Autumn Wheat Research Articles

Assessment of the impact of micro fertilizers on winter wheat and winter barley crops under the Sevan basin conditions

Background: Microelements are crucial for numerous physiological and biochemical processes in plant life. They constitute parts of various vitamins and enzymes, stimulate respiration, and accelerate oxidation and regeneration reactions, positively impacting protein metabolism in plant organisms. Objective: Considering the significant role of microelements in living organisms, our aim is to investigate the effectiveness of applying microfertilizers and biohumus on the growth, development, and quality of winter wheat and winter barley. We conducted field experiments and laboratory research to analyze the impact of trace element content in the soil at our experimental sites. This research holds particular significance amidst the ongoing global climate changes, emphasizing the urgency and relevance of our study․ Methods: Field experiments, both in winter wheat and winter barley, were set up with three replications, with the same fertilization scheme. The size of each plot was 30 m2, and the size of the experimental field in each crop area was 630 m2 consisting of the following types: 1. Control (non-fertilized); 2. Background: biohummus t/ha; 3. Background+Mn (MnSO4 4H2O); 4. Background +Cu (CuSO4. 5H2O); 5. Background+B (Na2 B407.10 H2O); 6. Background + Mo (HH4)2MoO4; 7. Background +Zn (ZnSO45H2O): Microfertilizers were used for pre-sowing seed treatment. Results: The three-year results of the studies revealed that the amount of harvest and the quality indicators of these crops increased from the application of molybdenum, manganese, and copper in the sowing of autumn wheat and autumn barley on the background of biohumus. The increase of the autumn wheat crop under the influence of these elements was 3.3-6.4 c/ha (6.9-13.3%), and the increase of the autumn barley grain crop compared to the biohumus background was 2.6-5.4 c/ha. ha, or 6.5-13.4%. A certain increase in the nitrogen content of wheat and barley grains can be seen as an indicator of a protein problem necessary for life. According to research, it was found that the nitrogen content in the grains of spikelets is high in the versions that received molybdenum, manganese, and copper. Specifically, for wheat, the nitrogen content ranges from 2.64-2.68% for Mo, 2.53-2.57% for Cu, and for barley grains, it ranges from 2.16-2.24% for Mo, 2.08-2.10% for Cu, and 2.02-2.07% for Mn. Simultaneously with the studies, it was proved that the crop yield and quality indicators did not undergo significant changes from the application of Zn and B, which is explained by the higher content of the total and mobile forms of these elements in the soil. Conclusion: In the practice of fertilizing grain crops such as wheat and barley, it's essential to judiciously use specific micro fertilizers like molybdenum ammonium (NH4MoO4), manganese sulfate (MnSO4 · 4H2O), or copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O). These should be applied alongside organic fertilizers to ensure that the crops receive a comprehensive supply of both microelements and macroelements. This approach not only guarantees the production of high-quality crops but also plays a pivotal role in managing the protein content within them, which is crucial for nutritional value and overall crop health. Keywords: microelements, winter wheat, winter barley, growth and development, yield quantity and quality

THE DIVERSITY OF USEFUL ARTHROPODS IN TWO WHEAT AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

The increase in agricultural production is conditioned by several factors, among which plant protection against pests plays a very important role. Alongside chemical methods, biological control methods against harmful organisms in crops have recently become widespread, and one of these methods is the use of useful insects (predators and parasites). Therefore, during 2016-2018, a study was conducted on monitoring the useful entomofauna in the culture of autumn wheat, in two types of agroecosystems, at Turda and Bolduț, within the Turda Research and Development Station for Agriculture. The two locations are quite close in terms of distance, but very different in terms of territorial organization, with the Bolduț farm being surrounded by a network of agroforestry shelterbelts. In Turda, the plots are located in open field conditions and are protected by rare spontaneous marginal strips. The research aimed to evaluate the diversity of useful arthropod fauna in the two agrobiocenoses, as well as the influence of the agroecosystem on these insects. Following the observations, it can be stated that the entomophagous arthropods identified in the two agroecosystems differ only in terms of ecological indicators, belonging to the same groups of entomophages, their diversity being closely related to climatic conditions, applied technology, but also to the type of agroecosystem.

