Autonomous State Research Articles

Planetary exploration by robotic aerovehicles

Planetary aerobots are a new type of telerobotic science platform that can fly and navigate in a dynamic 3-dimensional atmospheric environment, thus enabling the global in situ exploration of planetary atmospheres and surfaces. Aerobots are enabled by a new concept in planetary balloon altitude control, developed at JPL, which employs reversible-fluid changes to permit repeated excursions in altitude. The essential physics and thermodynamics ofreversible-fluid altitude control have been demonstrated in a series of altitude-control experiments conducted in the Earth's atmosphere, which are described. Aerobot altitude-control technology will be important in the exploration of seven planets and satellites in our solar system. Three of these objects—Venus, Mars, and the Saturnian satellite Titan—have accessible solid surfaces and atmospheres dominated by the dense gases nitrogen or carbon dioxide. They will be explored with aerobots using helium or hydrogen as their primary means of buoyancy. The other four planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—have deep atmospheres that are predominantly hydrogen. It may be possible to explore these atmospheres with aerobots inflated with atmospheric gas that is then radiatively heated from the hotter gaseous depths below. To fulfill their potential, aerobots to explore the planets will need autonomous state estimators to guide their observations and provide information to the altitude-control systems. The techniques of acquiring these data remotely are outlined. Aerobots will also use on board altitude control and navigation systems to execute complex flight paths including descent to the surface and exploiting differential wind velocities to access different latitude belts. Approaches to control of these systems are examined. The application of aerobots to Venus exploration is explored in some detail: The most ambitious mission described, the Venus Flyer Robot (VFR), would have the capability to make repeated short excursions to the high-temperature surface environment of Venus to acquire data and then return to the Earth-like upper atmosphere to communicate and recool its electronic systems. Finally a Planetary Aerobot Testbed is discussed which will conduct Earth atmospheric flights to validate autonomous-state-estimator techniques and flight-path-control techniques needed for future planetary missions.

The Developmental Roles of the State: Moving Beyond the Developmental State in Conceptualizing Asian Political Economies

This article examines the role the state has played in the development of a variety of Asian nations through a series of “paired comparisons” to evaluate the model of the developmental state that has become prevalent in the analysis of East Asian political economy. The cases included in the study indicate that neither the state nor the market (as argued by neoclassical economists) can explain developmental outcomes by itself. Too many strong and interventionist states succeeded to gainsay the idea that economic competitiveness can be manipulated. However, the statist faith in strong and autonomous developmental states does not fare very well either. Strong states failed as well as succeeded. In fact, the strongest and most autonomous states may well be in the greatest danger of degeneration because they can resist pressures for change and can use their powers to become a “predator” over society. In addition, quite a few of these mini case studies directly imply that the nature of society is an important variable in deter‐mining how well a political economy operates. Thus, the case for “bringing society back in” appears to be a strong one.

