Women's Autonomy Research Articles

From Madwomen to Whistleblowers: MeToo in South Korea as an Institutional Critique

From Madwomen to Whistleblowers:MeToo in South Korea as an Institutional Critique Hae Yeon Choo (bio) MeToo and its Global Travels: Challenging the False Universality of the United States What does it mean when we say, "Me Too?" Consisting of only two words, this statement, along with the movement based on it, has become a transnational phenomenon, providing a way to reveal and speak out against sexual and gender-based violence. Crossing the national borders of the United States, the form that MeToo has taken and what it has come to signify have diverged further, depending on local and national contexts. In some places, MeToo has emerged as a campaign against sexual harassment in the workplace, while in others, it has become a call for women's autonomy and the free expression of sexuality. While the dominant means of transmission for MeToo has undoubtedly been social media, mainstream media such as television, and even sticky notes (Kim 2021) played an important role in its spread as well. What enabled such heterogeneity in the way that MeToo traversed national borders is its ambiguity and openness. As a colloquial and mundane expression, MeToo simply states that the speaker affirms the listener based on a shared experience, without specifying what the experience is or on what basis the affirmation is taking place. When Alyssa Milano on Twitter in 2017 called on women collectively to share their experiences of being "sexually harassed or assaulted," it enabled many women to share a broad range of experiences of victimization. Yet, in the context of Hollywood actresses speaking out against Harvey Weinstein, MeToo in the United States has since been narrowly interpreted in the workplace as well as public naming of abusers. This is a different version of MeToo from the one initiated by Tarana Burke, for whom the utterance of [End Page 256] MeToo was an affirmation of a shared experience of sexual victimhood, particularly among marginalized women of color (Burke and Adetiba 2018). As such, the polyvocality within MeToo is salient in that it can operate simultaneously in multiple senses. In one sense it is a call to solidarity for women victims, placing it within the legacy of radical feminism. In the other, it is a means of affirmation and solidarity among women of color deriving from intersectional feminism, even within the national borders of the United States. This opens up the analytic and political possibilities of MeToo, which reveal the social and cultural conditions of its travels. While acknowledging the significance of the momentum that MeToo brings to feminist mobilizations, feminist scholars have engaged in a cautionary critique, which identifies MeToo's limitations as arising from centering white women's pain (Tambe 2018), an inability to address workplace abuse as a structural issue along with class politics (Berg 2020), and a narrow focus on individual perpetrators rather than the social relations of power and systemic change (Gill and Orgad 2019). Often, these discussions are framed and understood as a universal discourse on MeToo despite their limited empirical basis to the case of the United States and to a lesser extent Europe, without considering how MeToo took place in most parts of the world in heterogenous ways. A critical yet nuanced discussion of MeToo, which examines its significance and limitations, needs to challenge the false presumption of universality based on a few national cases. Such a discussion should instead seriously consider how MeToo has been shaped in the social and political contexts of its global travels, where gender is situated in different entanglements with race, class, and other structures of inequality. In this article, I draw on the case of South Korea, where MeToo has come to signify women's collective attempts to speak out publicly against sexual violence as a systemic abuse of power and authority. Articulations of MeToo in South Korea thus run counter to its dominant form in the US case since it goes beyond individual perpetrators to instead address structures of power within social institutions that enable such abuse. I delve into the tension over how to translate the English expression "MeToo" into Korean, as a contested site where feminists reckoned with the polyvocality of MeToo in order to situate it...

Women?s Autonomy on Maternal Health Care Utilization and its Associated Factors in Western Ethiopia, a Community based Mixed Crosssectional Study, 2019

Background: Limited women’s autonomy in Maternal Health Care is the main underlying causes of poor utilization of maternal health care, and contributed in high maternal and children morbidity and mortality, low birth weight, and infertility. However, up to our search, in Ethiopia little emphasis has been placed on assessing factors associated with women autonomy. So this study was intended to assess status of Women’s Autonomy and its Associated Factors on Maternal Health Care utilization in west Ethiopia. Method: A mixed community based cross-sectional study was employed from March 1-30, 2019. We selected 468 study participants through a multi-stage sampling method. Collected data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS 21.0 for analysis. Statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Result: Response rate of the study was 99.2%. This study revealed that 66.2% of women had high autonomy. Women who attended secondary and above education [AOR=3.22, 95% CI [1.40, 7.44]], those from richest family [AOR= 9.86, [95% CI [4.21, 23.08]], having favorable attitude toward maternal health care, [AOR:[3.34, 95%CI [1.89, 5.89]], being urban dwellers [AOR: 2.47,95% CI [1.212, 5.046]], early marriage [3.30[1.89, 5.75]], and women’s employment for payment [3.39[1.84, 6.23]] were showed significant association with high women’s autonomy on maternal health care utilization. Conclusion: Even though there is a progress, still women autonomy regarding maternal health care utilization needs emphasis.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento multicomponente sobre indicadores de salud física y cognitiva de mujeres mayores