Productivity and grain quality of winter wheat under different tillage and fertilisation of typical chernozem soil

Аіm. To show the comparative productivity and quality parameters of winter wheat grain under No-till system in the first year of application with systematic surface tillage and minimum ploughing in grain 5-field crop rotation in the central part of the Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and calculation. Results. In the autumn period, under minimum tillage by systematic ploughing, the density was in the range of 1.08–1.13 g/cm3 with a total porosity of 57–59% and a ratio of categories of moisture to air pores of 0.6–0.7 to 1 with K = 1.33–1.44. Under the No-till system for ploughing, the density of the structure was at the optimum level (1.08–1.18 g/cm3) with a porosity of 55–59% and a ratio of 0.4–0.6 to 1 with = 1.22–1.44. Under systematic surface tillage, the structure density was in the range of 1.02–1.14 g/cm3 with differentiation of 0–30 cm of soil layer: loose (1.02 g/cm3) – compacted (1.14 g/cm3) – loosened (1.12 g/cm3), which is closer to the optimal value than under ploughing and No-till tillage system. The total consumption of productive moisture reserves in parts of a metre thick layer was higher from the 50–100 cm layer: under ploughing – 61%, No-till tillage – 62%, surface tillage – 56%, No-till tillage – 61%, which can be explained by the developed root system of winter wheat in autumn. Under ploughing and surface tillage, the yield of wheat grain was the same, while under No-till, the yield of winter wheat grain was significantly lower by 1.08–1.27 t/ha and 1.62-2.06 t/ha, or by 19.0-21.3% and 24-31%. Under ploughing and surface tillage – protein 13.2–13.5%, crude gluten – 25.2–25.6%, and under No-till 12.5–12.7% and 24.2–25.4%, respectively. Conclusions. The analysis of crop yields under different methods of cultivation and fertilisation showed that in the first year of application of No-till systems, compared to ploughing and surface tillage, their low efficiency was revealed.

Application of optimal solution concentration in mineral fertilizer suspension foliar feeding in winter wheat

Taking into account plant biological properties, soil properties, soil-climatic conditions, and fertilizer properties, the development of the optimal rate, duration, and methods of application of suspensions made from mineral fertilizers, the optimization of the soil nutrient environment, the formation of the necessary chemical composition in the plant, and scientific research aimed at managing plant nutrition, special attention is paid. In Uzbekistan, scientific research aimed at evaluating the effective use of mineral fertilizers in increasing the yield of agricultural crops, including wheat, is being conducted, and certain results are being achieved. It is critical to develop an optimal system of using mineral fertilizers to ensure the cultivation of high-quality grain crops from autumn wheat varieties in the irrigated typical gray soils of the Tashkent province, as well as to determine the nutrient environment formed in the soil during specific periods of autumn wheat development phases and the amount and ratio of nutrients in the plant. Fertilizer is an effective and fast-acting factor that increases the quality of the crop. Therefore, it is important to develop the optimal norm for using a suspension of mineral fertilizers in foliar feeding, taking into account the characteristics of the soil and variety, to grow a high-quality grain crop from wheat, as well as to study the effect of these norms on the growth development, seedling thickness, grain yield, and quality of autumn wheat.

