Divisions Of Autonomic Nervous System Research Articles

ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES OF MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED GIRLS DEPENDING ON THE RATIO OF ADIPOSE AND MUSCLE TISSUE

The aim: This study aimed to determine the dependence of adaptive capacities of middle school-aged girls with excessive body weight and increased volume of adipose tissue on the ratio of adipose and muscle tissue volume. Materials and methods: 52 female subjects aged 10-12 years were examined and divided into 3 groups according to their BMI. Cardiorhythmogram was recorded in all subjects using the “CardioLab” hardware-software complex. The indices of heart rhythm variability (HRV) were determined at rest and after an active orthostatic test based on the recorded cardiothythmogram. Body weight and total fat tissue amount were determined using the Tanita BC-601 device. Results: The analysis of HRV indices revealed features of autonomic rhythm regulation depending on morphological body features of the middle school-aged girls, namely, on the amount of fat and muscle tissue. Obese subjects had higher values of VLF %, LF % and LF/HF indices, which indicate a higher sympathetic influence on cardiovascular system activity and less significant parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), as well as the PARS index. This trend of HRV indices points to an unsatisfactory level of adaptation, tension of the regulatory systems and the possibility of their failure. In contrast, subjects with normal and excessive body weight had higher values of HF ms2, HF % and TR ms2, and lower values of VLF %, LF/HF and PARS, which points to the dominance of the parasympathetic part of the ANS, lower level of tension in their regulatory systems, a satisfactory level of adaptation, satisfactory functional reserves of the cardiovascular system and high capabilities of the body. Conclusions: Obese girls exhibited disturbances in the ANS functional state towards sympathicotony and increased functional activity of suprasegmental ANS divisions, which can be interpreted as an autonomic dysfunction.

ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES OF MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED GIRLS DEPENDING ON THE RATIO OF ADIPOSE AND MUSCLE TISSUE.

The aim: This study aimed to determine the dependence of adaptive capacities of middle school-aged girls with excessive body weight and increased volume of adipose tissue on the ratio of adipose and muscle tissue volume. Materials and methods: 52 female subjects aged 10-12 years were examined and divided into 3 groups according to their BMI. Cardiorhythmogram was recorded in all subjects using the "CardioLab" hardware-software complex. The indices of heart rhythm variability (HRV) were determined at rest and after an active orthostatic test based on the recorded cardiothythmogram. Body weight and total fat tissue amount were determined using the Tanita BC-601 device. Results: The analysis of HRV indices revealed features of autonomic rhythm regulation depending on morphological body features of the middle school-aged girls, namely, on the amount of fat and muscle tissue. Obese subjects had higher values of VLF %, LF % and LF/HF indices, which indicate a higher sympathetic influence on cardiovascular system activity and less significant parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), as well as the PARS index. This trend of HRV indices points to an unsatisfactory level of adaptation, tension of the regulatory systems and the possibility of their failure. In contrast, subjects with normal and excessive body weight had higher values of HF ms2, HF % and TR ms2, and lower values of VLF %, LF/HF and PARS, which points to the dominance of the parasympathetic part of the ANS, lower level of tension in their regulatory systems, a satisfactory level of adaptation, satisfactory functional reserves of the cardiovascular system and high capabilities of the body. Conclusions: Obese girls exhibited disturbances in the ANS functional state towards sympathicotony and increased functional activity of suprasegmental ANS divisions, which can be interpreted as an autonomic dysfunction.

Криохирургический метод деструкции nervus vagus в экспериментальных исследованиях

When studying the impact of nervous system on physiological and pathophysiological processes, a need arises to determine the contribution of each division of autonomic nervous system. For the nervus vagus ablation in cervical spine, chest and abdominal cavities the cryosurgical method has been designed to assess the effect of parasympathetic division on heart rate variability. There has been shown the possibility to implement the nervus vagus ablation, as well as the arteria carotis cryodenervation using cryosurgical technique in the ‘carotid’ triangle area of the neck, and thereby to ‘switch off’ the vascular intima-located baroreceptors from a regulatory link. The use of endoscopic device and cryosurgical technique for vascular denervation was established to enable the aortic arch baroreceptor ablation while preserving an anatomical integrity of the vessel. Since the isolation procedure for the nervus vagus abdominal branches in rat along the esophageal lateral edges is relatively accessible, it allows performing the cryodenervation of individual and both nerve branches along with esophagus. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2020; 30(1): 090–098

AGE AND GENDER PECULIARITIES OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN HEALTHY ADOLESCENTS

Introduction. The aim of the study was to find out gender and age peculiarities of the circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in healthy adolescents. Materials and methods: holter-ECG (spectral and temporal parameters of heart rate variability). 354 healthy adolescents were recruited to participate in this study. Results: adolescent girls have higher impact of parasympathetic nervous system to the heart rate modulation in comparison with boys. Relative power of the high-frequency band increased at night in girls and didn't significantly change in boys. Relative power of the low-frequency band decreased at night both in girls and in boys. Conclusion. The activity of divisions of autonomic nervous system in adolescents has circadian profile and differ in children of different sex and age.

