Autonomous Nodes Research Articles

A neural network-guided correlation thresholding technique for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks comprise autonomous nodes monitoring environments while managing energy consumption. Extending network lifespan involves minimizing redundant transmissions by filtering identical information from correlated sensor nodes. Correlation depends on spatial locations and it quantifies sensor relationships. It allows nodes classification as correlated or uncorrelated using a threshold value between 0 and 1 which enhances network lifespan by 60–65 %. Selecting the optimal threshold considering network metrics remains a challenge. This study proposes a neural network-guided correlation thresholding technique (NNCT). NNCT aims to identify the optimal threshold for filtering redundant reports by training a neural network on varied parameters like node density, threshold, coverage, and events using different clustering methods. The process involves implementing spatial correlation models, virtual clustering, event detection, and iterative threshold-based node selection. The neural network achieves a high accuracy of R = 0.97813, offering a promising adaptive solution for automated threshold selection in correlation-based filtering.

Enabling Seamless Connectivity: Networking Innovations in Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Application.

The wide-ranging applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) show that it has the potential to revolutionise industry, improve daily life, and overcome global challenges. This study aims to evaluate the performance scalability of mature industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs). A new classification approach for IoT in the industrial sector is proposed based on multiple factors and we introduce the integration of 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks), message queuing telemetry transport for sensor networks (MQTT-SN), and ContikiMAC protocols for sensor nodes in an industrial IoT system to improve energy-efficient connectivity. The Contiki COOJA WSN simulator was applied to model and simulate the performance of the protocols in two static and moving scenarios and evaluate the proposed novelty detection system (NDS) for network intrusions in order to identify certain events in real time for realistic dataset analysis. The simulation results show that our method is an essential measure in determining the number of transmissions required to achieve a certain reliability target in an IWSNs. Despite the growing demand for low-power operation, deterministic communication, and end-to-end reliability, our methodology of an innovative sensor design using selective surface activation induced by laser (SSAIL) technology was developed and deployed in the FTMC premises to demonstrate its long-term functionality and reliability. The proposed framework was experimentally validated and tested through simulations to demonstrate the applicability and suitability of the proposed approach. The energy efficiency in the optimised WSN was increased by 50%, battery life was extended by 350%, duplicated packets were reduced by 80%, data collisions were reduced by 80%, and it was shown that the proposed methodology and tools could be used effectively in the development of telemetry node networks in new industrial projects in order to detect events and breaches in IoT networks accurately. The energy consumption of the developed sensor nodes was measured. Overall, this study performed a comprehensive assessment of the challenges of industrial processes, such as the reliability and stability of telemetry channels, the energy efficiency of autonomous nodes, and the minimisation of duplicate information transmission in IWSNs.

Energy efficient scheme for improving network lifetime using BAT algorithm in wireless sensor network

SummaryWireless sensor networks consist of several autonomous nodes that are outfitted with sensors, radio, processors, memory storage, and power sources. These nodes track, sense, and send data using radio. While establishing a network, the two most essential characteristics are coverage and connectivity. For better connectivity and a longer network life, it's important to make the coverage area as big as possible with the fewest number of sensor nodes. The goal of this research is to make a connected sensor network that uses less energy and can be used in situations where the sensors need to be placed in the best way to make the network last as long as possible. The probabilistic sensing model is used, and improved network lifetime is the goal of the research work by using problem‐specific intelligent optimization techniques like BAT, ACO, and JOA to maximize the coverage area with respect to energy and points of interest. This work introduces a novel approach that optimizes both coverage and connectivity. The modified binary bat algorithm overcomes computational complexities and local optima observed in existing methods. Uniquely, it models the three states of each sensor node and includes innovative features like a greedy initialization and a weighted cost function for improving network efficiency. After investigation, it was analyzed that the proposed solution significantly improves network lifetime by over 10% to 12% compared to existing methods like JOA and ACO. The proposed approach converges faster and performs more efficiently.