Objective: To analyze the effect of a Multi-Component Training (CMT) program on functional autonomy, muscle strength, body composition, cognitive capacity and glycemic profile of older women. Material and Methods: 13 women aged 61.0 ± 6.0 years, participated in the study for 12 weeks, being - Resisted Training (ER); Tuesday and Friday - Functional Training (EF) and Adapted Judo Training (EJA), in the same session; The functional autonomy protocol was used - GDLAM, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 1RM prediction test, glycemic index, body mass (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR) and seven skin folds. Results: There was improvement (p

Empowerment and autonomy in rural women: case study of the municipality of Chivatá, Boyacá, Colombia

Empowerment and autonomy in rural women: case study of the municipality of Chivatá, Boyacá, Colombia

Letramento em saúde no pré-natal relacionado aos métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor no trabalho de parto

The aim was to know and investigate the level of health literacy of pregnant women, as well as to describe and discuss non-pharmacological methods for pain relief during labor and how the transmission of these guidelines by health professionals occurs. It is a qualitative method, with the participation of 10 postpartum women, about Grande Vitória in Espírito Santo, in September 2020. The interview addressed issues of sociodemographic profiles, literacy in non-pharmacological methods in prenatal care and what was the source of this reported knowledge. Of these, the majority obtained information from friends and the others from relatives, the internet, the pregnant woman's booklet and a minority from nurses and doctors. For this, the pillars of the methods were: shower bath, immersion bath, massage, exercises without or with a Swiss ball, breathing and movements in general. It is concluded that health education at the time of prenatal care is an indispensable factor for the promotion of humanized childbirth, mainly due to the occurrence in the reproduction of obstetric violence. Therefore, it is the health professional's role to promote the autonomy and empowerment of the puerperal woman, making her have control of her body.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS ON REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY AMONG WOMEN

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the influence of the sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics on reproductive autonomy among women through the subscales of the Reproductive Autonomy Scale. Method an analytical and cross-sectional study with a stratified sample composed of 346 female rural workers registered in Chapéu de Palha Mulher Program in Pernambuco. Data collection occurred in the month of February 19th and February 23rd, 2018. The National Health Survey questionnaire and the Reproductive Autonomy Scale were used. The data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression analyses. Results the women presented high reproductive autonomy with the lowest autonomy being observed in relation to the “Communication” construct. Marital status, education level, skin color/race, participation in a family planning group, and having already being pregnant are significant variables for total reproductive autonomy. Conclusion the full reproductive autonomy of rural women can be influenced by sociodemographic and reproductive variables. One of the ways to increase reproductive autonomy among the women in this study would be through an intervention aimed at health education on sexual and reproductive rights and power and gender relations so that women can be guided, obtain more information on these topics, and correlate them with reproductive autonomy.

Empowerment and autonomy in rural women: case study of the municipality of Chivatá, Boyacá, Colombia

There is a disparity between men and women, which is conditioned by the accepted gender roles within the culture. It carries a disadvantage for women in political, economic and social terms in gene...

Girl Talk: Understanding Negative Reactions to Female Vocal Fry

AbstractVocal fry is a phonation, or voicing, in which an individual drops their voice below its natural register and consequently emits a low, growly, creaky tone of voice. Media outlets have widely acknowledged it as a generational vocal style characteristic of millennial women. Critics of vocal fry often claim that it is an exclusively female vocal pattern, and some say that the voicing is so distracting that they cannot understand what is being said under the phonation. Claiming that a phonation is so distracting as to prevent uptake of the semantic content of an utterance associated with it is an extreme reaction, especially when accompanied by demands for women to change their phonation. We argue that this reaction limits women's communicative autonomy. We analyze the extreme reaction to female vocal fry, which we characterize as a non-content-based response, from the perspectives of philosophy of language, feminist epistemology, and linguistics. We argue that when fry is heard as annoying and distracting, it is because the hearer interprets the speaker as echoing an utterance from a position of authority to which she is not entitled. We show that this reaction encodes conscious or unconscious sexist attitudes toward women's voices.

