Learner Autonomy Research Articles

Fostering Students’ Self-Directed Language Learning: Approaches to Advising

This paper describes and discusses how two formats of advising in language learning offered at the Masaryk University Language Centre attempt to respond to students’ needs in self-regulating their learning. The focus is on comparing the advising sessions incorporated into an elective L2 course aiming at learner autonomy development and the sessions offered in obligatory L3 courses. A small study was conducted in both settings, identifying differences between students’ previous experiences, skills and expectations. Furthermore, two cases of individual advisees were analysed to gain a deeper insight into how similar students are supported by the different advising formats and available choices about their language learning. The case studies briefly portray how advising sessions navigate students in choosing their learning materials or methods. The aim of the paper is to illustrate that allowing students to make decisions about their language learning fosters their self-regulated learning.

Language learning strategy use and levels of autonomy in online and traditional education

The goal of this study is to investigate the level of learning strategy use and autonomy in online and traditional education. The study included 155 preparatory school students from the state university. The data were collected using Oxford's (1990) Language Learning Strategy (LLS) and a learner autonomy questionnaire (Zhang & Li, 2004). SPSS22 was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that autonomy level was high in traditional education, but moderate throughout the online education. Furthermore, the results of the LLS questionnaires revealed that students employed a moderate number of language learning strategies in both traditional and online education. Furthermore, the results of the LLS questionnaires revealed that students employed a moderate number of language learning strategies in online and traditional education. Finally, the correlation analysis utilized to determine the association between learner autonomy and LLS use revealed a positive and linear relationship between the two variables.

EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY AS AN IMPORTANT PREREQUISITE FOR THE FORMATION OF FUTURE PHDS’ RESEARCH COMPETENCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

The trend of student-centred education in higher education institutions imposes new requirements on standards within the achievement of professional competencies. This leads to the popularisation of such a technology as learning autonomy, which requires analysis from the perspective of its application in the ed- ucational space of higher education institutions. The relevance of this research is determined by the necessity to develop skills in future Doctors of Phi- losophy (PhD candidates) to independently plan their learning and research activities within the conditions of postgraduate studies. The resolution of this task is based on the skills of implementing goal-setting, pro- ject planning, and reflection strategies. On the basis of current educational trends, it becomes possible to analyse learning autonomy as an effective way of teaching future PhD candidates to ensure the successful implementation of their future professional and research activities. The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of “learning autonomy” as an effective meth- od of increasing the awareness of future PhD candidates in the process of developing research competence in terms of postgraduate studies. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated: to consider learning autonomy as an effec- tive method of teaching and personal development of future PhD candidates; to analyse the scientific lit- erature on the stated issue and draw parallels between the definitions of “autonomous learning” and “in- dependent work”; to identify the main advantages of learning autonomy in the context of developing re- search competence. To achieve the aforementioned tasks, the following theoretical research methods were applied: the method of deduction, content analysis, formalisation, method of generalisation, and systematisation of the results of the existing studies on the stated issue. Study results. The results of the study revealed that the concept of “learning autonomy” is relevant in the context of modern education. Noting the absence of a unanimously accepted definition of this term in pedagogy, the article examines various interpretations proposed by both foreign and domestic researchers. On the basis of the conducted analysis of definitions, the article incorporates our own understanding of the concept of “learning autonomy”, emphasising its special importance for future PhD candidates with- in the conditions of postgraduate studies for the successful and effective development of research compe- tence.The article characterises the main descriptors that comprise learning autonomy, namely: the ability to set goals, target-oriented execution skills, the ability to self-reflect, intellectual independence, interac- tion and cooperation, self-governance skills, conscious, and effective independent management of learn- ing activities. Relying on practical experience, methods for enhancing learning autonomy have been identified in- cluding problem-based teaching, and partially search, research and project methods. The leading strategies of autonomous learning activities for future PhD candidates were identified as follows: primary and auxil- iary ones. The primary strategies include learning material acquisition strategies, educational-information- al, cognitive, compensatory, creative, and specialised strategies. Auxiliary strategies encompass metacog- nitive and socio-emotional strategies. It has been concluded that the development of such personal qualities as independence and autono- my is a necessary condition for carrying out independent activities, ensuring the success and continuity of the process of professional development of future specialists within the conditions of postgraduate studies, and the development of their research competence.

