Autonomous Power Supply System Research Articles

Asynchronous generator replacement scheme with internal capacitive reactive power compensation

The relevance of using compensated induction machines in the generator mode of autonomous power supply systems is determined by their ability to provide a stable and reliable power supply even in the absence of an external grid. The research aims to develop a procedure for determining the characteristics of an equivalent circuit of compensated induction generators that considers the mutual influence between the main and additional phase windings of the armature. The theory of an idealised induction machine with the representation of electromechanical energy conversion processes and basic physical parameters in the form of equations of electrical equilibrium and drive motion was used to obtain the calculated characteristics of the generator’s operating modes of this class. The generalised system of differential equations made it possible to calculate dynamic and static processes for symmetrical and asymmetrical modes at given machine parameters under different methods of excitation and voltage stabilisation under variable load. For the practical implementation of modelling the parameters of an induction generator, the equations of electrical equilibrium of the stator and rotor circuits for the symmetrical steady-state mode are used, which is a special case of the generalised mathematical model of the machine for both transient and steady-state processes with constant parameters of the substitution scheme. Consideration of the structural and functional features of compensated induction generators was made possible by using a mathematical model with the armature winding divided into two coaxial or spatially offset half-windings. In this case, the number of calculation equations doubles. The use of an autotransformer scheme for switching on the stator phase half-windings to capacitors required the introduction of an additional differential equation for the electrical equilibrium of the stator phases. This made it possible to substantiate the values of active and inductive resistances used in the replacement circuit of an induction generator with internal capacitive reactive power compensation. The mutual inductive coupling of the main and additional half-windings of the generator stator phase windings due to both the operating magnetic flux and the magnetic fluxes of dissipation was considered. The practical significance of the obtained results is to increase the efficiency and stability of the power supply, which helps to reduce losses and improve the operation of electric power systems

Design of an autonomous photovoltaic power supply system for Nyabikenke Hospital (Burundi) using the ETAP tool

Our energy future must be based on non-polluting energies with significant resources. Renewable energies are the best candidates, but the intermittency of their production requires finding efficient and environmentally friendly storage means. Solar electricity must be stored to be used later when needed. There are many ways to store electricity, and they all involve converting it to another form of energy that is easier to contain. A study on the design of an autonomous electrical system was carried out at Nyabikenke Hospital to solve the major problem of the lack of hydroelectric power at Nyabikenke Hospital. We therefore first sought to estimate the energy needs of the user and then proceeded to an optimal dimensioning of our system using the ETAP software. In normal operation, the photovoltaic field and the battery bank will operate, in the event of a cut in the two sources, the emergency Diesel generator intervenes. The design tool simulates the operation of an autonomous electrical system for a load of 131.5kW necessary for the hospital to be supplied. He can design any system from the experimental results of the components. The results of the simulation make it possible to characterize the operation of the system in an autonomous application, determine its performance, and evaluate the influence of the various losses.

Study of Renewable Potential of the Republic of Armenia for Implementation of Hybrid Autonomous Power Supply System Using Solar Photovoltaic Modules