Editors' Introduction: Women's Health and Reproductive Justice in Ireland

Editors' Introduction:Women's Health and Reproductive Justice in Ireland Cara Delay (bio) and Claire Bracken (bio) We began conceiving of this special issue in the heady weeks and months following the May 2018 vote to repeal the republic's antiabortion Eighth Amendment (1983). For just a moment all things seemed possible in terms of Irish women's health-care rights and realities. Even then, however, our training in reproductive justice—a framework created by American Black women encouraging us to move beyond a rights-based or legalistic framework to instead focus on intersectional access to women's bodily autonomy and the real-world contexts of reproduction (Ross, Radical Reproductive Justice; Ross, "What Is Reproductive Justice?"; Sister Song; Silliman et al.)—cautioned us against being overly optimistic. In working and living in the United States, we knew firsthand that legality often is less important to abortion access than a person's race or ethnicity, region, immigration status, and/or socioeconomic status.1 In late 2018, despite the referendum in the republic, the actual abortion legislation that would emerge was unclear. Moreover, Ireland's healthcare system, especially for women, had long been, as Jo Murphy-Lawless's work both here and previously has exposed, particularly dismal (Murphy-Lawless, "The Silencing of Women in Childbirth"; Murphy-Lawless, Reading Birth and Death). When limited legal abortion was introduced in the republic in early 2019, and, later that year, Northern Ireland took steps to decriminalize abortion, it became evident that actually providing abortion services island-wide would be a [End Page 5] complicated endeavor, one that necessitated a careful examination of the entire health-care system (Bloomer et al.). Thus a more general context of women's health in Ireland helps to elucidate and unpack the complexities and impact of the postrepeal moment. This is just one of the reasons that this special issue's substantial charting of the repeal campaign, momentum, and moment is placed alongside work that explores women's health in Ireland more generally, both past and present. Reproductive Justice and the Politics of Women's Health The legacies of the past—the shame conjoined with female sexuality, the "architecture of containment" (Smith), and "shame-industrial complex" (Hogan, Republic of Shame) that placed the "deviant" in institutions, and the reality that the state consistently "has protected its institutions rather than women themselves" (Murphy-Lawless in this issue)—not only troubled Irish women's access to legal abortion but also affected the health care that they received more generally, North and South. As several essays in this issue suggest, the island's history of institutionalization in Magdalen laundries, asylums, and mother-and-baby homes should also be read alongside the realities of inadequate health care for women and their oppressions by and through the medical establishment. Biopower, writes Abby Bender in this issue, "seeps into the other spaces of the nation." More specifically, the essays collated here encourage us to expand the notion of Smith's "architecture of containment" to include hospitals and indeed all health-care systems on the island.2 Murphy-Lawless's essay, for example, explains how the maternity-care system's neoliberal, "consumer-choice" worldviews and policies have resulted in not only deficient care but in some cases tragic and unnecessary maternal deaths. The Irish health-care system's neglect of and negligence toward women is also a key focus of Beth Sundstrom's article in this issue on the cervical-cancer prevention crisis in Ireland. So too is Luz Mar Gonzalez-Arias's analysis of Celia de Fréine's poetry collection Blood Debt, an important work that stages a powerful reckoning of the medical establishment with respect to the hepatitis C scandal, which saw 1,600 women contract the virus through infected Anti-D [End Page 6] immunoglobulin in the 1970s and 1990s. Through the voice of a poetic speaker who was infected with hepatitis C, de Fréine's collection hauntingly explores the politics of women's embodiment, health, and trauma. This special issue of Éire-Ireland contains one of de Fréine's poems, "scéal scéil"/"hearsay," from Fiacha Fola (2004) and Blood Debts (2014), which...