Drieu, Céline: French Fascism, Scapegoating, and the Price of Revelation

Drieu, Céline: French Fascism, Scapegoating, and the Price of Revelation Richard J. Golsan Texas A &M University Although the Girardian concept of the scapegoat and its attendant phenomena have a number of obvious implications for the study of fascism, to date the connection has been addressed only in broadly theoretical terms. In Des Choses cachées and in subsequent works, René Girard has alluded to modern political scapegoating such as the Nazi persecution of the Jews as examples of mass victimizations where the enormous number of victims represents an effort to compensate for the failure of the scapegoating process itself in the wake of Christian revelation.1 While the victims are initially vilified, they are not sacralized after their sacrifice, and order is maintained only so long as a steady stream of victims is forthcoming. As Andrew McKenna explains in Violence and Difference, "with the passing of the sacred order, of the sacred tout court, sacrifice becomes less and less capable of uniting the community and therefore demands more and more victims . . . the decline of symbolic violence brings an increase of real victims; their quantity mounts in inverse proportion to the ritual efficacy of sacrifice, and victimage appears more and more gratuitous" (159-60). Moreover, McKenna continues, victimage of this sort becomes increasingly untraceable, rootless, and it is this aspect of official Nazi anti-Semitism, for example, which allowed many Nazis in their postwar trials to proclaim their innocence for their roles in the Final Solution by insisting that they were "only following orders" (162-3). 1 See Things Hidden 128-9. For a more general discussion of the persecution of ethnic minorities as a source of social cohesiveness, see the essays "Violence and Representation" and "Generative Scapegoating." Drieu, Céline: French Fascism173 These observations certainly help to illuminate the role of scapegoating in Nazi racial politics and in the Holocaust in particular. They are less helpful, however, in understanding other paradigms of fascism in which antiSemitism did not play as central a role or in cases in which fascist ideology was not synonymous with government policy or political hegemony. The role of scapegoating in Italian Fascism, for example, is more difficult to ascertain than it is in Nazism because anti-Semitism was less crucial as a means of establishing social cohesiveness, at least until Nazi influence became predominant during World War II (Soucy xviii). In France, the presence of a number of fascist movements from the twenties through the end of the Occupation, and the absence of an autonomous fascist state during the same period, make the task of assessing the role of scapegoating even more difficult. This is especially true in light of the fact that a number of French fascist movements were not anti-Semitic, at least until it became expedient to be so to curry favor with the Nazis. In French Fascism: The First Wave, Robert Soucy notes that during the interwar years, fascist groups including "the Jeunesse Patriotes, the Croix de Feu and the Faisceau . . . welcomed Jews into their ranks" (xviii). The lack of a consistent attitude towards the Jews is, in fact, just one of several points of divergence among French fascists and fascist groups prior to World War Two. As a result, historians and political theorists who have studied French fascism have strongly disagreed as to its origins as well as its basic ideology. In Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France, Zeev Sternhell argues that "the history of fascism can be described as a continuous attempt to revise marxism and create a national form of socialism" (20). Soucy, on the other hand, insists that on many of the most important social and political issues, including "taxation, government spending, nationalization , property rights, class conflict, religion, education, and foreign policy, French Fascism was overwhelmingly conservative" (xi). Other historians, especially among the French themselves, have gone so far as to insist that there is no such thing as French fascism, that such a creature, if it existed at all, was merely an import, a watered-down version of Nazism or Italian Fascism.2 If no consensus as to the nature or even the existence of French fascism can be reached by analyzing the programs...

Pregnancy dependence of mammary tumours in DDD mice congenic for Mtv-2, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2

Mammary tumours developed in 110 (95.7%) of 115 DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2 (DDD/1-Mtv-2) and 24 (47.1%) of 51 DDD/1fDDD/1-Mtv-2 (DDD/1fMtv-2) force-bred female mice during a one-year period. The mean tumour age +/- SE was 220 +/- 7 and 269 +/- 7 days, respectively. These tumours were examined for responsiveness to pregnancies by comparing their growth after transplantation between virgin and breeding recipients. Of 73 tumours from DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice, 9 (12%) were completely pregnancy-dependent (CPD), 3 (4%) pregnancy-dependent (PD), 9 (12%) pregnancy-responsive (PR), and 52 (71%) pregnancy-independent (PI), and of 25 tumours from DDD/1fMtv-2 mice, one (4%) was CPD, one (4%) PR, and 23 (92%) PI. Although most tumours were heterogeneous in morphology and there was no clear relation between morphology and PD properties, most CPD tumours were type P and considered to be connected with mammary plaques. When 9 CPD tumours from DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice were serially transplanted in breeders, 6, 2 and one progressed to lose pregnancy dependence within 3, 8 and 18 generations, respectively. DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice will provide a model for studies on progression of mammary tumours from hormone-dependent to autonomous states.

The last stand of autonomous states in Southeast Asia and Korea, 1750–1870: problems, possibilities, and a project

(1993). The last stand of autonomous states in Southeast Asia and Korea, 1750–1870: problems, possibilities, and a project. Asian Studies Review: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 103-120.

Universal International Law

In this shrinking world, states are increasingly interdependent and interconnected, a development that has affected international law. Early international law dealt with bilateral relations between autonomous states. The principal subjects until well into this century were diplomatic relations, war, treaties and the law of the sea. One of the most significant developments in international law during the twentieth century has been the expanded role played by multilateral treaties addressed to the common concerns of states. Often they clarify and improve rules of international law through the process of rendering them in binding written agreements. These treaties also promote the coordination of uniform state behavior in a variety of areas. International organizations, themselves the creatures of multilateral treaties, have also assumed increasing prominence in the last half of this century. They contribute to the coordination and facilitation of contemporary international relations on the basis of legal principles.