A study to access impairment of autonomic nervous system in obesity

Background: Obesity which is itself a significant health hazard is also associated with dysfunctioning of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Aims and Objective: This study was conducted to assess autonomic dysfunction in obese and compare it with age-matched controls. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 55 healthy obese people (median 35 ± 6.0 years of age) and the control group consisted of 55 healthy non-obese people (median 31 ± 5.2 years). Six non-invasive autonomic function tests were performed out of which four were based mainly on parasympathetic control heart rate response to standing (30:15 ratio). The standing to lying ratio, Valsalva ratio, and the resting heart rate and the other two tests were based on sympathetic control (isometric handgrip exercise test systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cold-pressor test SBP, and diastolic BP). Results: Present study showed significantly lower values (P ≤ 0.005) for the parasympathetic tests in the study group when compared to controls indicating impaired parasympathetic function. Similarly, the findings of sympathetic tests in study groups were significantly less (P ≤ 0.005) as compared to the controls indicating impaired sympathetic function. Conclusion: Thus, in obesity activity of both sympathetic as well as parasympathetic divisions of ANS (autonomic nervous system) are affected, which may be the cause of various complications associated with obesity.

The Effect of Osteopathic Correction to the Vegetative Status in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus of 2nd Type

The results of instrumental and functional efficiency assessment of osteopathic correction for diabetes mellitus of 2nd type autonomic dysfunctions are presented in this article. Osteopathic examination data are provided and common somatic dysfunctions are identified. Osteopathic correction of the autonomic disorders is associated with the balancing process for both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system.

Особливості функціонального стану вегетативної нервової системи у практично здорових чоловіків = Features of functional state autonomic nervous system in healthy men

Особливості функціонального стану вегетативної нервової системи у практично здорових чоловіків = Features of functional state autonomic nervous system in healthy men

Anatomic documentation of the G-spot complex role in the genesis of anterior vaginal wall ballooning

ObjectivesTo expand previous G-spot anatomical and histological investigations; to examine the G-spot complex anatomic role in the anterior vaginal wall ballooning bio-mechanisms; and to determine, which division of autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) dominates at the time of female sudden death. Study designA prospective–descriptive case series anatomical study on eleven consecutive fresh humane female cadavers was conducted. Anterior vaginal wall stratum-by-stratum macro-dissections were executed in axial, coronal and sagittal plains. Upon G-spot extirpations, micro-dissections were performed. The G-spot tissues were stained with hematoxilin and eosin for histological examinations to authenticate the G-spot anatomical and histological characteristic features. ResultsThe G-spot complex was identified and present in all subjects on either the distal vaginal left (more often) or on the right side from the lateral margin of the urethra; the G-spot anatomical and microscopic characteristic features have been authenticated; the G-spot complex expansion elevated anterior vaginal walls in each subject; the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system was the dominant division at the time of female subject sudden death. ConclusionThis study advances our anatomical and histological understanding of the G-spot complex and its role in the genesis of anterior vaginal ballooning bio-mechanisms. The G-spot complex is under parasympathetic nervous system domination at the time of female sudden death.

Resting heart rate is the index of cardiovascular health

Heart rate (HR) is the most important parameter assessed by all physicians in clinical practice. Usually, it is estimated by clinical examination of the radial pulse. Radial pulse examination, referred to as “nadi pariksha” in ayurveda, was the mainstay of diagnosis of diseases in ancient days. Physiologically HR reflects the state of neural, endocrinal, metabolic and respiratory balances and the state of emotional and psychological being of the individual. HR is profoundly influenced by the neural component, especially the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as sinu‑atrial node (SA node) is innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS. However, at rest, the vagal (parasympathetic) influence on SA node predominates over sympathetic influence. Therefore, resting HR is the index of vagal tone and is considered as an important parasympathetic function test.[1] Even during the states of activation, such as exercise, emotion and excitement, though tachycardia has been explained by sympathetic activation, vagal withdrawal plays a crucial role in increase in HR. Thus, both in resting and activity states, vagus plays a vital role in the modulation of cardiac pacing. HR is directly influenced by many hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine, dopamine, glucagon, insulin, etc. Body metabolism, via metabolic products and change in body temperature influences HR. Read more...