Energy-efficient secure dynamic service migration for edge-based 3-D networks

AbstractIn communication networks, where users are highly mobile, migrating edge servers that are performing services closer to users, i.e., service migration, is essential to maintain the high quality of service (QoS). However, existing dynamic service migration techniques face two distinct challenges: (1) The security and energy consumption of service migration systems need to be optimised urgently; (2) The uncertainty of user movement makes it difficult to develop optimal service migration strategies, especially in future three-dimensional (3-D) communication networks. To address these challenges, we propose a novel energy-efficient secure 3-D dynamic service migration framework for communication networks. We then quantify the cost of service migration based on the proposed framework considering security, energy efficiency and delay and present a solution based on a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach to make migration decisions optimally in the 3-D communication network. We also propose a universal formula for measuring the reliability value of intelligent autonomous nodes in order to reduce the energy consumption and delay of the proposed security paradigm and to optimise the service migration decision making. Simulation results demonstrate our proposed migration strategy for 3-D communication network services outperforms the baseline solutions in terms of reducing communication network delay and energy consumption while preserving migration security. Moreover, the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed reliability value calculation approach applied to improve the QoS in the secured edge networks.

Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper, the investigation of a novel compact 2 × 2, 2 × 1, and 1 × 1 Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is employed. The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures (ERS) is composed of multiple radiating elements. These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS. The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size, which is 60 × 40 × 1 mm. The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstrip-fed lines perpendicular to each other. And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss (RL), Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Radiation Pattern (RP), radiation efficiency, and directivity. The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS, and the resultant parameters are compared. Finally, the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL, VSWR, RP, radiation efficiency, and directivity. This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain, which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications. By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3, 4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications. The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards, along with dual-function DGS slots, and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) in medical applications. This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes, on-body or beneath the skin of a person. This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

Cryptographic Algorithm for Enhancing Data Security in Wireless IoT Sensor Networks

Wireless IoT Sensor Network can handle audio, video, text, etc., through the interconnection of ubiquitous devices. The entertainment and application-centric network relies on its autonomous nodes for handling large streams of multimedia data. Security breaches and threats due to insider attacks reduce the data handling and distribution capacity of the nodes. For addressing the insider attacks problem, Session-Critical Distributed Authentication Method (SCDAM) is proposed. The proposed method relies on short-lived concealed authentication based on an improved elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. In this authentication, the session time and the interrupts are accounted for, providing end-to-end authentication. The session keys are distributed before and after each interrupt from which the shared data is authenticated. This authentication process uses a linear hash process, ensuring non-repetition of keys in the consecutive sessions. This proposed authentication method is capable of providing improved sessions, less data distribution loss, and complexity.

An Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Routing on MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a group of low-power consumption of wireless mobile nodes that configure a wireless network without the assistance of any existing infrastructure/centralized organization. The primary aim of MANETs is to extend flexibility into the self-directed, mobile, and wireless domain, in which a cluster of autonomous nodes forms a MANET routing system. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a tool that examines a network for malicious behavior/policy violations. A network monitoring system is often used to report/gather any suspicious attacks/violations. An IDS is a software program or hardware system that monitors network/security traffic for malicious attacks, sending out alerts whenever it detects malicious nodes. The impact of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in MANETs challenging blackhole attack is investigated in this research article. The Cluster Trust Adaptive Acknowledgement (CTAA) method is used to identify unauthorised and malfunctioning nodes in a MANET environment. MANET system is active and provides successful delivery of a data packet, which implements Kalman Filters (KF) to anticipate node trustworthiness. Furthermore, KF is used to eliminate synchronisation errors that arise during the sending and receiving data. In order to provide an energy-efficient solution and to minimize network traffic, route optimization in MANET by using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) technique to determine the optimal number of clustered MANET along with energy dissipation in nodes. According to the research findings, the proposed CTAA-MPSO achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 3.3%. In MANET, the PDR of CTAA-MPSO improves CTAA-PSO by 3.5% at 30% malware.

Mitigating Traffic Remapping Attacks in Autonomous Multihop Wireless Networks

Multihop wireless networks with autonomous nodes are susceptible to selfish traffic remapping attacks (TRAs). Nodes launching TRAs leverage the underlying channel access function to receive an unduly high Quality of Service (QoS) for packet flows traversing source-to-destination routes. TRAs are easy to execute, impossible to prevent, difficult to detect, and harmful to the QoS of honest nodes. Recognizing the need for providing QoS security, we use a novel network-oriented QoS metric to propose a self-enforcing game-theoretic mitigation approach. By switching between TRA and honest behavior, selfish nodes engage in a noncooperative multistage game in pursuit of high QoS. We analyze feasible node strategies and design a distributed signaling mechanism called DISTRESS, under which, given certain conditions, the game produces a desirable outcome: after an upper bounded play time, honesty tends to become a selfish node’s best reply behavior, while yielding acceptable QoS to most or all nodes. We verify these findings by Monte Carlo and ns-3 simulations of static and mobile nodes.

