Auxiliary Conditions Research Articles

Free evolution in the Ginzburg-Landau equation and other complex diffusion equations

Abstract New ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the evolution of spectral components are derived from the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLe) for one-dimensional spatial domains without boundaries (free evolution) and with one fixed boundary (semi-free evolution). For such evolution, a complex or imaginary diffusion term creates a tendency for waves to lengthen. This requires a novel ansatz and auxiliary condition that treat wavenumbers as time-varying. The ansatz consists of a discrete spatial Fourier transform modified with a time-dependent wavenumber for the peak spectral component. The wavenumbers of the other components are fixed relative to this wavenumber. The new auxiliary condition is the terminal condition for complex diffusion (after wavenumbers evolve to zero, they remain at zero). The derived free and semi-free ODEs are solved along characteristic lines located symmetrically about a fixed spatial point. Waves lengthen with time away from this point in both directions. Laboratory experiments on the formation of channel sandbars, theoretically described by the CGLe, show two regions whose evolutionary behaviour is qualitatively predicted by the free and semi-free evolution equations. This analysis applies to other time-dependent partial differential equations with complex or imaginary diffusion terms. New freely evolving solutions are derived for the complex heat equation and Schrödinger equation (linear and nonlinear).

Free convective flow of Ostwald-de Waele fluid in a Π-shaped cavity with heated strip and lateral wall cooling

This paper studies the free convection of Ostwald-de Waele fluid in a Π-shaped chamber with a Π-shaped heated strip at the lower mid-section. The upper wall and the remaining sections of the lower wall are thermally insulated, while the lateral walls are maintained at a low temperature. The primary objective is to identify the optimal power-law index (n) and the geometric configurations of the strip that yield enhanced heat transfer. Furthermore, the impact of Rayleigh number (Ra) on the thermal performance of the cavity in that optimum condition is to be investigated. The Galerkin finite element approach has been employed to resolve the governing equations and auxiliary conditions. Within the study, the power-law index of the Ostwald-de Waele fluid has been systematically varied (0.6 ≤ n ≤ 1.4). At the same time, the variations in the non-dimensional height (0.1 ≤ ζ ≤ 0.5) and width (0.1 ≤ ε ≤ 0.3) of the heated strip have been explored. The results show improved thermal performance with a growth in Rayleigh number, particularly when n < 1. The average Nussetl number for n = 0.6 at Ra = 106 is approximately 14 % higher than for n = 1.4. The findings further indicate an increment of 35 % in the heat transfer rate when the height of the strip decreases from 0.5 to 0.1. This investigation provides valuable insights into the natural convection phenomena of Ostwald-de Waele fluid in complex geometries, paving the way for advanced thermal management techniques in various engineering applications.

Advanced earth grid monitoring for HV network safety compliance

ABSTRACT Electrical energy is a critical component for human comfort, but mismanagement of this energy can lead to human injury and even fatalities. High voltage safety compliance hinges on the presence of an adequate earthing system within the infrastructure. Various factors influence the effectiveness of the earthing system, including soil resistivity in the surrounding area and the availability of auxiliary paths for fault currents. Weather conditions, changes in the surrounding environment, and alterations within the high-voltage network significantly impact these elements. Any modifications to the auxiliary path conditions can have severe consequences on the network’s safety compliance. The current industry practice lacks continuous monitoring of the earth grid and fault current paths, with no provision for frequent current injection tests on the entire earth grid system. To close the existing gap, this paper proposes a novel approach through the introduction of an Earthing IoT Monitoring system. This system enables network owners to monitor safety compliance across the entire network, identify fault current return paths, and pinpoint any necessary preventive maintenance measures. The paper also delves into the crucial roles played by soil resistivity and split factors in the earthing system domain. A case study is included to support the innovative nature of the proposed system.

Annular Newtonian Poiseuille flow with pressure-dependent wall slip

We investigate the effect of pressure-dependent wall slip on the steady Newtonian annular Poiseuille flow employing Navier’s slip law with a slip parameter that varies exponentially with pressure. The dimensionless governing equations and accompanying auxiliary conditions are solved analytically up to second order by implementing a regular perturbation scheme in terms of the small dimensionless pressure-dependence slip parameter. An explicit formula for the average pressure drop, required to maintain a constant volumetric flowrate, is also derived. This is suitably post-processed by applying a convergence acceleration technique to increase the accuracy of the original perturbation series. The effects of pressure-dependent wall slip are more pronounced when wall slip is weak. However, as the slip coefficient increases, these effects are moderated and eventually eliminated as the perfect slip case is approached. The results show that the average pressure drop remains practically constant until the Reynolds number becomes sufficiently large. It is worth noting that all phenomena associated with pressure-dependent wall slip are amplified as the annular gap is reduced.