Changes in vagal reactivity to the sympathicotonia during the progression of heart failure: From self-suppression to counteraction

Activities of both autonomic nervous system divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic, are dual – continuous, tonic and changing, modulating. Tonic activity domination accompanies stationary (patho)physiological conditions, while modulating activity occurs with the change of stimuli. The intensity of the two activities is inversely proportional.In patients with heart failure, spectral analysis of heart rate variability displays reduced sympathetic modulation activity during illness, as a logical consequence of an increased sympathetic tone. On the other hand, vagal modulation activity slightly decreases or does not change at the very early stage of disease, soon afterwards it increases, and after a certain period of time, with the progression of the disease, vagal modulation decreases, and finally disappears.These changes reveal sequential response of vagal tone to the progression of heart failure and consequent sympathicotonia; slight initial oscillation or unresponsiveness, soon followed by self-suppression, and then, in an advanced heart failure, by counteraction to the sympathicotonia. This model of polyphasic reaction of vagal system, dependent on the stage of heart failure, challenges traditional concept of sympathovagal interaction.By this hypothesis, the self-suppression of vagal tone occurs in order to enable full sympathetic activation of compensatory mechanisms which aim to correct hemodynamic deterioration. Once the sympathicotonia becomes inefficient and even harmful, counter-regulatory increase in vagal tone develops, in order to decrease oxygen consumption and preserve or possibly enhance residual systolic and diastolic cardiac function.Decreased vagal tonic activity is probably mediated centrally. Later increase of vagal tone is probably triggered by an increased concentration of natriuretic peptides. The existence of predominantly adrenergic IL, Ca and predominantly cholinergic IK, Ach currents and of a common If current in sinoatrial nodal cells enables such dual – synergistic and antagonistic – sympatho-vagal relationship.In conclusion, a complex, polyphasic vagal reaction to the sympathicotonia and heart failure progression is suggested by the hypothesis. Clinical and experimental studies based on this hypothesis will probably allow better insight into autonomic functions.

Gritty people try harder: Grit and effort-related cardiac autonomic activity during an active coping challenge

Grit, a recently proposed personality trait associated with persistence for long-range goals, predicts achievement in a wide range of important life outcomes. Using motivational intensity theory, the present research examined the physiological underpinnings of grit during an active coping task. Forty young adults completed the Short Grit Scale and worked on a self-paced mental effort task. Effort-related autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was assessed using impedance cardiography, which yielded measures of sympathetic activity (pre-ejection period; PEP) and parasympathetic activity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA). Multilevel models revealed that people high on the Perseverance of Effort subscale showed autonomic coactivation: both PEP and RSA became stronger during the task, reflecting higher activity of both ANS divisions. The Consistency of Interest subscale, in contrast, predicted only weaker sympathetic activity (slower PEP). Taken together, the findings illuminate autonomic processes associated with how “gritty” people pursue goals, and they suggest that more attention should be paid to the facets' distinct effects.

A study of the sympathetic nervous system in bronchial asthma

Objective: To test sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system and observe any dysfunction in patients of bronchial asthma. Materials and Methods: Fifty four patients, 18 males, 36 females, and 30 healthy control subjects attending Respiratory Medicine out-patient department Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal were included in the study. Age ranging from 15 to 60 years were recruited for the study. Spirometry values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV 1 ) , FEV 1 /FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75% ) recorded by using HELIOS 702 (Recorders and Medicare System, Chandigarh). Predicted values were taken as values for normal subjects. Sympathetic nervous system tested by measuring diastolic blood pressure response to sustained hand-grip for 2 min and from supine to standing for 3 min. Results: FVC, FEV 1 , PEFR, FEF 25-75% were significantly lower in asthmatics as compared to controls. Diastolic blood pressure response to sustained hand-grip for 2 min and from supine to standing for 3 min was higher in asthmatics as compared to controls. Conclusion: Sympathetic nervous function assessment of the patients shows that sympathetic abnormalities occur in patients of bronchial asthma.

Autonomic consequences of kainic acid–induced limbic cortical seizures in rats: Peripheral autonomic nerve activity, acute cardiovascular changes, and death

Autonomic consequences of seizures are common, but can be severe. We sought to define changes in autonomic activity from limbic cortical seizures and their impact on the heart. We studied kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in urethane-anesthetized rats using peripheral nerve, blood pressure (BP), and ECG recordings and echocardiography. Seizures were associated with massive increases in parasympathetic (vagus nerves) and sympathetic (cervical sympathetic ganglion >renal nerve >splanchnic nerve) activity. Seizure-associated activity increases were greater than activity changes induced by nitroprusside or phenylephrine (each producing BP changes of >50 mmHg). Increases in c-fos expression were found in both sympathetic and parasympathetic medullary regions (as well as hypothalamic areas). Baroreceptor reflex function (tested with nitroprusside and phenylephrine) was impaired during seizures. Finally, a significant fraction of the animals died and the mechanism of death was defined through ECG, BP, and echocardiographic measures to be profound cardiac dilatation and bradyarrhythmia leading to hypoperfusion of the brain and ultimately hypoperfusion of the heart. Cardiovascular changes occur within seconds (or less) of autonomic nerve activity changes and death by these mechanisms takes minutes. We propose that the massive parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow that occurs during a seizure gets compounded by respiratory distress (driving both autonomic nervous system divisions in the same direction) causing mechanical dysfunction, slowing the heart, and hypoperfusing the brain.