The influence of sowing rates of winter wheat varieties planted in Bukhara region on seed viability and actual seedling thickness

One of the main criteria of economic stability is the effective use of available resources and opportunities by every agricultural enterprise operating in the conditions of the market economy. One of the main requirements of today's farming is to collect the planned amount of seedlings and grow a high yield with the economical use of seed material, crop area, especially irrigation water. Based on this goal, a field experiment was conducted under the soil-climatic conditions of Bukhara province on the topic “Effect of seedling thickness of autumn wheat cultivars on the processes of water exchange in plants”. In the experiment, when the seeding rate was increased from 4.5 million/ha to 6.5 million/ha in “Grom”, “Alekseevich”, and “Kelajak” varieties of winter wheat, the field fertility of seeds decreased to 1.5-3.2%. The seedling thickness of the plants was studied in early spring and at the end of the season, and a certain decrease in the number of plants was observed during the winter season and the spring growth period.

THE INFLUENCE OF N AND P FERTILIZATION ON WINTER WHEAT YIELD

Wheat is an essential crop for global food security, and for good development and to achieve satisfactory yields wheat needs favorable climatic conditions and adequate nutritional support. Was executed a bifactorial experience, of the AxB model A - phosphorus doses: P0; P40; P80; P120; P160 and B - nitrogen doses: N0; N30; N60; N90; N120. The research carried out during the period 2020-2022 aimed to determine the optimal doses of the two nutrients for the autumn wheat crop in achieving the most efficient yields. Nitrogen is the factor with the greatest contribution to the formation of yield, an amount of 30 kg/ha s.a. can bring an increase in yield of 22%, growth that decreases with the additional application of others 30 kg/ha s.a. N. Phosphorus has a lower contribution to yield, as a unilateral factor, but it is important in plant nutrition, especially as a support for nitrogen.

METHODOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING MONITORING OF ORGANIC WHEAT CROPS

In the presented methodology for aerospace monitoring of autumn wheat crops, grown under the conditions of organic farming, the ways of applying ground and aerospace methods are discussed in detail. This includes field experiments, phenological observations, GIS and remote sensing methods and data (data from Sentinel-2 satellite and WingtraOne unmanned aerial vehicle with MicaSense RedEdge-MX multispectral camera and RGB camera) and statistical analyses. In order to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, an experiment was conducted on a organically certified production field sown with einkorn (Triticum monococum) in the period 2020-2021. The field is part of the holding of ET "Borislav Slavchev" in the village of Byala Reka, Parvomai Municipality, South-Central Bulgaria on the soil type of leached chernozem clays, with a size of 136 da.

METHODOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING MONITORING OF ORGANIC WHEAT CROPS

In the presented methodology for aerospace monitoring of autumn wheat crops, grown under the conditions of organic farming, the ways of applying ground and aerospace methods are discussed in detail. This includes field experiments, phenological observations, GIS and remote sensing methods and data (data from Sentinel-2 satellite and WingtraOne unmanned aerial vehicle with MicaSense RedEdge-MX multispectral camera and RGB camera) and statistical analyses. In order to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, an experiment was conducted on a organically certified production field sown with einkorn (Triticum monococum) in the period 2020-2021. The field is part of the holding of ET "Borislav Slavchev" in the village of Byala Reka, Parvomai Municipality, South-Central Bulgaria on the soil type of leached chernozem clays, with a size of 136 da.

Predicting the effects of climate change on physiological parameters determining wheat yield in 2050 (case study: Golestan Province, Iran)

Climate change is one of the most important threats to food security. Earth's temperature is reported to increase by 1.5 to 4°C by the end of the twenty-first century, compared to the base period (1850-1900), and will continue after 2100. Different models have been used to investigate the effects of climate change on different plant responses, including the exponential downscale statistical model of SDSM. Photosynthesis, respiration, and production are some of the first components to be affected by temperature which are discussed here. This study was aimed to introduce and compare the best interpolation method of main temperatures and precipitation to simulate the rate of photosynthesis, total respiration (total growth and maintenance respiration), and dry matter production of wheat in Golestan Province under climate change. Long-term data of 38 synoptic meteorological stations were used to interpolate the main temperature variables and provide reliable maps. Then, temperature change (ΔT) was used to simulate photosynthesis, total respiration, and dry matter production using the canopy photosynthesis simulation model (Can_Phs). The results clearly showed that by changing the minimum temperature by 1.1 to 3.1°C and the maximum temperature by 2.3 to 4°C, the amount of wheat production in the study area will be affected in 2050. This increase in temperature can reduce the length of the growing season in autumn wheat and limit the duration of intercepting light and capturing other resources, which in turn leads to a decrease in photosynthesis and increased respiration during the growing season.