Recent progress of JT-60SA project toward plasma operation

Abstract Superconducting tokamak JT-60SA plays an essential role in fusion research and development by supporting and complementing ITER project, providing directions to the DEMO design activity and fostering next generation scientists and engineers. Since the incident of the Equilibrium Field coil #1 during the Integrated Commissioning (IC) in March 2021, both EU and JA Implementing agencies (IAs) have examined how to ensure safety operation of JT-60SA by mitigating the risk of possible discharge occurrence inside the cryostat. Based on the experience of the Global Paschen tests, the IAs have established a strategy of risk mitigation measures, which is a combination of (i) reinforcement of insulation, (ii) avoiding unnecessary voltage application to the coil systems and (iii) immediate de-energization of the coils when deteriorated vacuum condition is detected. Thanks to the considerable efforts of the Integrated Project Team (IPT) members, the IC restarted in May 2023. After the confirmation of superconducting state of coil systems (TF, EF and CS), the coil energization test and the plasma operation (OP-1) starts. The first plasma was successfully achieved on 23 October 2023 with a limited value of applied voltage and current to the coils. The plasma configuration control will be also confirmed with low plasma current and low auxiliary heating power conditions. Based on the IO-F4E-QST collaboration, activities of JT-60SA have been shared with the IO and provided an important lesson learned for ITER assembly and commissioning, and will provide an outstanding contribution to fusion research at large. After OP-1, Maintenance &amp; Enhancement phase 1 (M/E-1) starts from January 2024, in which in-vessel components are installed, and heating system and diagnostic system are extensively upgraded to allow high power heating experiment planned in OP-2. In order to make the best use of JT-60SA, newly organized JT-60SA experiment team will refine the research plan in the future high heating power operation phase.

Wright’s First-Order Logic of Strict Finitism

AbstractA classical reconstruction of Wright’s first-order logic of strict finitism is presented. Strict finitism is a constructive standpoint of mathematics that is more restrictive than intuitionism. Wright sketched the semantics of said logic in Wright (Realism, Meaning and Truth, chap 4, 2nd edition in 1993. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, Cambridge, pp.107–75, 1982), in his strict finitistic metatheory. Yamada (J Philos Log. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-022-09698-w, 2023) proposed, as its classical reconstruction, a propositional logic of strict finitism under an auxiliary condition that makes the logic correspond with intuitionistic propositional logic. In this paper, we extend the propositional logic to a first-order logic that does not assume the condition. We will provide a sound and complete pair of a Kripke-style semantics and a natural deduction system, and show that if the condition is imposed, then the logic exhibits natural extensions of Yamada (2023)’s results.

Research on transformer fault diagnosis method based on ACGAN and CGWO-LSSVM

This paper proposes a transformer fault diagnosis method based on ACGAN and CGWO-LSSVM to address the problem of misjudgment and low diagnostic accuracy caused by the small number and uneven distribution of some fault samples in transformer fault diagnosis. Firstly, generate adversarial networks through auxiliary classification conditions, The ACGAN method expands a small and imbalanced number of samples to obtain balanced and expanded data; Secondly, the non coding ratio method is used to construct the characteristics of dissolved gases in oil, and kernel principal component analysis is used, KPCA method for feature fusion; Finally, using the improved cubic gray wolf optimization algorithm, CGWO for least square support vector machines, optimize the parameters of the LSSVM model and construct a transformer fault diagnosis model. The results show that the proposed method has a low false alarm rate and a diagnostic accuracy of 97.66%, compared to IGOA-LSSVM the IChOA-LSSVM and PSO-LSSVM methods improved accuracy by 0.12, 1.76, and 2.58%, respectively. This method has been proven to solve the problems of misjudgment and low diagnostic accuracy caused by small sample sizes and uneven distribution. It is suitable for multi classification fault diagnosis of transformer imbalanced datasets and is superior to other methods.