FORMATION OF EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY OF STUDENTS OF ECONOMIC SPECIALITIES BY MEANS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the peculiarities of the formation of educational autonomy of students of economic specialties by means of digital technologies. The purpose of the article is to identify the psychological and pedagogical features of the formation of educational autonomy of students of economic specialties by means of digital technologies. The tasks of the article are as follows: to characterize the theoretical foundations of the essence of educational autonomy as a pedagogical category; to determine the peculiarities of the formation of students’ learning autonomy skills; to prove the importance of the formation of educational autonomy among students of economic specialties; to determine the possibilities of digital technologies in the formation of educational autonomy among students of economic specialties. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: literary analysis, generalization, comparison, systematization, etc. The article contains the following research results. A critical analysis of approaches to defining the essence of the concept of “learner autonomy” by various researchers was carried out. It was established that the concept of “pupil / student autonomy” was introduced in the early 1980s by Henri Holec, who defined this category as “the student’s ability to take responsibility for their own learning.” A theoretical study of the views of various researchers proved that the formation of students’ educational autonomy is mainly related to the process of mutual influence of motivation for educational activities and the success of completing educational tasks: motivation for learning is always characterized by the extent to which a student knows how to learn independently, demonstrating interest in learning, and, in turn, successful learning is impossible without motivation supported by the competence of self-regulated learning. In other words, learning autonomy is the student’s ability to be self-motivated and responsible for their own learning. It was found that one of the key aspects that should be taken into account when determining the independence of learning is whether we consider it as a means of achieving a goal (studying a certain educational module, subject, science) or as an end in itself (forming people as independent learners). These two options are not mutually exclusive, as they can both be part of our views on learning as a whole. Four main advantages of forming students’ learning autonomy have been identified: motivation (students strive to achieve their educational goals, but for this to happen, teachers must first help students set realistic learning goals); flexibility (an autonomous approach to learning is more flexible for both students and teachers, who can take on more of a coaching role, while students take the driver’s seat); lasting impact (learning to learn is an underrated skill, when students are in charge of their own learning, they learn what techniques and strategies work best for them); increasing involvement (using the autonomy of students, the teacher relies on their ability to solve problems, study the educational material and form their own opinion). The skills that students should develop in the process of autonomous learning are substantiated: setting goals; assessment of progress; time management; and self-motivation. Conclusions. The importance of the formation of academic autonomy of students of economics specialities has been proven, as independent thinking presents concepts, models and theories that students will use to solve real-world problems, honing their cognitive skills. The following advantages of using digital technologies in the direction of the formation of educational autonomy of students of economic specialties are outlined: making knowledge accessible; making knowledge understandable; providing flexibility and variability of training; and ensuring students’ interaction with the digital environment.

Effectiveness of Self-Regulated Learning-Based Instruction: Enhancing Student Learning Autonomy (Study on LMS Syam-Ok UNM)

Learning autonomy is becoming essential in the 21st century, demanding individuals to master various fundamental skills. This article explores the self-regulated learning model as a solution to enhance student learning autonomy. A case study conducted in the music arts course at Universitas Negeri Makassar found that students' learning autonomy levels were still low, even among those considered active. Related research also confirms the low learning autonomy of students across various settings. The research methodology employed an experimental approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. Data collection was carried out by observing student activities through a Learning Management System (LMS) before and after modifying instructional methods. Data analysis results showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores, with a notable increase in posttest scores. The findings indicate an improvement in student learning autonomy. Learning autonomy fosters the desire to learn and acquire new knowledge, facilitates individual ownership of learning, and enhances learning independence. The study concludes that modifying instructional methods based on the self-regulated learning model effectively improves student learning autonomy.Keywords: Learning Autonomy, Learning Models, Self-Regulation, Students, Education.