Self-stabilizing spanner topology control solutions in wireless ad hoc networks

Large-scale, self-organizing wireless ad hoc network deployments are being driven by recent developments of the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect information from a vast area or harsh environment efficiently. How to ensure fast routing in sparse topology and after node failure how to ensure that the network keeps topology properties are challenging problems. In this paper, we propose a Self-stabilizing dIrected t-Spanner for Autonomous nodes problem (SISA) and give intuitive solutions in both 2D and 3D space. In the topology construction phase, sparse directed t-spanner topologies, without substantially degrading the path connecting any pair of nodes in the original network, are constructed with a minimum number of messages. In the topology maintenance phase, the self-stabilizing algorithms run in the background to update locally for keeping t-spanner property when some nodes fail. In particular, our solutions have not any central daemon and are completely distributed. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed solutions.

Moving Toward Seamless Interinstitutional Electronic Image Transfer.

The fact that medical images are still predominately exchanged between institutions via physical media is unacceptable in the era of value-driven health care. Although better solutions are technically possible, problems of coordination and market dynamics may be inhibiting progress more than technical factors. We provide a macrosystem analysis of the problem of interinstitutional medical image exchange and propose a strategy for nudging the market toward a patient-friendly solution. The system can be viewed as a network, with autonomous nodes interconnected by links through which information is exchanged. A variety of potential network configurations include those that depend on individual carriers, peer-to-peer links, one or multiple hubs, or a hybrid of models. We find the linked multihub model, in which individual institutions are connected to other institutions via image exchange companies, to be the configuration most likely to create a patient-friendly electronic image exchange system. To achieve this configuration, image exchange companies, which operate in a competitive marketplace, must exchange images with each other. We call on these vendors to immediately commit to coordinating in this manner. We call on all other stakeholders, including local care provider institutions, medical societies, payers, and regulators, to actively encourage and facilitate this behavior. Specifically, we call on institutions to create appropriate market incentives by only contracting with image exchange vendors who are committed to begin vendor-to-vendor image exchange by no later than2024.

Context Diffusion in Fog Colonies: Exploring Autonomous Fog Node Operation Using ECTORAS

In Fog Computing, fog colonies are formed by nodes cooperating to provide services to end-users. To enable efficient operation and seamless scalability of fog colonies, decentralized control over participating nodes should be promoted. In such cases, autonomous Fog Nodes operate independently, sharing the context in which all colony members provide their services. In the paper, we explore different techniques of context diffusion and knowledge sharing between autonomous Fog Nodes within a fog colony, using ECTORAS, a publish/subscribe protocol. With ECTORAS, nodes become actively aware of their operating context, share contextual information and exchange operational policies to achieve self-configuration, self-adaptation and context awareness in an intelligent manner. Two different ECTORAS implementations are studied, one offering centralized control with the existence of a message broker, to manage colony participants and available topics, and one fully decentralized, catering to the erratic topology that Fog Computing may produce. The two schemes are tested as the Fog Colony size is expanding in terms of performance and energy consumption, in a prototype implementation based on Raspberry Pi nodes for smart building management.

Comparison between Black Hole and Flooding Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc Network and their Simulation Study

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it. Mobile nodes frequently disconnect and join the network; they can arbitrarily moves from one place to another. In present-day wireless communication scenario, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) plays a very important role, as it consists of many autonomous nodes which communicate together to form a proper communication network. Each node in a network will move in random path, so that nodes direction will change frequently. This paper describes the features, application, flooding attack and black hole attack in the MANET implemented on AODV protocol. The simulation work is carried out in Network Simulator (NS2.34). The performance analysis is done Nodes with 20 to 60 nodes were used in the AODV routing protocol simulation to produce energy-efficient outcomes, with the flooding attacks and the interruption of blackhole attacks. The average delay, routing overhead, packet drop rate and packet delivery rate are calculated. By the simulation it has been evaluated that in flooding attack the routing overhead is more as compared to the black hole attack. A comparative study is also done on these parameters for all three scenarios. Also we simulated the attack in various wireless ad-hoc network scenarios and have tried to find a response system in simulations.