The use of the No-till technology in autumn wheat cultivation in order to increase the capacity of soil water accumulation and the decrease of fuel costs

Traditional agricultural practices, based on intensive soil tillage, have not ensured the sustainable development of agriculture. At the same time, innovative technologies used in agriculture are becoming less efficient or have a short-term effect, causing negative consequences for the environment. In addition, prices for non-renewable energy sources and their derivatives are increasing, which directly affects the stability of the agricultural sector. In this context, a new paradigm of agricultural intensification is needed, based on the conservation of natural resources, the reduction of production costs and the prevention of environmental degradation. The Conservation Agriculture System (CAS) is able to answer these questions by implementing them correctly, respecting all its basic principles: crop rotation, minimal soil disturbance and ensuring an optimal layer of mulch on soil surface. In our experiment the extra yield from conventional soil tillage was equal to the economy of fuel by using No-till technology, without taking in consideration other advantages for No-till.

Adaptation Characteristics of Autumn Wheat Varieties to Salinity Stresses

Adaptation Characteristics of Autumn Wheat Varieties to Salinity Stresses

Adaptation Characteristics of Autumn Wheat Varieties to Salinity Stresses

The article deals with the data on the effects of different levels of salinity stress on winter wheat varieties Starshina, Pervitsa, Grom, Asr, Alekseevich, Krasnodarskaya-99, Vassa and Antonina. In areas where soil salinity is low and moderately-strong saline meadow-alluvial soil type, some physiological indicators characterizing the water exchange and salinity adaptation of winter wheat varieties have been identified. According to the results it was obtained the degree of adaptation of wheat to saline stress relative to the control in Starshina, Krasnodarskaya-99, Grom and Antonina varieties is higher than in other studied varieties.

Grain yield of repetitive mung bean variety Marjon, after autumn wheat

The article presents the dependence of mung beans yield on the number of pods and in the care of variety “Marjon” as a recurring crop in alluvial soils of meadows in Bukhara region, equalities are revealed, that is, the coefficient of determination r = 0.6108, the coefficient for determining the mass of beans r = 0.8183, the coefficient of determination of the grain mass r = 0.6431; The coefficient of determination of the number of beans in the Durdona variety r = 0.4415, the coefficient of determination of the weight of beans was r = 0.5954 and it is recommended to sow in the second half of June at the rate of 18 kg/hectare of seeds per hectare and water at the rate of N-60, P-80, K-60 kg/hectare and 70-70-65% of the maximum soil moisture before irrigation.

СКРИНИНГ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ К ТВЕРДОЙ ГОЛОВНЕ (TILLETIA CARIES (DC.) ПШЕНИЦЫ

Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) the disease occurs in areas where autumn wheat is grown. In our country, most of the zoned wheat varieties are infected with this disease. Therefore, foreign germoplasm should look for sources of strength. In our research in the field of artificial epizootic environment, the Hungarian 21 varieties of soft wheat Tilletia caries (DC.) of the pathogen was made the phytopathological and genetic-selection analysis. The study revealed that 15 wheat varieties are resistant to diseases, of which 8 wheat varieties were highly resistant to diseases (IT-0). They are; Ati, Békés, Berény, Csillag, Futár, Pilis, Szala and Rege. We say 7 varieties that are resistant to common bunt (IT-1), they are Kalász, Mentor, Göncöl, Fény, Garaboly, Szemes and Vitorlás. The indicator of the biomass index (NDVI) was determined at the stages of vegetative development of plants in ears, flowering phase and milky stage. The average value of the biomass index is higher than 0.70, with a high score of 9 varieties that have Ati, Mentor, Hajnal, Göncöl, Tisza, Csillag, Futár, Garaboly and Szala. As a result of the analysis of structural characteristics, the varieties Körös, Mentor, Tisza, Szala, Szemes and Rege showed a high index for all characteristics. As a result, disease-resistant and high-performance varieties can be presented as common bunt resistant specimens in immune selection.