Instructional Space Management Skills and Learning Autonomy among TECH-VOC Students in Carmen District, Davao Del Norte

In this study, instructional space management skills is a measure expected to improve the learning autonomy of the tech-voc students. In this study, the researcher selected the 150 junior high school students in Carmen District, Davao del Norte as the respondents of the study. Findings revealed that teachers’ instructional space management skills was rated as extensive, while, learning autonomy of the tech-voc students in Carmen District in Davao del Norte was described as moderately extensive. Further, correlation analysis demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between teachers’ instructional space management skills and learning autonomy of the tech-voc students in Carmen District in Davao del Norte. Evidently, regression analysis proved that instructional space management skills in terms of engaging and interactive learning; growth mindset; and inclusivity and diversity were significant predictors of learning autonomy of the tech-voc students in Carmen District in Davao del Norte. The study, therefore, conducted for further utilization of findings through publication in reputable research journal.

Towards a Glocalized Learner Autonomy: A Systematic Review of Moroccan Higher Education

Towards a Glocalized Learner Autonomy: A Systematic Review of Moroccan Higher Education

Readiness for Learner Autonomy in Online Environments: The Case of Thai University Students

In Thailand, learner autonomy has been introduced to enable students to manage their learning and engage with the abundant resources available, particularly for English language learning. This study examines the extent of learner autonomy and online language learning behaviors outside the classroom among Thai university students, as well as the factors influencing their autonomy. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire from 378 freshmen representing eight faculties: Allied Health Sciences, Medical Science, Public Health, Sciences, Agriculture, Law, Business, and Humanities. The findings revealed a relatively high level of learner autonomy among Thai university students. They were able to establish learning goals, select learning strategies and resources, and be aware of their weaknesses. However, the overall level of online language learning outside the classroom was moderate. Listening to English music was the most popular activity reported. Additionally, gender and English proficiency were identified as significant factors influencing the level of learner autonomy. These findings underscore the effectiveness of introducing learner autonomy but also highlight the need for teacher support in scaffolding online language learning outside the classroom.

Exploring the Efficacy of Project-Based Learning in English Language Teaching: A Literature Review

This study aims to explore the efficacy of project-based learning (PBL) in the context of English language teaching (ELT). The study seeks to identify the benefits and challenges associated with implementing PBL in language classrooms and explores its impact on language learning outcomes. A systematic literature review of relevant academic literature was conducted, focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2023. Peer-reviewed articles, books, and conference proceedings were analyzed to synthesize current findings on applying PBL in ELT settings. The review reveals that PBL promotes meaningful language use, fosters learner autonomy, and enhances communicative competence among language learners. Students engaged in PBL demonstrate improved motivation, collaboration skills, and critical thinking abilities. However, challenges such as time constraints, assessment issues, and instructor readiness were noted as potential barriers to effective PBL implementation. Based on the findings, recommendations include comprehensive teacher training in PBL methodologies, the development of appropriate assessment strategies that align with PBL objectives, and integration of PBL activities that cater to diverse learner needs. Future research should explore PBL's long-term impact on language proficiency and investigate effective strategies for overcoming implementation challenges.

Want doctors to use VR simulation? Make it mandatory, accessible, educationally valuable, and enjoyable!