Introduction. Solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy industries. Solar photovoltaic modules are most widely used to create hybrid autonomous electrification systems, since photovoltaics are not limited to specific limitations and can be applied almost everywhere.Aim. To determine the potential of meteorological and geographical features of the Republic of Armenia for the implementation of autonomous hybrid renewable energy sources systems (AHRESS) using solar photovoltaics (PV). To simulate operating conditions for various AHRESS configurations providing electric power to a cellular communication base station.Materials and methods. Climatic, geographical, social and economic features of the region of the Republic of Armenia are investigated. Regions are evaluated based on the key factors of AHRESS implementation potential and compared with studies performed by the Effergy-Irsolav. The simulations and technical and economic analysis were performed using the HOMER Pro software in Ttsovinar region.Results. The most efficient configuration is found to be B1, with an energy cost of 0.322 $/kW·h. The parameters of winning system: PV array with capacity of 4.5 kW, 12V battery with 100 A·h capacity, diesel generator with 3 kW capacity. The main efficiency criterion is the low economic costs for the implementation and operation of this AHRESS configuration. Ten additional variants of AHRESS were modeled in order to optimize the component base of the configuration.Conclusion. It was found that, depending on the consumer load, solar photovoltaic converters are limited and can only perform as supporting source of electricity. The use of the existing consumption load profile in the form of BSSS made it possible to cover the widest possible range of configurations of the component base, which indicates the high accuracy of the simulated results and, as a result, the technical and economic relevance of the study.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Currently, there are a large number of territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan that are not connected to centralized networks. Power supply of facilities in such territories is a complex task, the solution of which requires significant material costs. Reliable power supply means long-term uninterrupted power supply of consumers with electricity of the required quality. The most functionally completed autonomous power supply system (SES) of the "small" electric power industry is the integrated system of guaranteed power supply (KSGEP). The article discusses the provision of reliable power supply to a specific consumer - it is possible only on the basis of a systematic approach to the organization of power supply. To ensure the normal operation of the DES-UPS system (uninterruptible power supply), the power of the DES (diesel power plant) must exceed the power of the UPS. The degree of this excess depends on many factors determined by both the properties of the generator and the diesel engine, and the characteristics of the UPS. The analysis of the problem of matching DES and UPS was identified and revealed, which served as the basis for the development of a methodology for calculating power and selecting DES for working with UPS. A comprehensive system approach to the design, organization, maintenance and operation of autonomous power supply systems of the "small" electric power industry is given, which is the key to their reliable functioning, reliable power supply to consumers.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Currently, there are a large number of territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan that are not connected to centralized networks. Power supply of facilities in such territories is a complex task, the solution of which requires significant material costs. Reliable power supply means long-term uninterrupted power supply of consumers with electricity of the required quality. The most functionally completed autonomous power supply system (SES) of the "small" electric power industry is the integrated system of guaranteed power supply (KSGEP). The article discusses the provision of reliable power supply to a specific consumer - it is possible only on the basis of a systematic approach to the organization of power supply. To ensure the normal operation of the DES-UPS system (uninterruptible power supply), the power of the DES (diesel power plant) must exceed the power of the UPS. The degree of this excess depends on many factors determined by both the properties of the generator and the diesel engine, and the characteristics of the UPS. The analysis of the problem of matching DES and UPS was identified and revealed, which served as the basis for the development of a methodology for calculating power and selecting DES for working with UPS. A comprehensive system approach to the design, organization, maintenance and operation of autonomous power supply systems of the "small" electric power industry is given, which is the key to their reliable functioning, reliable power supply to consumers.

Энергоэффективный конденсаторный DC-DC преобразователь для автономной системы электроснабжения

The main requirement for autonomous power supply systems is improved weight-size and energy parameters. A promising way to solve this problem is to use DC-DC converters based on resonant structures with switched capacitors. Improvement of energy indicators of the converter is achieved due to soft-switching mode of semiconductor elements providing reduction of dynamic power losses and increasing the level of the primary source. Improvement of weight-size parameters of the converter is provided due to the following: multi-cycle principle of the design providing a significant increase of frequency conversion up to several hundred kHz due to multiple reduction of installed capacity of semiconductor elements; high specific energy indicators of modern multilayer ceramic capacitors, more than two orders of magnitude higher than similar indicators of reactors and transformers; optimization of parameters of semiconductor and reactive elements, which also contributes to significant reduction of weight and volume of power supply systems. The authors have conducted the analysis of weight-size parameters of the step-up DC-DC converter and the value of its efficiency under the assumption of proportionality of weight and volume of reactive converter elements to the maximum accumulated energy and proportionality of weight and volume of semiconductor elements to their installed capacity. The authors have proposed and studied the circuit of multipolar DC-DC converter based on structures with switched capacitors, which has the space symmetry. The space symmetry provides a significant improvement of weight-size parameters due to two-fold reduction of the total installed capacity of semiconductor elements. The volume and energy indicators of the converter under study as a part of power supply system have been evaluated. A method to design a power circuit of a capacitor converter with improved energy and weight-size parameters as a part of an autonomous power supply system is proposed. The authors have established the most effective ways to improve the weight-size and energy indicators of DC voltage converters. The improvement of weight-size parameters is achieved due to a twofold reduction of the installed capacity of semiconductor elements and optimization of the parameters of reactive elements. Improvement of energy indicators is achieved due to increasing the input voltage level of the converter and soft switching of its semiconductor elements.