Paracrine and autocrine growth mechanisms in tumor metastasis to specific sites with particular emphasis on brain and lung metastasis

Once metastatic cells successfully seed at distant sites, their clinical detection and danger to the host are dependent on growth to form gross metastases. Metastatic tumor cells proliferate in response to local paracrine growth factors and inhibitors, and their growth also depends on production and responses to autocrine growth factors. A major organ-derived (paracrine) growth factor from lung tissue-conditioned medium has been isolated that differentially stimulates the growth of cells metastatic to brain or lung. Characterization of this mitogen demonstrated that it is a transferrin or a transferrin-like glycoprotein. Furthermore, antibodies to transferrin can remove significant growth activity from lung tissue-conditioned medium. Cells that are metastatic to brain or lung express greater numbers of transferrin receptors on their surfaces than cells that are poorly metastatic or metastatic to liver. Growth responses of metastatic cells and organ preferences of colonization appear to change during progression to more malignant states. At early stages of metastatic progression there is a tendency for many common malignancies to metastasize and grow preferentially at particular sites, suggesting that paracrine growth mechanisms may dominate the growth signals at this stage of progression. In contrast, at later stages of metastatic progression widespread dissemination to various tissues and organs occurs, and autocrine growth mechanisms may dominate the growth responses of metastatic cells. Ultimately, the progression of malignant cells to completely autonomous (acrine) states can occur, and at this stage of metastatic progression cell growth may be completely independent of autocrine and paracrine growth factors or inhibitors.

Political Legitimacy and the State

Political legitimacy the legitimacy of the autonomous state the legitimacy of the representative or neutral state the legitimacy of the partisan state all subjects are legitimately governed but some are more legitimately governed than others legitimacy and coercion states as cultivators of legitimacy the state as subverter of legitimacy.

Cancer Progression and Growth: Relationship of Paracrine and Autocrine Growth Mechanisms to Organ Preference of Metastasis

The progression of cancer cells to highly malignant phenotypes that ultimately invade and metastasize to near and distant sites requires that metastatic cells respond to mitogenic signals in new microenvironments. The successful growth of metastases is due to their ability to respond to local paracrine growth factors and inhibitors and to produce and respond to autocrine growth factors. Solid tumors of the same histologic class, however, may respond differently to combinations of paracrine and autocrine growth signals at metastatic sites. At early stages of tumor dissemination there is a tendency for certain cancers to metastasize to and grow preferentially at particular sites, suggesting that paracrine growth mechanisms may dominate the growth signals processed by metastatic cells. In contrast, at later stages of progression where widespread dissemination of cancer occurs, autocrine growth mechanisms may dominate the positive growth signals processed by metastatic cells and the cells may fail to respond to negative growth signals. Ultimately progression of cancer cells to completely autonomous (acrine) growth states can occur, and metastatic cell proliferation may be completely independent of growth factors or inhibitors. This suggests that pharmacologic intervention using analogs of specific growth inhibitors or antagonists of growth factors, such as genetically altered growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, or other agents, to block growth signaling mechanisms may be useful only at stages of cancer progression before widespread metastasis of acrine malignant cells occurs.

Imaginary histories and the real thing: A critique of Anderson and Benda on the “autonomous state” in Indonesia

Historically-minded observers of post-Sukarno Indonesia have occasionally noted the stylistic similarity of Suharto's “New Order” to that of Dutch colonial rule, with their common emphasis on administration rather than politics… and (as Harry Benda pointed out) the (Dutch) Indies approached as near as it ever did to the beamtenstaat idea, the state as efficient bureaucratic machine…. The Indonesian bureaucracy, however, serves itself. (McVey, 1982, p. 84,88) One cannot avoid the impression that American sociologists in observing third world matters have an attitude of misplaced sophistication…. Instead of making a profound analysis of the ways of production, that is the real social system, they call into being non-existent value systems, from which they try to elucidate “social actions.” (Utrecht, 1973, p. 44, 39) Laws and government may be considered in this and indeed in every case as a combination of the rich to oppress the poor and preserve to themselves the inequality of the goods which would otherwi...