ANALYSIS SEQUENTIAL FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCES AND RELATED MONOTONICITY RESULTS

This paper employs the monotonicity analysis for non-negativity to derive a class of sequential fractional backward differences of Riemann–Liouville type [Formula: see text] based on a certain subspace in the parameter space [Formula: see text]. Auxiliary and restriction conditions are included in the monotonicity results obtained in this paper and they confirm the monotonicity of the function on [Formula: see text]. A non-monotonicity result is also established based on the main conditions together with further dual conditions, and this confirms that the main theorem is almost sharp. Furthermore, we recast the dual conditions in a sing condition, and then we represent the sharpness result in a new corollary. Finally, numerical results via MATLAB software are used to illustrate the main mathematical results for some special cases.

Interfacial conditioning in physics informed neural networks

Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) have effectively demonstrated the ability to approximate the solutions of a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) by embedding the governing equations and auxiliary conditions directly into the loss function using automatic differentiation. Despite demonstrating potential across diverse applications, PINNs have encountered challenges in accurately predicting solutions for time-dependent problems. In response, this study presents a novel methodology aimed at enhancing the predictive capability of PINNs for time-dependent scenarios. Our approach involves dividing the temporal domain into multiple subdomains and employing an adaptive weighting strategy at the initial condition and at the interfaces between these subdomains. By employing such interfacial conditioning in physics informed neural networks (IcPINN), we have solved several unsteady PDEs (e.g., Allen–Cahn equation, advection equation, Korteweg–De Vries equation, Cahn–Hilliard equation, and Navier–Stokes equations) and conducted a comparative analysis with numerical results. The results have demonstrated that IcPINN was successful in obtaining highly accurate results in each case without the need for using any labeled data.

The use of Cauchy-type singular integrals over neighboring intervals to compute induced slip in displaced faults

We present expressions to compute the inverse of a Cauchy-type singular integral equation representing the relation between a double-peaked Coulomb stress in a fault or fracture and the resulting slip gradient in two distinct collinear slip patches. In particular we consider a situation where the patches are close enough to account for the influence of the slip gradient in one patch on the slip-induced shear stress in the other patch and vice versa. This situation can occur during depletion-induced or injection-induced fault slip in subsurface reservoirs for, e.g., natural gas production, hydrogen or CO2 storage, or geothermal operations. The theory for a single slip patch is well-developed but the situation is less clear for a configuration with two patches although the monographs of Muskhelishvili (1953) and Weertman (1996) provide earlier results. We show that the general inverse solution for the coupled two-patch problem requires six auxiliary conditions to ensure six physical requirements: boundedness of the slip gradient at the four end points of the slip patches and vanishing of the integrals of the slip gradient over the patches. Mathematically, the presence of two additional conditions, as compared to earlier formulations, corresponds to two undetermined coefficients in the general solution of the governing integral equation. Numerical simulation confirms that at least one of these is always non-zero in the coupled situation. For a coupled double-patch case with a symmetric pre-slip Coulomb stress pattern, the general inverse solution requires three auxiliary conditions. Moreover the conditions for the asymmetric case may be reduced to a set of four again, but these are different from the sets of four obtained earlier by Muskhelishvili (1953) and Weertman (1996). We illustrate the theory with a numerical example in which the evaluation of the Cauchy integrals is performed with a modified version of augmented Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature that relies on analytical inversion.

Analisis Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Kepuasan Kerja pada Industri Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik

Positive sentiments and satisfaction experienced by an individual about their job are reflected in their job satisfaction. Due to the shifted variables affecting work fulfillment among people, organizational administration must pay extraordinary consideration. The reason for this investigation is to recognize factors affecting job satisfaction among workers within the control era industry, especially within the Suralaya PGU Work Unit. Inspecting was conducted utilizing a purposive examining strategy including the cooperation of 205 respondents. Essential information was obtained through the utilization of surveys, and the Auxiliary Condition Modeling Fractional Slightest Squares (SEM PLS) method was utilized to analyze the information. The discoveries of this inquiry demonstrate that motivation and work fulfillment play a positive part in representative execution, whereas the work environment encompasses a positive effect on the level of work fulfillment. In any case, the work environment does not essentially impact representative execution, and inspiration does not have a significant effect on the level of work fulfillment. Furthermore, it was found that the level of work satisfaction can be a critical go-between within the relationship between the work environment and representative execution but does not play a critical intervening part in the relationship between inspiration and worker execution. The results of this research, it is expected to contribute significantly to human resource development and employee performance improvement, providing a valuable foundation for organizational management policies.

