Encouragement Of Autonomy Research Articles

Perceived parental rearing styles and depression in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-compassion.

Adolescence is a period characterized by rapid biological and psychological change, and adolescents have a heightened risk of depression. Parental rearing is an important influencing factor for depression in adolescence. However, the mechanism of influence needs further exploration. A total of 1839 adolescents were recruited from a junior and a senior high school in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China. They were requested to completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21). Adolescents recalled their mothers as being more caring and controlling than their fathers. Parental care (maternal care, paternal care) and parental encouragement of autonomy (maternal encouragement of autonomy, paternal encouragement of autonomy) were both negative predictors of depression, while parental control (maternal control, paternal control) was positive predictor of depression. Self-compassion mediated all relationships between parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression but played different mediating roles (complete or incomplete mediating role) in different relationships. Self-compassion plays a mediator role in all relationships between perceived parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression. Adolescents who grown up with less parental care, less parental encouragement of autonomy, and high parental control deserve special attention. Educators and clinicians could help those adolescents reduce the occurrence of depression by increasing their level of self-compassion.

Metacognition and Computational Thinking in Vygotsky's Historical-Cultural Perspective

In a post-pandemic context, where pedagogical practices evolve based on different epistemological bases, the encouragement of autonomy and innovation among students and teachers stands out. Aligned with the UN 2030 Agenda, research assumes as an epistemological basis the interdisciplinary relationship between education and Computer Science by exploring Computational Thinking associated with Metacognition. The text addresses the characteristics of this thought, identifies gaps in the theoretical bases and presents a scope that intertwines it with Vygotskian theory, Metacognition and Cognitive Educability. Results of the theoretical and conceptual reflections indicate that metacognition, when applied systematically, promotes the development of computational thinking. To this end, we propose a functional architecture anchored in Vygotskian principles, differentiating content and skills, contributing to a more robust understanding of this thinking with potential consequences for other conceptions and development of curricula, not only in computing, but in teacher education in all areas.

The Positive Impact of Parental Autonomy Support, Academic Socialization, Parental Responses, and Psychological Control on Muslim Students' Motivation

The encouragement of autonomy in academics is one strategy to encourage students to continue their education. Academic autonomous motivation can be generated through support relationships from the school environment and parents. This study aimed to determine the extent of prediction of autonomy, control, academic socialization, and parental response on academic scores to the academic autonomous motivation of 569 State MTs students in Sleman Regency. Data analysis was performed using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis techniques. The test results showed that three of the six tested relationships were significant, and the other three variables were insignificant. The variables parental autonomy support, behavior control, and response without punishment had a substantial relationship with students' academic autonomous motivation. Insignificant relationships were the relationship of psychological control with academic autonomous motivation, the academic socialization of students with academic autonomous motivation, and the relationship of non-punitive response with academic autonomous motivation. Research related to academic autonomous motivation with parental care is still limited, so further research is needed.

Autonomy- and connectedness-oriented behaviors of toddlers and mothers at different historical times in urban China.

This study examined toddlers' autonomy- and connectedness-oriented behaviors and mothers' encouragement of autonomy and connectedness in two cohorts (1995 and 2008) in urban China. Observational data were collected from Chinese children and their mothers in a laboratory free play session. The results showed that compared with children in the 1995 cohort (207 children, 95 boys, Mage = 24.09 months), children in the 2008 cohort (281 children, 144 boys, Mage = 24.34 months) displayed fewer connectedness-oriented behaviors and spent more time on autonomous activities. Compared with mothers in the 1995 cohort (45% with a college education), mothers in the 2008 cohort (43.4% with a college education) were less likely to display involvement in children's activities and more likely to encourage child autonomy. The results suggest that macrolevel contexts may play an important role in shaping parenting and children's behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The Right to Choose

The Right to Choose

The Role of Parental Bonding Perception in Predicting Communication Patterns of Couples

Background: Parental bonding perception leads to different domains in future life. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of parental bonding perception in predicting the communication patterns of couples in Tehran. Methods: This correlational and descriptive study was done on 338 individuals in Tehran, Iran who voluntarily participated in the research in 2016. Communication Pattern Questionnaire (CPQ) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation method and multiple regression were used for data analysis using the SPSS v. 22 software. Results: Data revealed that in the husband group, father care was the only predictor of higher scores of the mutual constructive communication pattern. In the group of wives, father indifference was the predictor of lower scores of constructive communication pattern and mother encouragement of dependency was the predictor of the higher scores of the constructive communication pattern. Mother encouragement of autonomy was the only predictor of lower scores of husband demand/ wife withdraws but no variable predicted wife demand/ husband withdraw pattern. In addition, fathers’ encouragement of autonomy in husbands was predictive of spouses’ constructive communication patterns. Also, fathers’ encouragement of autonomy in husbands was predictive of spouses’ constructive communication patterns. Conclusion: The association between parental bonding perception and couple’s communication patterns highlight the importance of early years of childhood and parent-child relationship in future life.