OPERATING MODES OF MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT WITH OUTPUT VOLTAGE STABILIZATION USING INVERTER CONTROL

Link for citation: Lukutin B.B., Shandarova E.B., Popov M. M. Operating modes of micro-hydroelectric power plant with output voltage stabilization using inverter control. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 51-58. In Rus. The relevance. The use of Russia's hydroelectric potential for electricity generation is one of the cleanest and environmentally friendly methods as it does not result in the emission of harmful substances and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Moreover, it is a reliable and efficient source of energy as water is a constant source of energy. Hydro turbines are used to convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy, which effectively ensures more reliable and stable production capacity for hydroelectric installations. However, micro-hydroelectric power plants have some drawbacks related to difficulties in ensuring the high quality of produced electricity of autonomous power supply systems. This is due to the fact that the load on the autonomous power supply system can vary not only in magnitude but also in nature, which makes it difficult to maintain a stable level of electricity production. The main goal of the research is to determine the ranges of variation of the output electrical parameters of a non-regulated hydrogenerator operating as part of an inverter-based micro-hydroelectric power station for rural domestic consumers. Additionally, the task is to formulate requirements for the hydrogenerator and power conversion devices in static and dynamic operating modes of the autonomous power supply system. Object: inverter-based micro-hydroelectric power station. Methods: simulation modeling, and programming in Matlab Simulink. Results. A simulation model of an electric power supply system with an inverter microelectric power station was developed. The structure of microelectric power station is proposed, as well as the ranges of voltage changes of the microelectric power station generator are obtained.

Voltage Regulators for Small wind Power Plants

Structural and schematic solutions of voltage stabilizers for alternating current and direct current generators of wind power plants, made using direct frequency converters, an intermediate link of increased frequency and a transformer with a rotating magnetic field, are proposed. Their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. To improve energy efficiency and reliability of power supply to autonomous consumers, a block diagram of a combined autonomous power supply system is proposed.

Методика и результаты анализа качества выходной энергии автономных систем электроснабжения переменного напряжения с модульными статическими преобразователями в установившемся режиме

Modern autonomous power supply systems (APSS) of alternating voltage with high-frequency modular static converters (SC) operate under conditions of a large range of changes of the parameters of the primary source of electrical energy and load with modes of intermittent phase currents of the SC modules. APSS with high-frequency modular SC are characterized by a complex spectral distribution of the output energy coordinates with the dominance of canonical harmonics. Thus, the task to develop methods for analyzing the quality of generated electric power of such type of APSS in a wide range of disturbing factors with the dominance of canonical harmonics in the coordinates of the output energy is relevant. For the specified type of APSS, it is reasonable to use the time deformation method for the average values of the coordinates of the output energy under the sinusoidal modulation law on the interval of constancy of the SC structure. The procedure to investigate the influence of APSS operating modes and methods of correction of the modulation law on the quality of output energy is demonstrated by the example of two types of systems. The authors have defined the conditions of the worst value of the harmonic coefficient of the output current in APSS with cycloconverter and multiphase permanent magnets synchronous generator. The authors have demonstrated the effect of modifying the control law by shifting the modulation center and introducing negative current feedback on the possibility to improve the coefficient by 50 %. The authors have defined the conditions of the worst value of the harmonic coefficients of the internal EMF and output current in APSS with an intermediate DC voltage link and a modular two-level voltage inverter. The proposed method to analyze the steady-state operation of APSS with high-frequency modular SC makes it possible to identify the conditions of the worst quality of generated electrical energy and assess the impact of control methods of APSS in a wide range of system parameters, considering the presence of intermittent currents.