Inhibitory autophosphorylation of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis.

Initial autophosphorylation of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) occurs at Thr286 (the "autonomy" site) and converts the kinase from a Ca(2+)-dependent to a partially Ca(2+)-independent or autonomous enzyme. After removal of Ca2+/calmodulin, the autonomous kinase undergoes a "burst" of inhibitory autophosphorylation at sites distinct from the autonomy site which may be masked in the presence of bound calmodulin. This burst of Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation blocks the ability of calmodulin to activate the kinase. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to replace putative inhibitory autophosphorylation sites within the calmodulin binding domain of recombinant alpha-CaM kinase with nonphosphorylatable alanines and examined the effects on autophosphorylation, kinase activity, and calmodulin binding. Although prominent Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation occurs within the calmodulin binding domain at Thr305, Thr306, and Ser314 in wild-type alpha-CaM kinase, the inhibitory effect on kinase activity and calmodulin binding is retained in mutants lacking any one of these three sites. However, when both Thr305 and Thr306 are converted to alanines the kinase does not display inhibition of either activity or calmodulin binding. Autophosphorylation at either Thr305 or Thr306 is therefore sufficient to block both binding and activation of the kinase by Ca2+/calmodulin. Thr306 is also slowly autophosphorylated in a basal reaction in the continuous absence of Ca2+/calmodulin. Autophosphorylation of Thr306 by the kinase in either its basal or autonomous state suggests that in the absence of bound calmodulin, the region of the autoregulatory domain surrounding Thr306, rather than the region near the autonomy site, lies nearest the peptide substrate binding site of the kinase.

A general dynamic vision architecture for UGV and UAV

The expectation-based 4D approach to dynamic machine vision exploiting integral spatiotemporal models of objects in the real world is discussed in the application domains of unmanned ground and air vehicles. The method has demonstrated superior performance over the last half decade in autonomous road vehicle guidance with three different vans and busses, with an AGV on the factory floor and with completely autonomous relative state estimation for a twin turboprop aircraft in the landing approach to a runway without any external support; in all application areas only a small set of conventional microcomputers was sufficient for realizing the system. This shows the computational efficiency of the method combining both conventional engineering type algorithms and artificial intelligence components in a well balanced way.

The ambiguous practices of the Civilian Conservation Corps

The history of all hitherto existing interpretations of the New Deal is the history of classroom struggle. Pluralist and Marxist, class analyst and statist, historian and social theorist stand in constant opposition to one another, carrying on an open, uninterrupted fight over the meaning, purpose and merit of New Deal labour and social policy a fight ending in the common frustration of readers not involved. The struggle arises from the contradictions engendered by rival explanations of the Roosevelt administration. On the one hand, historians in the late I950S and I960s termed Roosevelt's programmes almost unqualified successes, and his administration as a radical departure from traditional state activity.' On the other hand, more recent historians suggest that the 'radical' or 'liberal' New Deal policies functioned rather conservatively, by protecting monopoly capital.2 Further, social theorists maintain that the New Deal signified a moment of autonomous state activity, and claim that Roosevelt's policies helped transform both state organization and class relationships.3 In all of these struggles, the clash between class and state theory sometimes appears unresolvable. Where it is so, history does indeed come to an end. I would like to further the cause of history, or at least the study of American history, by presenting a case-study of a well-known but little-researched New Deal programme the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Created by Roosevelt himself in the spring of I933, the CCC removed unemployed young men from the city and country, and temporarily employed them in rural areas. There they built roads, canals, bridges, parks and worked

Limits of State Strength: Toward an Institutionalist View of Economic Development

Analyses of economic growth have drawn on the experiences of the East Asian newly industrializing countries to highlight the contribution of cohesive and autonomous states in the resolution of market failures. Within an explicit collective action and public goods framework, this article argues for an institutionalist approach to development that incorporates, but also goes beyond, statism. Through an examination of auto manufacturing in five countries in Southeast and Northeast Asia, the article identifies specific collective action problems central to the development process, and it explores limits to the capacities of even strong states to resolve such problems. The article stresses the role of private sectors and joint publicprivate sector institutions, identifies systematic differences within and among local entrepreneurs with regard to development issues, emphasizes the need for research on factors influencing the supply of institutions; and argues for an approach to development that emphasizes cooperation among domestic interests rather than domination.