“Students Are the Reason Most of Us Have Jobs”: Sport Management Faculty Members’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Students

Sport management is one of the fastest growing disciplines on college campuses nationwide. Its multifaceted nature suggests that it has a unique blend of students with broad ranging interests. To ensure student success, it is important to understand faculty attitudes toward students. There are two predominant attitudes toward students that occur along a spectrum: conservative-autocratic and liberal-democratic. The conservative-autocratic attitude is characterized by traditional classroom authority, class discipline, and placing little emphasis in the encouragement of autonomy within their students. Liberal-democratic attitudes are characterized by the belief that students should be treated as individuals and can be self-directed in their learning. Liberal-democratic attitudes have been positively correlated with the academic success of students. Utilizing Ng’s (2002) Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Students scale (TATS) scale and informed by McGregor’s (1960) X and Y managerial models of motivation, this study explored sport management faculty attitudes toward students. This study used a mixed methods approach, and 166 sport management faculty members participated in this study. Although the results indicate that the participants prefer adopting liberal-democratic approach in their teaching, older faculty members and tenure-track faculty members were significantly more likely to exhibit conservativeautocratic attitudes toward students. As such, faculty members need to be aware that some circumstances may impact teaching effectiveness and directly influence student outcomes.

Inhibited autonomy for promoting physical health: qualitative analysis of narratives from persons living with severe mental illness.

Autonomy is a key factor in the reduction of inequitable physical healthcare among people with severe mental illness compared with the general population.AimsTo clarify the critical mechanism underlying autonomy in physical health promotion based on the perspectives of people with severe mental illness. We employed a conventional content analysis of narrative data from the Healthy Active Lives in Japan (HeAL Japan) workshop meetings. 'Inhibited autonomy' was extracted as a central component and shaped by the users' experiences, both in a healthcare setting and in real life. This component emerged based on the lack of an empowerment mechanism in psychiatric services. A barrier to the encouragement of autonomy in physical health promotion was found in current psychiatric services. An effective strategy should be explored to foster an empowerment mechanism in psychiatric and mental health services.Declaration of interestNone.

Parenting behaviors associated with youth AD diagnosis vs. youth ADHD diagnosis

Background and objectivesExtensive research investigated maternal parenting behaviors of children with anxiety disorders (ADs). No research has compared parenting behaviors of children with anxiety disorders (ADs) and ADHD, which is important to understand the common or specific role of parenting in both disorders, and also to inform interventions including parents. MethodsWe compared the presence of paternal and maternal behaviors of autonomy granting, control, and rejection in youths with AD (n = 16; Mage = 11.63, SD = 2.96) to the presence of these behaviors in youth with ADHD (n = 14; Mage = 10.64, SD = 2.65) and in community sample (CS) youths (n = 24; Mage = 11.4, SD = 2.64) using aggregated child, parent-about-self, and parent-about-partner report. Parental anxiety was also assessed. ResultsFathers of youths with ADs were less controlling than fathers of youths with ADHD and CS fathers. Fathers of youths with ADHD were more rejecting of their children than fathers of children with ADs and CS fathers. With respect to maternal behaviors, no differences between the three groups occurred. No group differences were found in parental anxiety. ConclusionResults provide little evidence for the assumed controlling and lack of autonomy encouragement style of parents of children with ADs. This study points to the importance of involving fathers in the treatment of youth ADHD. Irrespective of whether paternal dysfunctional behaviors are involved in the development of ADHD or are a consequence of ADHD, it is likely that such behaviors negatively contribute to the therapy course and pace and should be targeted during treatment.

母亲鼓励自主与学步儿的探索行为：依恋的调节作用

母亲鼓励自主与学步儿的探索行为：依恋的调节作用

Quality of Maternal Parenting of 9-Month-Old Infants Predicts Executive Function Performance at 2 and 3 Years of Age.

Whereas the effects of maternal parenting quality during infants’ 2nd year on later executive function (EF) have been studied extensively, less is known about the impact of maternal parenting quality during the 1st year. The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal parenting during infants’ 1st year predicted EF performance at 2 and 3 years of age in a Chinese sample. Data were collected from 96 mother-infant dyads (42 males) when the infants were 6, 9, 25, and 38 months old. Cognitive development as a control variable was measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II at 6 months. At 9 months, three aspects of maternal parenting quality (sensitivity, mind-mindedness, and encouragement of autonomy) were assessed with MBQS, mind-mindedness coding system, and encouragement of autonomy coding schema within a 15-min mother–infant interaction. Three aspects of EF (working memory, inhibitory control, and delay EF) were measured at 25 and 38 months with age-appropriate tasks. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that maternal mind-mindedness had a more important effect than did the encouragement of autonomy and maternal sensitivity during infants’ preverbal period. More precisely, maternal mind-mindedness at 9 months predicted inhibitory control at 2 and 3 years, and maternal encouragement of autonomy predicted performance on delay EF tasks at 3 years, maternal sensitivity had no observed effect on children’s EF. This study suggests that maternal parenting quality during the 1st year (maternal mind-mindedness and encouragement of autonomy, but not maternal sensitivity) impacts later EF development.