Justification of the structure of the autonomous electric power system of the agro-industrial enterprise

Purpose. Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and improving the living conditions of the rural population by creating a reliable autonomous power supply system based on its own renewable energy sources. Methods. The substantiation of the structure and parameters of the autonomous electric power system of the economic level was carried out on the basis of the provisions of probability theory, mathematical statistics and simulation modeling using a specially developed reliability assessment model of various variants of autonomous electric power systems for agricultural purposes. Results. The model for assessing the reliability of autonomous electric power systems of the economic level was developed on the basis of the structural and functional organization of systems with the determination of the probability of failure-free operation. The reliability of the system is determined by the reliability of its subsystems and their interconnection – structure. The main method of increasing the reliability of power supply systems is the redundancy method, which consists in introducing additional subsystems into the system. Serial and parallel connection systems are considered. An important element of ensuring high reliability of autonomous power supply systems of agricultural production facilities is appropriate means of energy accumulation. The structure of the specific electricity supply system of the agroindustrial economy should be formed on the basis of the characteristics of production and household needs, assessment of the potential and characteristics of renewable energy sources and the conditions of safe, economically and ecologically efficient operation Conclusions 1. Effective operation of a modern farm with complex automated human activity in close harmony with living objects is possible only under the condition of absolutely reliable power supply, including on the basis of own renewable energy sources. 2. Among the natural RES, the most reliable source for farming conditions is the energy of solar radiation. 3. From the point of view of organization of application, availability of raw materials and possibilities of necessary maintenance, solid biofuel has certain advantages in the conditions of rural areas (the energy cost-output ratio is 1:16). 4. A rational option for a farm can be considered an autonomous power supply system consisting of: a solar power plant, a biofuel power plant, a storage battery – with an estimated reliability index of 0.9997. Keywords: autonomous electric power systems, reliability, solid biofuel, renewable energy sources, power supply, heat supply.

Autonomous heat-cooling and power supply system based on renewable energy devices (trigeneration system)

The article presents the results of research on the possibilities of providing heat-cooling and electricity supply systems to autonomous consumers located far from centralized energy supply in the southern regions of Uzbekistan (Bukhara and Kashkadarya) based on renewable energy sources. In these regions, the average daily relative solar energy is 4.5 kWh/m2/day, the average wind speed is 5.5...8.5 m/s, the relative energy is 300...580 W/m2, and the underground low-potential temperature at a depth of 3...5 m, on average, is +10...+12oC. Analyzes of scientific research conducted on the development and reliability of trigeneration systems in the world are presented, and the possibilities of using these systems in our region are based. A combined solar-wind power plant, which is adapted to the climatic conditions of the southern regions of Uzbekistan, works efficiently in weak wind currents and high temperature regimes, and a complex energy system consisting of geothermal heat pumps that produce continuous heat and cold energy in different temperature regimes is offered. The proposed complex power plant allows for continuous and reliable energy supply to autonomous consumers located far from the centralized energy supply.