Background Virtual reality (VR) simulation training is mandatory for postgraduate year 1–2 doctors at the author’s hospital trust. Despite this, a preceding quantitative study demonstrated uptake below required levels. While the educational value of VR simulation has been highlighted, little attention has been paid to participant utilisation in postgraduate curricula. With the increasing development and incorporation of VR-based clinical education, it is essential to understand the factors influencing how frequently postgraduate doctors utilise it so that its potential can be maximised. Methods A qualitative study design was employed. All 108 postgraduate year 1–2 doctors from the 2020-21 training year were invited for a semi-structured interview. Interviews continued until data saturation was reached in the form of informational redundancy. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Results A total of 17 interviews were conducted. Four main themes that influenced participation in VR simulation were identified: (1) the mandatory nature encouraged participation but led to negative perceptions as a tick-box exercise; (2) there were multiple challenges to accessing the resource; (3) the scenarios were felt to have limited educational value; and (4) there was untapped potential in drawing benefits from VR as an enjoyable leisure activity. Conclusions Recommendations from these findings include: (1) VR simulation should be mandatory but with a degree of learner autonomy; (2) sessions should be integrated into doctors’ rotas as protected time; (3) more challenging scenarios ought to be created aligned with postgraduate courses, examinations, and specialty training, and (4) presented as a difficulty level system akin to gaming experiences.

Physics-Informed Particle-Based Reinforcement Learning for Autonomy in Signalized Intersections

In this paper, we develop a framework to enhance the control of autonomous vehicles within signalized intersections by integrating system dynamics with imperfect sensor data. Although sensor data for autonomous vehicles is often partial, noisy, or missing, its alignment with underlying physics has the potential to significantly improve prediction accuracy. Our methodology involves a physics-based representation of system dynamics, accounting for stochastic elements originating from differences between real-world scenarios and model-based representations, using a Markov decision process (MDP) model that embraces system physics while accommodating uncertainties. Leveraging partial sensor data, we aim to diminish uncertainty associated with segments of the system model reflected in the data and better estimate the other physical variables that are not measurable through data. This framework develops particle-based reinforcement learning action policies, seamlessly integrating data and physics for controlling autonomous vehicles approaching signalized intersections. Numerical experiments showcase the effectiveness of these policies in ensuring safe control and decision-making in different scenarios of missing state variables and varying levels of data sparsity.

Tapping the alphabets of learning-oriented assessment: self-assessment, classroom climate, mindsets, trait emotional intelligence, and academic engagement are in focus

This study investigates the role of self-assessment (SA), classroom climate (CC), and psychological variables in learning-oriented assessment (LOA) within English as a foreign language (EFL) education. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected through surveys and semi-structured interviews from EFL learners and instructors. Findings reveal that SA plays a pivotal role in promoting learner autonomy, self-regulated learning, and academic engagement (AE). By actively involving students in the assessment process and providing opportunities for reflection and feedback, educators can empower learners to take ownership of their learning journey and enhance their overall learning outcomes. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of creating a supportive CC characterized by mutual respect, collaboration, and inclusivity. Positive teacher-student relationships and inclusive learning environments contribute significantly to students’ academic and socioemotional development. Additionally, the study highlights the influence of psychological variables such as growth mindset and emotional intelligence (EI) on student learning outcomes. Learners who adopt a growth-oriented mindset and possess high levels of EI are more likely to persevere in the face of challenges and actively engage in the learning process. The implications of this study suggest the importance of adopting a holistic approach to assessment and instruction in EFL education, with stakeholders urged to incorporate strategies to promote SA, create supportive CC, and foster psychological variables for enhanced student learning and well-being.

Using E-modules to Support EFL/ESL Learning in Asian Contexts: A Systematic Literature Review

The unprecedent prevalence of digitalization has an impact on learning modules, particularly with the shift from print modules to e-modules. Though there is amount of research dedicated to English learning modules, research on e-modules for EFL/ESL learning is still scarce. Hence, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines is used to guide the selection, screening, and reporting processes. The research objective is to synthesize the available literature, present the current stances of EFL/ESL learning e-modules, and identify gaps thoroughly scrutinizing documents from 2000 to February 2024. Three databased including Web of Science (WOB), Scopus and ERIC were reviewed, only with 15 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that EFL/ESL learning e-modules were mostly related with two themes, namely English for specific purpose (ESP) and learner autonomy. Based on the findings, the review puts forward suggestions and gaps for future research.