Correlates of Depression in First-Year College Students

This study aimed to identify and rank the personal, family-related, social, and academic correlates of depressive symptoms in first-year college students. A questionnaire that included the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was administered to 389 first-year college students (mean age = 18.9; SD = 3.38; 59.4% female). Eight variables contributed uniquely to the variance of depressive symptoms and were, in decreasing order of importance: (1) the absence of personal goals, (2) a high level of anxiety and (3) of dysfunctional thoughts regarding success, (4) a lack of emotional adjustment to college, (5) being female, (6) receiving little warmth and encouragement of autonomy from one’s mother and (7) from one’s father, and (8) being attracted to members of the opposite or both sexes. These results suggest that a multimodal intervention is required to support students’ mental health.

Maternal positive parenting behaviors and toddler's compliance: Prediction from maternal sensitivity in infancy and bidirectional effects of autonomy encouragement in toddlerhood

Maternal positive parenting behaviors and toddler's compliance: Prediction from maternal sensitivity in infancy and bidirectional effects of autonomy encouragement in toddlerhood

Transmissão Intergeracional do Apego Seguro: Evidências a Partir de Dois Casos

The aim of the study was to investigate mother's experiences with her caregivers and the secure attachment of her child. Two mother-child dyads participated (mother: 38 years old; son: 2 years old and 2 months; mother: 34 years old; son: 2 years old and 2 months), in which the child presented secure attachment behaviors, evaluated by the Attachment Q-sort. The mothers´ experiences with their caregivers were investigated by a scale that evaluated the perceptions of their dyadic, and their attachment representations, the current relationship was investigated thought an interview. The results show consistency in mothers’ experiences with their caregivers characterized by affective, sensitive care and autonomy encouragement and their child's secure attachment behaviors, as well as a good mother-child relationship. These results support the literature that highlights the intergenerational patterns of attachment, since the maternal experiences with their caregivers relate themselves to the child´s secure attachment.

Factors Associated with the Referral of Anxious Children to Mental Health Care: the Influence of Family Functioning, Parenting, Parental Anxiety and Child Impairment

This study aims to identify factors that predict the mental health care referral of anxious children. In total, 249 children and families, aged 8-13 years, participated: 73 children were referred with anxiety disorders to mental health care [mean (M) age = 10.28, standard deviation (SD) = 1.35], 176 non-referred anxious children recruited in primary schools (M age = 9.94, SD = 1.22). Child anxiety and other disorders were assessed with semi-structured interviews. Child anxiety symptoms, behavioural problems, parental anxiety, the parenting styles overprotection, autonomy encouragement, rejection, and the family functioning dimensions control and relational functioning, were assessed with child, father and mother report on questionnaires. The summed interference rating of children's anxiety disorders was a predictor of referral, consistent over child and parent reports, but not comorbidity. Most family and parenting variables did not predict referral, nor differed between the referred and non-referred sample. Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal self-reported anxiety decreased the odds of referral and child reported parental autonomy granting increased, while child reported overprotection decreased the odds of referral. The impairment for the child due to the number and severity of their anxiety disorder(s) is, based on child, mother and father report associated with referral. This indicates that those who need it most, receive clinical treatment.

The Impact of Healthy Parenting As a Protective Factor for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adulthood: A Case-Control Study

BackgroundEarly life social adversity can influence stress response mechanisms and is associated with anxious behaviour and reductions in callosal area later in life.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between perceptions of parental bonding in childhood/adolescence, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response, and callosal structural integrity in adult victims of severe urban violence with and without PTSD.MethodsSeventy-one individuals with PTSD and 62 without the disorder were assessed with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The prednisolone suppression test was administered to assess cortisol levels, and magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the total area of the corpus callosum (CC), as well as the areas of callosal subregions.ResultsThe PBI items related to the perception of ‘not having a controlling mother’ (OR 4.84; 95%CI [2.26–10.3]; p = 0.01), ‘having a caring father’ (OR 2.46; 95'%CI [1.18–5.12]; p = 0.02), and ‘not having controlling parents’ (OR 2.70; 95%CI [1.10–6.63]; p = 0.04) were associated with a lower risk of PTSD. The PTSD group showed a blunted response to the prednisolone suppression test, with lower salivary cortisol levels upon waking up (p = 0.03). Individuals with PTSD had smaller total CC area than those without the disorder, but these differences were not statistically significant (e-value = 0.34).ConclusionsHealthy parental bonding, characterized by the perception of low parental control and high affection, were associated with a lower risk of PTSD in adulthood, suggesting that emotional enrichment and the encouragement of autonomy are protective against PTSD in adulthood.