Анализ энергетических характеристик ветроэлектрических установок

The use of wind power plants is growing rapidly, despite the continued growth in the extraction of traditional fossil resources. In this paper, the analysis of the power curves of real wind turbine models and the polynomials common among the scientific community describing the dependence of the wind turbine output power on wind is carried out. The article discusses 82 models of wind power plants with a horizontal axis of rotation, rated power up to 100 kW and with a method of limiting the speed of rotation in the operating mode pitch control. The calculation of the potential generation of each wind turbine at an oil and gas field for a period of twenty years with an interval of one hour is carried out, the Installed Capacity Utilization Factor is calculated, after which the values are compared with the results of calculations based on polynomials of other authors. The results obtained can be widely applied in modeling the operating modes of wind power plants and will improve the accuracy of feasibility studies for the implementation of autonomous power supply systems.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROSPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN ENERGY IN THE ENERGY BALANCE OF COMPANIES IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Hydrogen energy technologies, such as hydrogen storage of energy from renewable sources of electricity, by storing hydrogen as a battery for autonomous and distributed generation and refueling for hydrogen transport, are actively being introduced into the transport industry of developed countries. The transport industry of Ukraine is inextricably linked with the energy industry and has its own characteristics. World experience shows that the introduction of the latest technologies in the transport sector definitely gives a number of unambiguous bonuses for further stable development. Meanwhile, the objects of the transport industry of Ukraine have significant territories that are technologically not involved in the agricultural industry and cannot be used for the development of the cultural and social sphere. In turn, the objects of the transport industry of Ukraine make up its transport infrastructure and are located throughout the territory of Ukraine. Today, hydrogen energy includes a set of technologies for production, transportation, accumulation and use of the universal secondary energy carrier – hydrogen. Thus, in the concept of hydrogen energy, hydrogen complements the most important secondary energy carrier – electricity, the energy use of hydrogen is determined by the possibility of environmentally clean production of electricity and long-term storage with the minimization of losses, including in large volumes. The development of renewable energy, which receives energy from variable natural resources of solar and wind energy, as well as the active implementation of technologies of distributed generation and “smart” networks stimulate the urgency of solving the problem of long-term energy storage. The approach is also designed to settle the issue of the use of wind turbines and SPPs in power supply systems by stabilizing the return of the electric energy generated by them to the network. Undoubtedly, WPPs and SPPs can be connected to the network if necessary, meanwhile, using the proposed approach there is an opportunity to reduce the loss of energy obtained from natural sources and to use it rationally and efficiently. In the conditions of aviation industry enterprises, it is relevant and possible to introduce into the general structure of power supply systems based on renewable energy sources. The proposed approach to the introduction of hydrogen energy in the conditions of aviation industry enterprises allows to effectively use sources of electrical energy based on renewable energy sources both in autonomous power supply systems and to integrate them into existing power supply systems

Simulation Modeling of an Autonomous Power Supply System Based on Solar Panels in Real Time

During the last decade, solar energy showed rapid development. So, in 2021, production volumes increased by 19 percent, which is the highest rate among renewable energy sources, and in the last ten years, by 714. And this growth will continue. And according to forecasts, similar development will continue in the coming years, the projected growth of total capacity over the next five years is from 112 to 188 percent, and the growth of investments until 2050 will be 68 percent. This, as well as the introduction of green tariffs, which encourage the use of renewable energy sources by purchasing surplus energy obtained with their help, increases the number of installed solar power plants and power supply systems based on them. But the use of renewable energy sources obliges users to report on the projected level of production. Computer modeling is one of the methods of analyzing processes in electrical systems in real time and is less complicated than mathematical calculation methods. The work presents a structural diagram of an autonomous power supply system based on solar panels, as well as a description of its main elements. The stability of the solar panel-boosting pulse-width converter system was investigated using the Nyquist criterion. A block diagram of the method of selecting the maximum power from the solar panel based on the current at the output of the solar panel, which is used in the simulation, was also given, a set of positions of the maximum power points depending on the insolation with a discreteness of 50 W/m^2 is shown, the function of the dependence of the current on insolation using the cubic interpolation method, compared the results obtained using this dependence with previous data, estimated the average absolute error of the method. A model of the stand-alone power system is assembled in MATLAB Simulink, which can be used for real-time forecasting. Simulations were carried out using data for a day from a real household and insolation data from the LARES laboratory in Zagreb with a discreteness of 1 min, oscillograms of the output power of the solar panel, power consumption, as well as an oscillogram of the change in the state of battery charge during the day with such data are given. The simulation results were analyzed and recommendations were given regarding the behavior of users of such an autonomous power supply system during certain periods of the day when the generation capacity exceeds consumption or vice versa, affecting the state of battery charge.