The Investments of U.S. and Japanese Multinational Corporations in Korea

W hy have the multinational corporations (MNCs) from the United States and Japan responded differently to the same investment environment in South Korea (henceforth, Korea)? Why have the U.S. MNCs invested in the heavy and chemical industries in Korea, despite the country's small market size and lack of natural resources? Why have the Japanese MNCs invested more than half of their capital in Korea in hotels, when the population is only 42.1 million and the GNP per capita was only $2,690 in 1987?' This article examines foreign direct investment in the Korean economy from 1959 to 1986, comparing MNCs from the United States and Japan. Korea affords a unique opportunity to examine the divergent investment patterns of MNCs in a nation with a relatively strong and autonomous state, committed to economic development as its primary policy objective. A vast body of literature deals with the consequences of MNC investment on long-term economic growth and on income inequality in less-developed countries (LDCs).2 However, few studies have examined the characteristics of MNCs that in themselves could shape the consequences of such investment. A few studies have examined the varying characteristics of MNCs as part of their analyses of multinationals in LDCs.3 However, most of this research has been based on Latin American nations. There are two critical differences between Latin America and East Asia with respect to MNC investment: (1) the different investment climates of the two regions, and (2) the different re-

Conflict and Historical Variation in Steel Capital-State Relations: The Emergence of State Structures and a More Prominent, Less Autonomous State

Conflict and Historical Variation in Steel Capital-State Relations: The Emergence of State Structures and a More Prominent, Less Autonomous State

Recursive digital filters which are free from subharmonics

In recursive digital filters, quantization of signals can result in instabilities such as limit cycles and subharmonics. the aim of this paper is to analyse these instabilities in periodically excited recursive digital filters and to present methods to suppress the unwanted phenomena. A new type of digital filter structure is introduced which is free from subharmonics for discrete-time periodic input signals with a given period N. Using the theory of cyclotomic polynomials, this structure is extended to suppress subharmonics for input signals which are periodic with a divisor of N. A general principle is described to convert a stable, autonomous state space digital filter into one which is free from subharmonics under any periodic excitation with a given period N.

Towards the Post‐Corporate State?

Many studies of the relationship between the state and interest organizations conclude that the state is captured by sectoral interests. The state is not autonomous in a capitalist society. However, does the neo‐corporatist practice necessarily imply a captured state? The author examines the dependencies of the state on functional groups and proposes that corporatism in fact makes it a stronger and more autonomous state. Further, different criteria of autonomy are discussed. The public interest is explored through the concept of communicative action. Finally, the author tries to delimit the concept of autonomy in analysing some recent trends of development in Norwegian public policy.

Beyond Marx—Weber: A Diversified and International Approach to the State

Marx initiated the definition of the development of the modern state as a process of expropriation of powers. Weber took over this idea and added to it two more definitions of the state: as the holder of a monopoly of the means of violence and as an authority based on rational-legal legitimation. These three definitions of the state held up well until after the second world war, but since then new developments require that they be modified. Total expropriation of all powers did not take place. Instead a fusion of state and society ensued. The monopoly of violence has not proved usable and legitimation no longer matters so much in ensuring obedience. Furthermore, politics has moved to a new global international system featuring a number of different types of state: autonomous, community, client, satellite and independent states. The combination of these five types with the previously defined three factors of expropriation, militarization and legitimacy, constitutes a theoretical approach that can relate internal structural disposition to external global position of the state.

W. Arthur Lewis Lecture: Should there be a Marshall Plan for Eastern Europe?

The desirability of massive financial aid to support the transition of East European countries to market economies is considered in the light of structural adjustment experience of Latin American countries. It is argued that, politically, an autonomous state is necessary to guide the restructuring. The democratization of Eastern Europe decreases the autonomy of the state. Economically, recent experience in Latin America and Eastern Europe has demonstrated that reforms take place during periods of stringency rather than affluence. It is therefore argued that trade and foreign investment are preferable to generous aid.