Learner Autonomy, Language Learning Strategies and English Language Proficiency of Filipino Senior High School Students

This study assessed students’ knowledge by looking at their learner autonomy in English language learning, the extent of language learning strategies and their English language proficiency. A descriptive method of research was used in this study. The respondents of this study were senior high school students of Magsaysay District during the second semester of the Academic Year 2022-2023. They were selected through a proportional random sampling technique. Several instruments were used by the researcher including the survey questionnaires about learner autonomy in English language learning, the extent of language learning strategies as well as the students’ English language proficiency. It was found that the senior high school students of Magsaysay District have a high level of learner autonomy in English language learning in terms of cognitive, affective motivational, action-oriented and social while moderate in terms of metacognitive. Senior high school students of Magsaysay District have a high level of language learning strategies in terms of compensation, social, metacognitive, cognitive, memory and affective. They have an average level of English language proficiency in terms of grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension. Findings also showed that there is a significant relationship between learner autonomy in English language learning and language learning strategies, between language learning strategies and English language proficiency. However, learner autonomy in English language learning does not affect English language proficiency. Furthermore, results indicate that cognitive best predicts learning language strategy, as well as English language proficiency and cognitive strategy best predicts English language proficiency. In conclusion, the higher the learner autonomy in English language learning, the higher the extent of language learning strategies and the higher the extent of language learning strategies, the higher the English language proficiency.

PEDAGOGI EKSISTENSIAL HUMANISTIK DALAM PANDANGAN JEAN PAUL SARTRE DAN REFLEKSI ATAS KEBIJAKAN MERDEKA BELAJAR DI INDONESIA

This research focuses on an exploration of Jean Paul Sartre’s thoughts related to the philosophy of existentialism. The philosophical thinking of this existentialist will form a stream of existentialist education philosophy that is more inclined to the application of humanistic education. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a philosophical hermeneutic approach. The results of this study show that humanistic existentialist pedagogy is an educational approach that prioritises the individuality and subjective experience of students. Rooted in the philosophies of existentialism and humanism, this approach positions teachers as facilitators who help students find the meaning of life, develop identity, and explore personal values. The main focus is to empower students to take an active role in the learning process, encourage self-reflection and build independence. Through deep interaction between students and subject matter, this approach triggers holistic development, not only of cognitive aspects but also emotional, social, and spiritual. Teachers not only teach facts, but also guide students in relating learning to the reality of everyday life. It aims to create individuals who are more aware, responsible, and have a deeper understanding of themselves as well as the surrounding environment. The humanistic existentialist pedagogical approach and the concept of ‘Merdeka Belajar’ both prioritise individual autonomy in learning. Both the humanistic existentialist approach, which emphasises personal growth and freedom in learning, and the concept of ‘Merdeka Belajar’, which gives students the opportunity to manage their own learning, both provide space for students to take an active role in the learning process, respect the uniqueness of each individual, and encourage personal responsibility in learning from each learner.

Examining classroom learning behaviors academic and athletic motivation in collegiate athletes

College student-athletes balance the demands of both sport and school in the context of higher education; high levels of motivation are necessary for success in both spaces. Studies have evaluated learning styles and academic motivational outcomes in college student athletes but there is a need to explore how motivation impacts both academic and athletic success. The present study examined the relationship academic, student athletic, and career athletic motivation had with learning styles and major (STEM vs. non-STEM) using Self-Determination Theory as the theoretical lens. College Division I, II, III, and Club college athletes took the Grasha-Reichmann Student Learning Style Scale and Student Athletes Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire. Learning styles were grouped into intrinsic (independent, participant, and collaborative) and extrinsic (dependent, avoidant, and competitive) styles. There were positive relationships between intrinsic learning style and both student athletic (r(147) = .19, p = .02) and academic (r(147) = .30, p < .001) motivation. Extrinsic learning style was positively correlated with career athletic (r(147) = .27, p = .001) and student athletic (r(147) = .16, p < .05) motivation but negatively corelated with academic motivation (r(147) = -.17, p = .03). Athletes in STEM majors (M = 3.88, SD = 0.36) had significantly higher academic motivation than non-STEM majors (M = 3.66, SD = 0.40), t(182) = 3.85, p < .001. Athletes in non-STEM majors (M = 4.00, SD = 0.88) had significantly higher career athletic motivation than STEM majors (M = 3.56, SD = 0.91), t(182) = -3.29, p = .001. Findings suggest being more independent, participant, and collaborative in class is related to motivation both in school and in student athletic endeavors. Athletes pursuing a STEM major may show higher academic motivation than athletes pursuing non-STEM majors. Encouraging student-athlete learning autonomy via education/intervention could improve intrinsic motivation in sport and classes, though further exploration of these factors is necessary to fully understand their relationship in college student-athletes.