“When it comes to time of removal, nothing is straightforward”: A qualitative study of experiences with barriers to removal of long-acting reversible contraception in Western Kenya

ObjectiveBarriers to removal of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) threaten reproductive self-determination, but their influence on contraceptive behaviors is not well understood. We describe perspectives of women in Western Kenya concerning LARC removal barriers. Study designWe used a qualitative descriptive approach with conventional content analysis to analyze transcripts for content and themes from eight focus group discussions (n = 55 participants) and one client journey mapping workshop (n = 9 participants) with women ages 18–49 in Western Kenya who were currently using or had formerly used contraceptives. FindingsOur primary themes concerned women's experience of LARC removal barriers and the impact on their behaviors and attitudes towards contraception. Women described providers being unwilling to remove LARC, regardless of rationale (including expiration, seeking pregnancy, or experiencing intolerable side effects) or demanding unaffordable fees. Women were reluctant to try LARC for fear of having to use the method for its entire lifespan even if they did not like it. Women saw LARC removal barriers as increasing their risk of unintended pregnancy through non-replacement of expired devices and fostering distrust in the health system. ConclusionBarriers to LARC removal may discourage utilization of LARC and contraceptive services generally, which can undermine women's efforts to achieve reproductive self-determination. ImplicationsOur findings affirm the importance of timely LARC removal to ensure that family planning programs uphold women's reproductive autonomy.

Insurance Churn and Inconsistent Access to Reproductive Health Care among Abortion Patients in Mississippi

Changes in health insurance coverage, or insurance churn, is common in the months surrounding pregnancy, but there has been limited study of how churn affects women's experiences with reproductive health care. We conducted in-depth interviews with women seeking abortion care in Mississippi in 2016. We coded interview transcripts relating to experiences accessing reproductive health care before pregnancy and organized the codes into themes. Of the 38 women interviewed, one-third were uninsured and half described recent changes in their health insurance. This contributed to inconsistent care, as women shifted from private clinicians while insured to health department clinics while uninsured. For several women, these shifts created barriers to contraceptive use and were closely related to their unintended pregnancy. Insurance churn and associated disruptions in contraceptive use were common among Mississippi women seeking abortion in this study. Policies should support women's reproductive autonomy by facilitating consistent coverage and reliable access to contraception.

Prenatal Genetic Screening, Epistemic Justice, and Reproductive Autonomy

AbstractNoninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) promises to enhance women's reproductive autonomy by providing genetic information about the fetus, especially in the detection of genetic impairments like Down syndrome (DS). In practice, however, NIPT provides opportunities for intensified manipulation and control over women's reproductive decisions. Applying Miranda Fricker's concept ofepistemic injusticeto prenatal screening, this article analyzes how medical professionals impair reproductive decision-making by perpetuating testimonial injustice. They do so by discrediting positive parental testimony about what it is like to raise a child with DS. We argue that this testimonial injustice constitutes a twofold harm: (1) people with DS and their family members who claim that parenting a child with DS may be a rewarding and joyous experience are harmed when they are systematically silenced, disbelieved, and/or denied epistemic credibility by medical professionals, and (2) pregnant women are harmed since they might make poorly informed choices without access to all relevant information. The broader implication of the analysis is that epistemic justice is a precondition of reproductive autonomy. We conclude by calling for federal oversight of the acquisition and dissemination of information that prospective parents receive following a positive diagnosis of DS to ensure that it is comprehensive and up to date.

Sexual autonomy and violence against women in Nigeria: Assessing the impact of Covid-19 pandemic

Sexual and reproductive rights are centred on an individual's autonomy. However, these rights are jeopardised when women and girls are faced with sexual violence. Recently, there was reported increase in violence against women and girls, constituting an infringement of their human rights. Relieving this burden has become a human rights commitment for most countries including Nigeria. Therefore, this article examines how these rights were impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. It examines reports from media sources, and conducted in-depth interviews with Forty-five (45) women in a bid to elicit their responses on their experiences during the pandemic. The research found that the pandemic had both positive and negative impacts on the women's sexual autonomy. This article recommends the creation of more awareness for women, the fostering of political will, and dedicated funding to ensure active implementation and better protection of women's rights in Nigeria.

Assessment of respectful maternity care during childbirth: Experiences among mothers in Manipur.

