in solution by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum (syn. Crassicarpon hotsonii, syn. Thermothelomyces myriococcoides) was probed by SAXS to study the CDH mobility at different pH and in the presence of divalent cations. By comparison of the experimental SAXS data, using pair-distance distribution functions and Kratky plots, we show an increase in CDH mobility at higher pH, indicating alterations of domain mobility. To further visualise CDH movement in solution, we performed SAXS-based multistate modelling. Glycan structures present on CDH partially masked the resulting SAXS shapes, we diminished these effects by deglycosylation and studied the effect of glycoforms by modelling. The modelling shows that with increasing pH, the cytochrome domain adopts a more flexible state with significant separation from the dehydrogenase domain. On the contrary, the presence of calcium ions decreases the mobility of the cytochrome domain. Experimental SAXS data, multistate modelling and previously reported kinetic data show how pH and divalent ions impact the closed state necessary for the IET governed by the movement of the CDH cytochrome domain.