Determination of the optimal location of power plants as a part of an autonomous power supply system based on renewable ener-gy sources

The paper proposes the problem solution of optimal location determining of several power stations in some region. These stations receive primary energy from renewable sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines. At the same time, the condition of the problem includes the availability of information on several perspective areas in this region for the placement of such power stations, as well as information of values and distribution of loads. The developed algorithm for solving of the optimal location selection problem of power stations consists of several stages. The content of the first stage of the algorithm is ranking of possible areas for the location of power stations using local criteria, which are proposed as the specific estimated cost of station arrangement, the remoteness of the proposed location of the power station from loads and settlements. The second stage of the algorithm consists in a set formation of possible areas for the location of stations. And at the final stage of the algorithm, they are ranked using system criteria that evaluate these sets of areas for the location of power stations as a power supply system. The estimated cost of a power supply system arrangement based on power stations, located on areas of the rated set, the specific estimated cost of power stations arrangement, applied to the set of power stations with power lines as an autonomous power supply system, as well as the average rating of areas are proposed as system criteria. In this case, the decision maker, after familiarizing with values of system criteria, sets critical boundaries for each of them. The result of the algorithm is a certain totality of prospective sets for the location of several power stations in a given region, estimates of which according to system criteria are the best correspond to preferences of the decision maker. A feature of the proposed approach is the participation of the decision maker at all stages of design.

A Flow Battery Based Source for Autonomous Power Supply Systems

Flow batteries are a highly efficient solution for long-term energy storage in critical and alternative power supply facilities. The main advantage of a flow cell is the ability to create batteries of unlimited power and energy capacity by changing the cell area, the number of cells in the battery, and the capacity of tanks with electrolytes. The key element of a flow battery, in particular, a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a flow cell. A technology for manufacturing an electrolyte for a flow battery has been developed, and its volume sufficient for laboratory research has been synthesized. A 5 kW flow battery has been tested, and a schematic design for the placement of laboratory technological equipment for industry-grade synthesis of electrolyte has been developed. A VRFB control system has been developed those collects, analyzes and stores data from sensors, and performs automatic and manual control of pumps for pumping electrolyte through the flow cells. The article presents the results of testing a vanadium flow battery stack on the test bench constructed by JSC MPOTK TEKHNOKOMPLEKT.

Modeling and research of power supply systems with renewable energy sources and hydrogen fuel cells

Currently, the creation of environmentally friendly energy systems, including only renewable energy sources, is an urgent task. In this paper, such an autonomous power supply system (microgrid) for isolated consumers is investigated. It includes photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, an electrolyzer, fuel cells, electrical energy and hydrogen storage. For its study, an original optimization mathematical model was used. The optimal structure of the system and its operation modes are determined according to the criterion of minimum total discounted costs, taking into account energy balances and a number of additional conditions and constrains. It is shown that the use of energy sources of various types and energy storage devices makes it possible to smooth out the uneven generation of solar and wind power plants. It has been established that it is expedient to use electric batteries for short-term, and hydrogen accumulators – for long-term energy storage.

Microsupercapacitive Stone Module for Natural Energy Storage

Increasing accessibility of energy storage platforms through user interface is significant in realizing autonomous power supply systems because they can be expanded in multidimensional directions to enable pervasive and customized energy storage systems (ESSs) for portable and miniaturized electronics. Herein, we implemented a high-performance asymmetric microsupercapacitor (MSC) on a natural stone surface, which represents a class of omnipresent, low-cost, ecofriendly, and recyclable energy storage interface for sustainable and conveniently accessible ESSs. Highly conductive and porous Cu electrodes were robustly fabricated on a rough marble substrate via explosive reduction-sintering of cost-effective CuO nanoparticles by using instantaneous, inexpensive, and simple laser-material interaction (LMI) technology. Faradaic Fe3O4 and capacitive Mn3O4 were sequentially electroplated on the surface of the porous Cu interdigitated electrodes to demonstrate hybrid MSC with a high-potential window and specific area. Despite the irregular geometry of the stone interface, the laser-induced MSC module produced high areal energy density and power density (6.55 μWh cm-2 and 1.2 mW cm-2, respectively) without the use of complex integrated circuit fabrication methods, such as photolithography, vacuum deposition, or chemical etching. The fabricated MSC stone cells were successfully scaled up via serial or parallel connections to achieve the concept of a scalable energy storage wall applicable as a three-dimensional energy station inside or outside a whole-building interface. The excellent durability of the MSC wall was confirmed by harsh-impact tests, and it was attributed to the robustness of the LMI-derived Cu current collectors and electroplated MSC metal oxides. Furthermore, a natural stone substrate with high mechanical toughness could be recycled by grinding the MSC conductors and active layers, thus considerably reducing the environmental pollutants and helping to realize green electronics.