Investigation of Performance Degradation and Control Strategies of PEMFC under Three Typical Operating Conditions

Accelerated durability test methods exist for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, there is no standardized method for estimating their lifetime. Moreover, the coupling degradation mechanism under typical automotive conditions remains obscure, severely hindering durability improvement. The present study investigated the degradation behavior and the mechanism and control strategies under three typical operating conditions. The dynamic load rate should not exceed 150 mA cm−2 s−1 to ensure proper response times and voltage decay rates. The continuous runtime should not exceed 5 h to cater for longer operations with a slow rate of voltage decay. For the purge strategy during the shutdown condition, the auxiliary load purge condition had a lower voltage decay rate, which can significantly reduce the unnecessary attenuation during the shutdown. After characterization with electrochemical test methods, the degradation mechanism under three typical operating conditions was mainly manifested by the attenuation of catalytic activity and the impairment of mass transfer capacity. Furthermore, this study further clarified the quantitative relationship between degradation mechanism and performance decline, guiding the optimization of actual on-board control strategies for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Influence of a Built-in Finned Trombe Wall on the Indoor Thermal Environment in Cold Regions

This study focuses on energy conservation, reducing the amount of energy consumed to heat a room, and decreasing the intensity of carbon emissions. The research object is a room heated by a floor with a built-in finned Trombe wall (TW) located in Lanzhou, Gansu Province. ANSYS software was employed to conduct a simulation study on parameters such as fin height, transverse spacing, longitudinal spacing, arrangement mode, and fin apex angle. The simulation results were used to determine the fin parameters’ thermal impact on the TW’s thermal performance, including with respect to a room’s thermal environment (TE). The results show that the heat transfer performance of a TW with respect to the thermal environment of a room is the greatest when the height of the heat-absorbing surface is 20 mm, the transverse spacing is 0.20 m, the longitudinal spacing is 0.533 m, and in-line 90° top-angle fins, that is, isosceles right triangle fins, are used. The average Nu number of the fin-type TW is 154.75. Compared with the average Nu number of the finless TW, which is 141.43, the average Nu number increases by 13.32 due to the addition of fins. The optimized fin-type TW has 7.77% higher convective heat supply efficiency than the finless TW. Although the PMV-PPD results of the two TW-type rooms are not very different, the comfort period of the fin-type TW room is longer. At the same time, the LPD3 of the non-finned TW and the finned TW rooms is less than 10%, the wind speed at the head and ankle is less than 0.12 m/s, the air gust sensation is not strong, and the thermal comfort is good, indicating that the addition of fins is beneficial to the improvement of indoor thermal comfort. Compared to standard rooms, finless TW rooms and fin-type TW rooms have energy-saving rates of 36.38% and 44.63%, respectively. Thus, fin-type TW rooms’ energy saving rate is 8.25% higher, resulting in effective savings in heating energy consumption. Therefore, the indoor TE and auxiliary heating conditions are improved, and the integration of solar building technology can be facilitated, which offers significant reference value for energy transformation.

Model-Based Extreme Weather Data for Predicting the Performance of Buildings Entirely Conditioned by Ambient Energy

Abstract This study reports the development of extreme meteorological year (XMY) data for simulating buildings that are heated and cooled entirely by ambient energy in four climates varying in outdoor temperature and cloudiness. Electrification of conventional buildings is insufficient to meet climate goals since nearly half of U.S. electricity will still be produced from fossil fuels by 2050. Ambient-conditioned buildings depend on non-fossil sources such as the sun for heating and nighttime air or sky radiation for cooling. Such buildings are more susceptible to weather variability than conventional buildings, which simply use more auxiliary energy whenever weather conditions are challenging. On the other hand, ambient-conditioned buildings are more resilient to power outages so long as the design accounts for unusual weather during extreme years to consistently maintain indoor comfort. Ambient-conditioned buildings designed to remain comfortable with typical meteorological year (TMY2020) data produced up to over 1000 h per year of uncomfortable indoor temperature during the years (1998–2020) from which the TMY was derived. Parameters related to outdoor air temperature, sky temperature, and insolation were found to be unreliable for identifying the most challenging years. Rather, a whole-building model allowed the identification of the two most challenging years for heating and cooling, respectively. An XMY file concatenated from the most challenging summer and the most challenging winter provided a good match of indoor temperature predictions to those from the full individual years. This new XMY file facilitates the design of ambient-conditioned buildings for reliable indoor comfort.