Altered Autonomic Mechanisms in the Sick Sinus Syndrome and Diurnal Variations in the Parameters of Sinus Node Function : Symposium on Sinus Node Function and Its Abnormality

The role of two divisions of autonomic nervous system was investigated and the variations of the sinus cycle length after autonomic blockade (the intrinsic cycle length, ICL) and the sinus node recovery time (SNRT) were tested in 26 patients with symptomatic sinus bradycardia. Three groups of patients were recognized from the responses of sinus rate to autonomic blocking with propranolol followed by atropine, comparing with the healthy controls. In 9 patients (group A) with normal responses to cholinergic and beta-adrenergic blockades, reactions to the autonomic stimulations with barorefiexe and Valsalva maneuver and to isoproterenol were all normal. Reduced automaticity of sinus node and normal autonomic regulation are conceivable in these patients. In some of this group, sinoatrial disease was evident from abnormal ICL. In other I 7 patients with reduced response to atropine, reactions to the autonomic stimulations and to isoproterenol were blunted. With propranolol, enhanced prolongation of sinus cycle length was observed in 7 patients (group BI) and normal or reduced response in 10 (group BII). Severe clinical symptoms were more prevalent in group BI and BII patients than group A and SNRT and ICL was abnormal in most of Group B. Sinoatrial disease is evident in these patients, and reduced cholinergic control and partial beta-adrenergic compensation in group BI and disturbed regulation by both of cholinergic and beta-adrenergic system in group BII are suggested. Difference between ICL at 4 pm and O am was more than 200 msec in 8 and exceeded 300 msec in 5 of I 7 patients whose ICL were determined twice. Measurement of SNRT was repeated more than three times at O, 6 and 10 am and 4 and 10 pm in I 8 patients. SNRT fluctuated more than 2 seconds in 10 and the ratio of the longest SNRT to the shortest was 2 or more in 7 patients. We conclude that different and altered autonomic mechanisms exist in the patients with the sick sinus syndrome. Sinus node automaticity free from autonomic influence is fluctuating and the clinical parameters of sinus node function are non-reproducible in some of the sick sinus patients.

Sinus node responses to various factors. The effects of pH, antiarrhythmic drugs, stimulation sites, etc.

The role of two divisions of autonomic nervous system was investigated and the variations of the sinus cycle length after autonomic blockade (the intrinsic cycle length, ICL) and the sinus node recovery time (SNRT) were tested in 26 patients with symptomatic sinus bradycardia. Three groups of patients were recognized from the responses of sinus rate to autonomic blocking with propranolol followed by atropine, comparing with the healthy controls. In 9 patients (group A) with normal responses to cholinergic and beta-adrenergic blockades, reactions to the autonomic stimulations with barorefiexe and Valsalva maneuver and to isoproterenol were all normal. Reduced automaticity of sinus node and normal autonomic regulation are conceivable in these patients. In some of this group, sinoatrial disease was evident from abnormal ICL. In other I 7 patients with reduced response to atropine, reactions to the autonomic stimulations and to isoproterenol were blunted. With propranolol, enhanced prolongation of sinus cycle length was observed in 7 patients (group BI) and normal or reduced response in 10 (group BII). Severe clinical symptoms were more prevalent in group BI and BII patients than group A and SNRT and ICL was abnormal in most of Group B. Sinoatrial disease is evident in these patients, and reduced cholinergic control and partial beta-adrenergic compensation in group BI and disturbed regulation by both of cholinergic and beta-adrenergic system in group BII are suggested. Difference between ICL at 4 pm and O am was more than 200 msec in 8 and exceeded 300 msec in 5 of I 7 patients whose ICL were determined twice. Measurement of SNRT was repeated more than three times at O, 6 and 10 am and 4 and 10 pm in I 8 patients. SNRT fluctuated more than 2 seconds in 10 and the ratio of the longest SNRT to the shortest was 2 or more in 7 patients. We conclude that different and altered autonomic mechanisms exist in the patients with the sick sinus syndrome. Sinus node automaticity free from autonomic influence is fluctuating and the clinical parameters of sinus node function are non-reproducible in some of the sick sinus patients.