Child eating behavior outcomes of an early feeding intervention to reduce risk indicators for child obesity: The NOURISH RCT

The objective was to describe parent-reported child eating behavior and maternal parenting impact outcomes of an infant feeding intervention to reduce child obesity risk. An assessor masked Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with concealed allocation of individual mother-infant dyads. The NOURISH RCT enrolled 698 first-time mothers (mean age 30.1 years, SD = 5.3) with healthy term infants (51% female) aged 4.3 months (SD = 1.0) at baseline. Outcomes were assessed 6 months post-intervention when the children were 2 years old. Mothers reported on child eating behaviors using the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), food preferences, and dietary intake using a 24-hour telephone recall. Parenting was assessed using five scales validated for use in Australia. Intervention effects were evident on the CEBQ overall (MANOVA P = 0.002) and 4/8 subscales: child satiety responsiveness (P = 0.03), fussiness (P = 0.01), emotional overeating (P < 0.01), and food responsiveness (P = 0.06). Intervention children "liked" more fruits (P < 0.01) and fewer non-core foods and beverages (P = 0.06, 0.03). The intervention mothers reported greater "autonomy encouragement" (P = 0.002). Anticipatory guidance on protective feeding practices appears to have modest positive impacts on child eating behaviors that are postulated to reduce future obesity risk.

GETTING READY: RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF A RELATIONSHIP-FOCUSED INTERVENTION ON THE PARENT-INFANT RELATIONSHIP IN RURAL EARLY HEAD START.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a relational intervention (the Getting Ready intervention) on parenting behaviors supporting the parent-infant relationship for families enrolled in Early Head Start home-based programming. Two-hundred thirty-four parents and their children participated in the randomized study, with 42% of parents reporting education of less than a high-school diploma. Brief, semistructured parent-child interaction tasks were videotaped every 4 months over a16-month intervention period. Observational codes of parent-infant relationship behaviors included quality of three parental behaviors: warmth and sensitivity, support for learning, and encouragement of autonomy; two appropriateness indicators: support for learning and guidance/directives; and one amount indicator: constructive behaviors. Parents who participated in the Getting Ready intervention demonstrated higher quality interactions with their children that included enhanced quality of warmth and sensitivity, and support for their children's autonomy than did parents in the control group. They also were more likely to use appropriate directives with their children and more likely to demonstrate appropriate supports for their young children's learning. Results indicate an added value of the Getting Ready intervention for Early Head Start home-based programming for families of infants and toddlers.

The Parental Bonding Instrument: A Four-Factor Structure Model in a Japanese College Sample

The Parenting Bonding Instrument (PBI) is a widely used battery to assess parenting behaviours. Although, it was originally developed to measure two attributes of parenting behaviour, care and overprotection, there is still disagreement about the factor structure of the scale. The aim of the present study is to examine the fit of different factorial structures of the PBI in a Japanese college sample. A total of 4,357 Japanese college students (1392 male and 2965 female) participated in the study. The age range was 17-40 years old with the mean age of 20.29 (SD = 1.85). Based on the previous research, five different models of factor structures were identified, and confirmatory factor analyses using AMOS were performed to evaluate the fit of each factorial structure model. A four-factor model (care, indifference, overprotection, and encouragement of autonomy) yielded the best fit among the five models. It was found that the original two-factor model did not reach the acceptable fit. Although the original scoring instruction indicates the four subscales be treated as two sets of bipolar factors (care-indifference, overprotection-autonomy), the present study suggests that four subscales be treated as independent factors when parenting behaviours are assessed in a Japanese population.

The role of early parental bonding in the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood

To identify and discuss recent research concerning the association between parent-child relationships and psychiatric symptoms in adulthood. Despite their methodological limitations such as small sample sizes and inadequate follow-up periods, recent studies have shown that early parental bonding may play an important role either as a risk or protection factor for the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood. Affective enhancement and encouragement of autonomy seem to exert a protective effect, whereas emotional neglect and overprotection seem to be risk factors for the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood. Current available data indicate that parent-child relationships may prevent or promote the development of psychiatric symptoms, mainly anxiety and depressive symptoms. In order to investigate the quality of parental bonding and its correlation with the level of psychological well being or psychiatric morbidity, further longitudinal studies with larger samples and adequate follow-up periods should be conducted.