Seismic Acquisition in Western Siberia: a Comparison Between Conventional Cabled Receiver Arrays and Lightweight Autonomous Nodes

Disclaimer Text and Data Mining. Any automated analytical technique aimed at analysing text and data in digital form in order to generate information including - but not limited to - patterns, trends and correlations (so-called Text and Data Mining) may only be applied if it is done by a research organisation or cultural heritage institution solely for the purpose of (non-commercial) scientific research as mentioned in Clause 3 of Directive (EU) 2019/790 (the Digital Single Market Directive) and Clause 15n of the Dutch Copyright Act [Auteurswet]. Text and Data Mining for commercial purposes is not allowed; all rights in this respect are reserved pursuant to Clause 4 paragraph 3 of the Digital Single Market Directive and Clause 15o paragraph 1 of the Dutch Copyright Act.

Unlocking ultra-high-density seismic for CCUS applications by combining nimble nodes and agile source technologies

In the quest for denser, nimbler, and lower-cost seismic surveys, the industry is seeing a revolution in the miniaturization of seismic equipment, with autonomous nodes approaching the size of a geophone and sources becoming portable by crews on foot. This has created a paradigm shift in the way seismic is acquired in difficult terrains, making zero-environmental-footprint surveys a reality while reducing cost and health, safety, and environmental risk. The simplification of survey operation and the new entry price of seismic surveys unlocked by these technologies are already benefiting industries beyond oil and gas exploration. High trace density seismic has become accessible to industries playing a key role in the net-zero era, such as geothermal and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), to which a good understanding of the subsurface geology is crucial to their success. We describe these benefits as observed during an ultra-high-density seismic survey acquired in June 2020 through a partnership between STRYDE, Explor, and Carbon Management Canada over the Containment and Monitoring Institute site. The smallest and lightest source and receiver equipment in the industry were used to achieve a trace density of 257 million traces/km2 over this test site dedicated to CCUS studies. We discuss the operational efficiency of the seismic acquisition, innovative techniques for data transfer and surveying, and preliminary results of the seismic data processing with a focus on the near-surface model and fast-track time migration.

A Novel Dual-band Ambient RF Energy Harvesting System for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Node Application

This paper presents a novel dual-band ambient Wi-Fi energy harvesting system for an autonomous wireless sensor node (AWSN) which operates independently without other external power source. While conventional wireless sensor nodes employing batteries with limited lifespans, an AWSN is supplied by harvested energy and does not require frequent battery replacement. Due to that reason, research on the energy harvesting aspect of AWSNs has been carried out intensively in recent years. By optimizing the matching network, the proposed ambient Wi-Fi energy harvesting system achieves a relatively good efficiency in dual-band at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The efficiency reaches a peak at 47.45 % and 42 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The proposed idea is numerically and experimentally demonstrated with the Wi-Fi source in building.

Commanding Police Operations Using a Mobile Distribution Point of ICT Infrastructure

Currently, public safety is threatened by emergencies related to broadly understood terrorism, natural disasters and technical failures or related to mass events, public gatherings and state or religious ceremonies and other situations causing risks that may lead to losing control over the course of events. It makes the police take specific actions as part of organised police activities, primarily police operations. The condition for the efficiency and effectiveness of the command in the police is to develop new, alternative, innovative technical solutions. The Mobile Distribution Point of ICT Infrastructure serves as an example in this respect. It will be an autonomous node that integrates technologically advanced ICT services, such as voice, data and image transmission, GPS positioning, for the needs of mobile command posts and the provision of ICT infrastructure in a specific area. Currently, the Polish police do not have a similar device, which reduces effective operation in emergencies.

Ultrasonic Guided-Waves Sensors and Integrated Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Impact Detection and Localization: A Review.

This review article is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts for structural health monitoring (SHM). The recent developments in sensor technologies are then reported and discussed through the many references in recent scientific literature. The physical phenomena that are related to impact event and the related main physical quantities are then introduced to discuss their importance in the development of the hardware and software components for SHM systems. An important aspect of the article is the description of the different ultrasonic sensor technologies that are currently present in the literature and what advantages and disadvantages they could bring in relation to the various phenomena investigated. In this context, the analysis of the front-end electronics is deepened, the type of data transmission both in terms of wired and wireless technology and of online and offline signal processing. The integration aspects of sensors for the creation of networks with autonomous nodes with the possibility of powering through energy harvesting devices and the embedded processing capacity is also studied. Finally, the emerging sector of processing techniques using deep learning and artificial intelligence concludes the review by indicating the potential for the detection and autonomous characterization of the impacts.