Intersections of Motivation and Autonomous Learning Activities Among Moroccan EFL University Students

This study examines the correlations between types of motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation) and engagement in autonomous learning activities among Moroccan EFL university students. Conducted at Moulay Ismail University, the research surveyed 560 students using adapted versions of established motivational and autonomous learning questionnaires. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and the engagement in autonomous learning activities, suggesting that intrinsically motivated students are more likely to pursue activities that support language acquisition and independence. In contrast, extrinsic motivation was found to have a very weak negative correlation with autonomous learning, indicating its limited role in fostering learner autonomy. Amotivation showed a strong negative correlation with autonomous learning, underlining its adverse effect on students’ engagement and educational outcomes. The results emphasize the importance of enhancing intrinsic motivation and addressing amotivation to improve EFL learning experiences and outcomes.

Developing Online and Hybrid Courses with the Learning Ecology Matrix

Educational technologies are now an integral part of the educational milieu. All educators are expected to be able to use technologies and design courses using these technologies. One framework that can guide the course design process using various technologies is the Learning Ecology Matrix (LEM). The LEM, focusing on learner autonomy and instructor guidance, aids in tailoring courses to be learner-centered or teacher-centered. This article reviews the LEM and explores how the LEM can be used in practice to design courses.

Learner Autonomy as an Instructional Strategy in Enhancing Language Learning

Learner Autonomy as an Instructional Strategy in Enhancing Language Learning

Taiwan Region Teachers’ Beliefs Toward EFL Learner Autonomy and Their Practices in High School

This study examines English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ beliefs and actual practices regarding promoting learner autonomy (LA) in the high school classroom. The participants in the study were 20 EFL high school teachers from central Taiwan region. To triangulate the data and provide more comprehensive results, this study adopted a sequential quan-qual mixed methods research design: a mixed methods research (MMR) design that collects quantitative data first, followed by qualitative data. Teachers’ beliefs and factors affecting their actual practices were elicited through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings show that most teachers recognize the importance of LA. However, the questionnaire results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the teachers’ beliefs and their classroom practices. The qualitative data suggest that the phenomena result from (1) students’ low motivation (2) passive learning attitude and (3) the pressure teachers face due to the high school teaching demands. Although teachers engage in some classroom behaviors that promote autonomy, these practices are rather limited. Finally, directions for LA instruction are discussed. Objective: This study examines EFL teachers’ beliefs and actual practices regarding promoting LA in the high school classroom. Methods: The participants in the study were 20 EFL high school teachers from central Taiwan region. To triangulate the data and provide more comprehensive results, this study adopted a sequential quan-qual MMR design: a mixed methods research design that collects quantitative data first, followed by qualitative data. Teachers’ beliefs and factors affecting their actual practices were elicited through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results: Findings show that most teachers recognize the importance of LA. However, the questionnaire results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the teachers’ beliefs and their classroom practices. The qualitative data suggest that the phenomena result from (1) students’ low motivation (2) passive learning attitude and (3) the pressure teachers face due to the high school teaching demands. Conclusion: Although teachers engage in some classroom behaviors that promote autonomy, these practices are rather limited. Finally, directions for LA instruction are discussed.