On robust boundary treatments for wall‐modeled LES with high‐order discontinuous finite element methods

SummaryTo robustly and accurately simulate wall‐bounded turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers, we propose suitable boundary treatments for wall‐modeled large‐eddy simulation (WMLES) coupled with a high‐order flux reconstruction (FR) method. First, we show the need to impose an auxiliary boundary condition on auxiliary variables (solution gradients) that are commonly introduced in high‐order discontinuous finite element methods (DFEMs). Auxiliary boundary conditions are introduced in WMLES, where the grid resolution is too coarse to resolve the inner layer of a turbulent boundary layer. Another boundary treatment to further enhance stability with under‐resolved grids, is the use of a modal filter only in the wall‐normal direction of wall‐adjacent cells to remove the oscillations. A grid convergence study of turbulent channel flow with a high Reynolds number () shows that the present WMLES framework accurately predicts velocity profiles, Reynolds shear stress, and skin friction coefficients at the grid resolutions recommended in the literature. It was confirmed that a small amount of filtering is sufficient to stabilize computation, with negligible influence on prediction accuracy. In addition, non‐equilibrium periodic hill flow with a curved wall, including flow separation, reattachment, and acceleration at a high Reynolds number (), is reported. Considering stability and the prediction accuracy, we recommend a loose auxiliary wall boundary conditions with a less steep velocity gradient for WMLES using high‐order DFEMs.

Revisiting thermo-physical property models of Al2O3-Water nanofluid for natural convective flow

One of the comprehensive ways of heat transport performance augmentation of thermo-fluid systems is to use nanofluid over base fluid. This study mainly scrutinizes several existing models of thermal conduction coefficient and absolute viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluid with the experimental data. A benchmark problem of natural convective flow is selected to test the performance of the available nanofluid models. The Rayleigh number varies between 103 and 109, while the solid-volume proportion (φ) changes from 0 to 4%. The governing mathematical model is numerically discretized via the Galerkin finite element procedure under appropriate auxiliary conditions. The results produced by the models are verified with the existing experimental findings based on the evaluation of the Prandtl number and average Nusselt number. It has been confirmed that the AH model (Azmi's viscosity and Ho's conductivity models) is suitable for lower nanoparticle concentration (φ = 0.01), the AM model (Azmi's viscosity and Maxwell's conductivity models) for moderate concentration (0.01 < φ < 0.04), and the NH model (Ngueyn's viscosity and Ho's conductivity models) for higher value of the solid-volume proportion (φ = 0.04).

Expression analysis of lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio: reveling immunosuppression and chronic inflammation in breast cancer