IoT-Ready Energy-Autonomous Parking Sensor Device

Finding a free parking lot contributes largely to a total traffic congestion and increases gas emissions in urban and overpopulated cities. Recent advances in smart parking systems adopt Internet of Things (IoT) concepts which tend to improve traffic bottlenecks by providing information about available parking lots. The detection of vehicle presence at the parking lot usually means adopting solutions comprised of power-hungry and battery-operated sensor devices. In this article a hardware-based approach is introduced which aims at building a self-powered and autonomous sensing node equipped with supercapacitors (battery less) to feel the vehicle presence. For purposes of detection, solar-based energy harvester and wake-up trigger prototype is considered along with a Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) radio. The joint use of such technologies is exploited to develop a power autonomous node capable of cost-effectively sensing the car presence and transmitting the parking lot status. The developed triggering system consumes only 150 nA making it suitable as a low-power solution. To initiate the trigger only 6.5 W/m2 in light level change is required comparing the two panels, which is more than adequate as the comparison of solar irradiance measured under the vehicle against diffuse horizontal irradiance shows a significant difference. The developed prototype uses a magnetometer to verify the vehicle presence upon trigger generation and BLE 5.0 technology for status change update, while supercapacitor discharge lifetime duration is estimated to be around 13 days in harsh conditions without charging from solar cells.

Fuzzy COmplex PRoportional ASsessment of alternatives‐based Node Cooperation Enforcing Trust Estimation Scheme for enhancing Quality of Service during reliable data dissemination in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

SummaryTrust is considered as the most significant factor that helps in enforcing cooperation among the autonomous nodes of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs). The computation of trust is essential for assessing the level of cooperation rendered by each individual mobile toward the activity of data routing. The calculation of trust in a self‐configuring and infrastructure‐less network is a challenge due to the dynamic movement of mobile nodes. Moreover, the trust of intermediate nodes in the routing path needs to be estimated for preventing the deterioration of network performance. In this paper, a Fuzzy COPRAS‐based Node Cooperation Enforcing Trust Estimation (FCOPRAS‐NCETE) Scheme was proposed for maintaining superior Quality of Service (QoS) in the event of reliable data dissemination. This proposed FCOPRAS‐NCETE Scheme was proposed for comprehensive ranking of mobile nodes acting as intermediate nodes between the source and destination nodes. It incorporated the benefits of fuzzy set theory and COmplex PRoportional ASsessment of alternatives (COPRAS) to determine the trust of intermediate nodes for isolating them from the routing path in the uncertain routing process with the objective to maintain superior QoS in the network. The simulation experiments of the proposed FCOPRAS‐NCETE Scheme conducted using ns‐2 confirmed its predominance in improving the throughput, packet dissemination rate, packet loss rate, energy consumptions and total overhead with different number of mobile nodes, CBR traffic rate and pairs of source and destination nodes in the network.

Research on risk prevention and control strategy of power grid CPS system based on intrusion tolerance

In this paper, an information-physical risk prevention and control framework based on intrusion tolerance technology is proposed, which is a multi-stage in-depth defense system for the risk interaction mechanism and evolution process in the power information-physical fusion system, the aim of this paper is to improve the survivability of the system under attack and minimize the loss caused by the risk through multi-phase defense strategy. At the same time, according to the phase characteristics of risk propagation in CPS, a safe operation state transition model considering intrusion tolerance is established. In order to contain the critical failure events in the risk evolution process of the information-physics fusion system, according to the risk development characteristics of the information-physics system under attack, this paper presents a self-organized critical state identification method, which integrates the characteristics of physical network power flow and information network traffic flow, in order to identify the critical nides that make CPS system enter the self-organized critical state under network attack. Finally, according to the characteristics of CPS dependent network structure and the self-organized critical characteristics of risk evolution, the protection strategies of strengthening the protection of key nodes, adjusting the coupling state of dependent edges and adding autonomous nodes are formulated, by considering the decision-making model of risk prevention and control strategy in the game of attack and defense, the current defense resources are reasonably allocated.