The relationship between the lack of quality care and adverse maternal outcomes is being highlighted globally. Respectful maternity care includes respect for women autonomy, dignity, feelings, privacy, choices and freedom from ill treatment, coercion, and consideration for personal preferences including option for companionship during the maternity care. This study planned to determine the prevalence and types of disrespect and abuse among mothers during childbirth and its associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 231 women having children <2 years, who had undergone institutional deliveries and accessing immunization clinics during October to December 2018 using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Person-Centered Maternity Care Scale, a validated instrument which gives a holistic measure of women's experiences during childbirth wherein the questions were grouped under seven domains. : The mean (standard deviation) age of the respondents was 28.9 ± 5.8 years. The prevalence of any form of abuse present was 96.5% with the highest found in "Facility and Environment" Domain (77.5%). Women delivering in public tertiary care facility were significantly more likely to face more abuse in the domains of "Dignity and Respect," "Support and Care," "Facility and Environment," "Predictability and Transparency," as compared to other types of health facilities (P < 0.05). : Nearly almost all of the respondents (96.5%) faced some form of abuse in one domain or the other. There is a need for greater action, dialog, research, and advocacy on this important public health issue for promoting dignified maternal health-care services.

Factors that influence fertility intentions of Chinese youth: a discussion of issues raised by Volsche and Jankowiak's "Chinese women's autonomy: parenthood as a choice"

In recent decades, China's childbearing-age young people's fertility intentions and attitudes have changed, influenced by widespread social change and general improvement of women's status. At the same time, research on intentions concerning fertility has been expanding. Volsche and Jankowiak's article, "Chinese women's autonomy: parenthood as a choice" provides a new discussion concerning college students' preferences about intended fertility and contrasts the culture of filial piety culture with new interest in personal choice about fertility. This discussion cites many sources in current research literature to their review through examining changes in the dimensions of changes in Chinese childbearing age, young people's intention concerning fertility, their ideal number of children, gender preference, and ideals about time for first birth and between pregnancies, as well as other related factors influencing their ideas about fertility.

Chinese women's autonomy: parenthood as a choice

Numerous Chinese studies point out that Chinese youth are transforming the meaning of filial piety, China's highly esteemed moral code used to structure intergenerational relationships. We wanted to understand the extent to which college educated women are redefining what it means to be a filial woman in contemporary Chinese society. To this end, we set up a research design that probed whether men and women continue to think becoming parents is an essential attribute of life satisfaction using a pen-and-paper survey with college students in Shanghai and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on Likert-scaled questions resulted in two factors: Customary Ideology and Autonomous Self. As anticipated, students who reported their intent to parent were more likely to agree with items in Customary Ideology, whilst students who reported not intending to have children or were uncertain were more likely to agree with items in Autonomous Self. Most telling, an overwhelming number of respondents from each university reported agreement with the statement, "Having children is a personal choice" (97.6% at Fudan University; 76.4% at Inner Mongolia University). We discuss the implications of these findings as the singleton generations renegotiate expectations of these intergenerational bonds.

The Attitudes and Beliefs of Australian Midwives and Obstetricians About Birth Options and Labor Interventions.

The global rise in the rate of induction of labor and cesarean birth shows considerable unexplained variation both within and between countries. Prior research suggests that the extent to which women are engaged in the decision-making process about birth options, such as elective cesarean, induction of labor, or use of fetal monitoring, is heavily influenced by clinician beliefs and preferences. The aim of this study was to investigate the beliefs about labor interventions and birth options held by midwives and obstetric medical staff from 8 Sydney hospitals and assess how the health care providers' beliefs were associated with discipline or years of experience. This is a survey study of midwives and obstetric staff that was distributed between November 2018 and July 2019. Modified from the previously validated birth attitudes survey for the Australian context, survey domains include (1) maternal choice and woman's role in birth, (2) safety by mode or place of birth, (3) attitudes toward cesarean birth for preventing urinary incontinence, (4) approaches to decrease cesarean birth rates, and (5) fears of birth mode. Responses were compared between professions and within professions by years of experience using Mann-Whitney U testing. A total of 217 midwives and 58 medical staff completed the survey (response rate, 30.5%). Midwifery staff responses generally favored a physiologic approach to birth, versus beliefs more in favor of intervention (particularly cesarean birth) among medical staff. There was interprofessional discrepancy on most items, particularly regarding safety of mode or place of birth and approaches to decrease cesarean birth rates. Within disciplines, there was more variation in medical staff attitudes than within the midwifery staff. No clinically important differences in beliefs by years of experience were noted. Clinicians need to be aware of their own beliefs and preferences about birth as a potential source of bias when counselling women, particularly when there are a range of treatment options and the evidence may not strongly favor one option over another. As both groups had similar perceptions about the importance of women's autonomy, shared decision-making training could help bridge belief gaps and improve care around birth decisions.