ObjectiveTo explore the immune status and chronic inflammation of breast cancer patients, this study aims to analyze the diagnostic value of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, CD3+CD4−CD8−T, CD19+B, and NK cells) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) for breast cancer. Furthermore, it seeks to examine the correlation between these subsets and LMR with clinicopathological features.MethodsA total of 100 breast cancer patients were selected as the experimental group, while 55 patients with benign breast diseases were included in the control group. Statistical analysis, including the Wilcoxon test, Kruskal–Wallis test and the receiver operating characteristic curve, was employed to investigate the association between these serum indexes and the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients.ResultsThe levels of CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, NK cells, CD3+CD4−CD8−T cells, and LMR were found to be related to the occurrence of breast cancer when analyzing data from patients with benign and malignant breast diseases. Among these biomarkers, CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD3+CD4−CD8−T cells, and LMR were identified as independent risk factors for breast cancer development, and the AUCs were 0.760, 0.750, 0.598, 0.697, and 0.761 (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, we observed varying degrees of differences in the expression of CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and LMR in lymph node metastasis, clinical staging, molecular typing, Ki-67 level (P < 0.05). However, statistical differences in histologic grade and pathology type were not found (P ≥ 0.05).ConclusionLymphocyte subsets and LMR reflect the immune status and chronic inflammation of the body, respectively. They have certain value in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast diseases, and correlate with lymph node metastasis, clinical staging, molecular typing and other clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Therefore, monitoring the expression of lymphocyte subsets and LMR in the body may help the auxiliary diagnosis and condition analysis of breast cancer in the clinic.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ НАПРЯМКІВ РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article examines the conceptual foundations of the formation of strategic directions for the development of agrarian enterprises in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. It is indicated that digitalization is used by agricultural enterprises to change the business model, which provides the formation of new revenues and opportunities for the creation of a new type of value chains. It is emphasized that a characteristic feature of digitalization is that it is the foundation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and is one of the main currents of the third wave of globalization processes. It has been proven that digital technologies provide many opportunities and perspectives for the creation of smart agriculture, giving their consumers a great impetus to transform their activities. It is indicated that in agriculture, digital technologies can modernize the industry, facilitating the implementation of innovations in agribusiness and creating new opportunities for agricultural enterprises in areas such as the biological sector, ecosystem sustainability, etc. It is noted that among the innovative technologies used by agribusiness entities are: the introduction of precision farming systems, aerial photography for the purpose of monitoring the quality of crops, keeping the history of fields for choosing the optimal crop, laboratory studies of the soil to obtain information about the biochemical composition. Digital technologies, classified by the degree of influence on the development of agricultural enterprises, are highlighted. The basic and auxiliary conditions of digitalization of agricultural production have been studied. Groups of risk analysis tasks during the formation of strategic intentions of an agrarian enterprise are given. The key aspects of the sustainable development of an agricultural enterprise are proposed. It was concluded that the digitalization of the agricultural sector is one of the main components of the digital policy of the state and a determining factor in the growth of the economy in general, in particular, the digital industry itself as a technology producer. The introduction of digital technologies is a positive trend not only for agricultural enterprises of Ukraine, because at this stage of digitalization, it is extremely important to apply a whole set of measures from the state for the development of digitalization in our country.

Can the Shrewd City Concept be an Interceding Variable in Lightening Destitution Programs?

The Shrewd City concept was utilized as an interceding variable inside the destitution facilitating program inside the Uncommon Area of Yogyakarta Indonesia, which is known that the destitution figure has extended inside the past five a long time. In this regard, this considers almost focuses to dissect the relationship of desperation facilitating arranging &amp; budgeting, actualizing, and controlling, and the Savvy Cities concept on the execution of dejection helping program. The number of tests was 125 respondents. The quantitative procedure and auxiliary condition demonstrating (SEM) AMOS 24 are utilized. This inquire about found that the Shrewd City concept is working essentially as a mediating variable of dejection relief arranging &amp; budgeting, actualizing, and controlling contains a critical effect on the execution of the nearby government device. Can the Shrewd City concept be an interceding variable in lightening destitution programs? The Shrewd City concept was utilized as a interceding variable inside the destitution facilitating program inside the Uncommon Area of Yogyakarta Indonesia, which is known that the destitution figure has extended inside the past five a long time. In this regard, this considers almost focuses to dissect the relationship of desperation facilitating arranging &amp; budgeting, actualizing, and controlling, and the Savvy Cities concept on the execution of dejection helping program. The number of tests was 125 respondents. The quantitative procedure and auxiliary condition demonstrating (SEM) AMOS 24 are utilized. This inquire about found that the Shrewd City concept is working essentially as a mediating variable of dejection relief arranging &amp; budgeting, actualizing, and controlling contains a critical effect on the execution of the nearby government device.

Control‐oriented models of the shallow water equations using energy‐conserving discretization schemes

AbstractIn this study, we introduce higher‐order approximation schemes for a 1D shallow‐water model with a moving boundary and arbitrary cross‐section. The model equations are formulated using Lagrange coordinates to handle the time‐varying spatial domain. By discretizing the action functional on a material‐fixed grid and applying an appropriate quadrature scheme, we derive a finite‐dimensional model. This model, taking mass conservation into account as an auxiliary condition, results in a system of semi‐explicit differential‐algebraic equations (DAE). Unlike previous work, we employ higher‐order quadrature formulae to enhance numerical accuracy, albeit at the cost of more complex nonlinear DAE. In order to compare the performance of the resulting models obtained from using different quadrature schemes, a comprehensive simulation study is conducted.