The Effects Of Weed Control Methods On Weeds In Cotton And Autumn Wheat Fields

This article provides the results of harmonized weed control measures, which annual and biennial weeds in cotton and autumn wheat fields have been reduced by 80.2-82.7% in cotton fields and by 93.5% in autumn wheat fields.

STUDY REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME VARIETIES OF WHEAT, IN ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, FROM THE SOUTH-WEST AREA OF DOLJ COUNTY

The research aims at the comparative study of some varieties of autumn wheat in conventional cultivation system, in the conditions of the eutricpsamosol, from Poiana Mare, on an area of 300 ha cultivated with wheat, for a better knowledge of them, in order to the recommendation to cultivate in the area, the varieties that can express to the maximum, the productive and qualitative potential.For two years (2019 - 2020), within S.C. Primagrimar SRL Poiana Mare, Dolj were grown wheat varieties: MIRANDA, OTILIA - Romanian varieties and AVENUE, SORRIAL - French varieties. Regarding the obtained production, the Miranda variety registered the average value of 7800 kg / ha, and the Sorrial and Avenue varieties obtained an average production of 8050-8150 kg / ha.The high production of these French varieties is argued by the fact that they belong to the Premium group, very productive, very drought tolerant and with high ecological plasticity, with good resistance to wintering, falling, diseases and high twinning capacity, receptive to fertilizer doses, superior in terms of quality.The biological potential is very high reaching 11.000 kg / ha. Given the very high rainfall in June, when the plants reached physiological maturity, in both years of research, it was observed that foreign varieties lose their baking qualities very quickly, due to rains that "wash" gluten and reduce their hectoliter mass, which is not the case with Romanian varieties. Avenue, being extra early, was the most affected during the research period.

Bentonite Silt, Effects Of Mineral Fertilizer Norms And Irrigation Regulations On Autumn Wheat Yield

Bentonite Silt, Effects Of Mineral Fertilizer Norms And Irrigation Regulations On Autumn Wheat Yield

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРНО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ЗЕРНА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ВЛАЖНОСТИ НА РАВНОМЕРНОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НАГРУЗКИ ПО ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ДРОБИЛЬНОГО ВАЛА

This scientific work is aimed at studying the effect of changes in the structural and mechanical properties of wheat grain depending on humidity on technological processes and on the study of the effect of the total load on the uniform distribution of grain on the surface of the crushing shaft, the aim of our scientific work is to find optimal ways to obtain varieties of flour with high quality and output from autumn soft wheat. The experiment used the "Rules for the organization and management of technological processes in mills" and theoretical, experimental methods. The results of the experiment are processed by the calculation method. Also in the scientific work: the structural and mechanical properties of grain are determined in the preparation of autumn soft wheat grains grown in the Republic of Uzbekistan for sifting flour and concluded that the change in the structural and mechanical properties of grain depending on humidity on the uniform distribution of the total load n and the surface of the crushing shaft.

The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield of autumn wheat varieties

The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield of autumn wheat varieties

Investigation of the influence of various chemical substances on the field of natural damage to the cold disease of the autumn wheat.

It is reported that yellow rust in the winter wheat is the most dangerous disease in the Ferghana Valley and is widespread in high humidity conditions. In recent years, the disease has spread to the irrigated grain fields of the Republic, which has significantly affected the quality and quantity of grain grown and its effective fungicidal effect.