A Monolithic Silicon‐Mesoporous Carbon Photosupercapacitor with High Overall Photoconversion Efficiency

AbstractOff‐grid devices require autonomous power supply systems that can be achieved via coupling a solar cell with a supercapacitor in one integrated multifunctional device that is able to harvest energy from the environment, store, and release it on demand. Herein, a straight‐forward approach is proposed to realize a monolithic photosupercapacitor rechargeable under illumination by integrating a silicon (Si) solar cell with an electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) based on mesoporous N‐doped carbon nanospheres (MPNC) in a three‐electrode configuration, i.e., via a shared electrode. The optimized porous structure of the MPNC‐EDLC electrodes results in a high storage efficiency of 95% and a superior performance compared to an activated carbon based EDLC. When monolithically integrated with a highly compatible and technologically robust Si solar cell in a photosupercapacitor, fast charging up to 0.63 V (2.5 V for a module of four photosupercapacitors connected in series) in less than 5 s is attained even under weak illumination conditions, with an outstanding peak overall efficiency of 11.8%. These results show high potential toward the development of photorechargeable and decentralized power sources for deployed smart electronic devices.

ГЕОМЕТРІЗАЦІЯ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ СОНЯЧНИХ ПАНЕЛЕЙ ТА ЇЇ ВПЛИВ НА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ВИРОБЛЕННЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ

. The current direction in the development of renewable energy today is the efficient use of the potential of solar energy. The construction of energy-efficient low-power autonomous solar power supply systems is a priority task, the solution of which will lead to energy independence of the consumer from the electricity market. Decentralization of energy supply is currently a global trend. Renewable energy is a solution to many problems of energy systems in an energy crisis. It is on renewable energy sources and autonomous power plants built on their basis that the future is. But their construction must meet a number of requirements, such as energy efficiency, performance, reliability, mobility and modularity. . The constructive issues of building photovoltaic plants are important and require an individual approach in each case, taking into account a variety of impact indicators. Therefore, it is very important to identify the optimal geometric design of an autonomous photogeneration system, which is the most energy efficient and productive in terms of generating electrical energy. The generation of electrical energy by solar power plants and, accordingly, the energy efficiency and performance of solar panels depends on many factors, but climatic and technical ones have the greatest influence. Since it is impossible to influence the change in climatic conditions, it is accordingly necessary to adapt to them in order to reduce their impact. Thus, one of the solutions is the location of solar panels at an optimal angle to directional solar radiation. From a technical point of view, the issue of adapting solar panels to climatic factors has been studied for a long time and has certain solutions. But constructive issues that also ensure the mobility and modularity of an autonomous solar installation, taking into account such parameters as the occupied area, the location of the components of the energy storage system, the conversion system and the control system, require further development. One of the solutions to these issues is the geometrization of the design of a solar power plant, making it in the form of a geometric figure with the location of all the necessary devices and systems in the middle of it. The paper considers solar power plants structurally made in the form of a cube and in the form of a cone. The theoretical review of the construction of solar power plants in the form of geometric structures allows us to conclude that each given design has such general advantages as a reduction in the area of placement, structural stability and modularity. But all the considered designs need further development in order to increase their efficiency and, accordingly, energy performance.