Working Abroad while Families at Home: Negotiating Patriarchal Role for Women in South Asia: A Case Study of Gopalganj District of Bihar, India

In recent times, South Asia has emerged as the highest emigrant sending region to the Gulf. According to the United Nations Population Division (2017) 20.3 million stocks of migrants is in the Gulf countries, among the total number of South Asian migrants were 13millions which accounted for 63.9 percent of the total number of stock of migrants in the Persian Gulf. Due to this huge outpouring of workers, the region has also emerged as the largest receiver of remittances. It is interesting to note that these South Asian migrants are generally from the strata of societies where patriarchal structures are still in their rigidities as modernity has not yet penetrated there to change the feudal mentality, especially towards assigning women’s role in society. Patriarchy defines a limited socio-economic role for women. They undergo inflexible social processes and remain disadvantaged often affecting their rights, social status, mobility, autonomy, and decision-making capabilities. The physical absence of their husbands, the heads of the home, and the influx of remittance have positively impacted the lives of these women as they are now able to renegotiate their social roles and responsibilities. The process has helped to loosen the rigidities of the patriarchal structure. The objective of the research is to find out how the truancy of men has transformed and emancipated/empowered women in home countries. This study examines the literature on the socio-economic impact of male migration, and how it affects women's mobility and empowerment in left-behind families. This qualitative research evaluates women’s empowerment through one independent variable i.e., husband’s emigration, and three dependent variables, women's decision-making power, mobility, and autonomy in the absence of their husbands within the framework of gender empowerment. For the convenience of this research, 50 samples of Gulf emigrants’ families living in the Gopalgunj district of Bihar, India have been selected (Data is collected from the field through informal and conversational interviews, questionnaires, and convenience sampling is used). This research argues that a significant social transformation in gender roles has occurred due to husbands’ migration.

“And Understand I am a Person and Not Just a Number:” Reproductive Healthcare Experiences of Italian Women

Patient-centered care may provide women autonomy in their reproductive health choices. The study’s objective was to explore Italian women’s reproductive health decision-making experiences through a shared decision-making lens. Researchers conducted 46 interviews (June-July, 2017) with women ages 18-45 living in or near Florence, Italy. Expanded grounded theory was used to explore women’s experiences. Findings suggest the Italian women in this sample desire decision-making involvement but conceptualize this as listening, respect, and information provision. Social network served an important function in decision-making. The economy and religion influenced decision-power. Findings offer practical recommendations to guide patient-centered care opportunities in Italy.

Cultura de la violación, un análisis del continuo en la violencia sexual que viven las mujeres

La violencia sexual se destaca como una de las expresiones de la Violencia Basada en Género; siendo esta expresión, una de las mayormente sufridas por las mujeres en diversas partes del mundo y en distintos ámbitos de índole familiar, laboral, social. A raíz de la presente investigación se analiza el contexto nicaragüense y mexicano, como escenarios de la región latinoamericana, donde se normalizan y justifican las diversas manifestaciones de violencias sufridas por las mujeres, todo ello a partir de una cultura de violación legitimadas por sociedades de ambos contextos. Se pretende reconocer los factores que influyen en la normalización y justificación ante situaciones de violencia sexual que sufren las mujeres, identificándose las prácticas de re victimización constantes que la sociedad proyecta ante estos escenarios de violencia hacia la mujer, afectando con ello, el desarrollo integral y autonomía de las mujeres violentadas. Es necesario reconocer las expresiones de la cultura de la violación desde una perspectiva holística y compleja que de pautas para interpretar y relacionar la misma con elementos sociales, jurídicos, cotidianos. La información recolectada aporta a determinar la forma en que el imaginario social refuerza y avala una cultura transgresora de derechos humanos; partiendo de este nivel de concientización para sustentar ideas y propuestas estratégicas que mermen los efectos de una cultura de violación. El presente artículo se elabora desde una perspectiva integral, con métodos - técnicas de investigación cualitativa y documental.