Automotive Devices Research Articles

Wire Bond Ability Enhancement of 8 Leads Small Outline Integrated Circuit and 14 Leads Thin Shrink Small Outline Package Using AuPd Coated Cu Wire Bonding for Automotive Devices

Paper present a study enhancement of wire bonding process in the integrated circuit package with 2N AuPd coated Cu wire (2N-AuPdCu) for Automotive devices. Wire bonding is the electrical connection between pad and leadframe. In present, Au wire is recently use for interconnection while the gold price still exorbitant and caused concern to the wire bonding cost. Cu wire is a lower price and considered to be an alternative for the interconnection but still concern in term of corrosion and reliability. Recently, 4N AuPd coated Cu wire (4N-AuPdCu) material have been introduced for automotive device but still encounter the reliability problem. The 2N AuPd coated Cu wire was developed version for more reliability enhancement and consider to use for alternative wire of automotive device. In the experiment, Au wire, 4NAuPdCu wire and 2N AuPd coated Cu wire were used for wire bonding process on 8 leads Small Outline Integrated Circuit Package (8L-SOIC) and 14 leads Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (14L-TSSOP) to compare wire bond ability. Analysis, this package tested wire bond ability and reliability. The results performed well in wire bond ability and reliability for 2N AuPd coated Cu wire when comparing with Au wire and 4N AuPd coated Cu wire. Therefore, 2N AuPd coated Cu wire can enhance the quality and reliability for 8L-SOIC package and 14L-TSSOP package for automotive device.

Silver Bonding Wire - an Alternative for Mechanical Sensitive Chip Configurations in Automotive Electronics Packaging

Silver (Ag) bond wires are mainly used in consumer products as a reliable low-cost alternative to gold (Au) bond wires. In previous investigations, we have shown that silver wires also have potential for use in the automotive sector (1, 2, 3, 4], where the materials are exposed to particularly harsh environmental conditions. In order to understand thc intluence of these conditions in the electronic package on the silver-aluminum material system, we carried out extensive studies on test packages built on laboratory level. For the future development of challenging automotive devices, it will be important to have a cooperation between semiconductor package developer and material supplier with an assist of characterization spccialists. In this project, we formed a threeparty project in which characterization specialists, package developer, and wire manufacturer collectivcly conduct a feasibility study of a new Ag wire material for automotive application. Two wire types (standard Ag wire and new type of Ag wire GX2s) were chosen for the investigation in direct comparison regarding long-term reliability. Samples were built under mass production conditions and then subjected to various reliability tests following AEC-Q006 requirements. Subsequently, mechanical characterizations by means of ball shear and pull tests as weil as high resolution SEM microstructure analyses on cross-section samples are applied. In the paper, results of the different tests will be summarized, but a more in-depth analysis will be given to the temperature cycle test (TCT), where the most significant differences between the sample variations occurred. Overall, the results show the importance of the knowledge for the material reliability upfront a device qualification process (robustness validation) and give further guidance for material selection.

Stability and analysis of the vibrating motion of a four degrees-of-freedom dynamical system near resonance

This article investigates the impact of three harmonically external moments on the motion of a four-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear dynamical system composed of a double rigid pendulum connected to a nonlinear spring with linear damping. In light of the system’s generalized coordinates, the governing system (GS) of motion is derived using Lagrange’s equations. With the use of the multiple-scales method (MSM), the approximate solutions (AS) of the equations of this system are obtained up to a higher order of approximation, maybe the third order. Within the framework of the absence of secular terms, the conditions of solvability are obtained. Accordingly, the different resonance cases are categorized, and three of them are investigated simultaneously. Thus, these conditions are updated in preparation for achieving the modulation equations (ME) for the examined system. The numerical solutions (NS) of the GS are achieved using the algorithms of fourth-order Runge–Kutta (4RK), which are compared with the AS, which displays their high degree of consistency and demonstrates the precision of the MSM. The motion’s time history, steady-state solutions, and resonance curves are graphed to demonstrate the influence of various system physical parameters. All relevant fixed points at steady-state situations are identified and graphed in accordance with the Routh–Hurwitz criteria (RHC). Therefore, the zones of stability/instability of are checked and analyzed. Numerous real-world applications in disciplines like engineering and physics attest to the significance of the nonlinear dynamical system under study such as in shipbuilding, automotive devices, structure vibration, developing robots, and analysis of human walking.

Simultaneous Joining and Forming of Dissimilar Steels by Electrically Assisted Pressure Joining

In article number 2200256, Hong and co-workers successfully fabricate an automotive device by simultaneously joining and forming dissimilar steel alloys using the concept of electrically assisted pressure joining (EAPJ). The microstructure results showed that EAPJ induced grain refinement, tempered martensite, and increased portion of polygonal ferrite near the interface.

Human RF Electromagnetic Exposure to V2X-Communication

Abstract. In the era of automated and connected driving, more and more cars will be equipped with wireless transmission technologies such as mobile communications 4G (LTE) and 5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, and V2X. For the technical implementation of V2X-communications, different standards like cellular-V2X from the cooperation 3rd Generation Partnership Project and ITS-G5, based on the WiFi standard 802.11p from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, are under consideration. The electromagnetic environment of cars and the corresponding exposure of the general public to wireless emission will be significantly influenced by new radio technologies. Under all circumstances, it must be ensured that the exposure of the electromagnetic fields inside a car does not cause any harmful effects on humans. In order to quantitatively assess the resulting exposure, the generated exposure must be correctly recorded and evaluated according to their specific time-frequency spectra. This paper describes a new measurement procedure suitable for the V2X-standard ITS-G5 together with various exposure measurements performed in different cars with WiFi, Bluetooth and ITS-G5. In comparison of all wireless standards studied here, the V2X-service generated the highest electric field strengths inside a car, when a transmitting di-patch antenna was mounted on the windscreen inside the driver's cabin. The maximum fraction of the corresponding ICNIRP reference level amounted to 15.1 %. We conclude that the total exposure of wireless on-board automotive devices will be dominated by ITS-G5, if the transmitting antenna is located inside the passenger cabin. As V2X-communications will increasingly penetrate road traffic, the resulting exposure should be carefully monitored, in order not to exceed the corresponding reference levels for general public.

Reduction of Electromagnetic Interference Using EMI Filter in a Buck Converter

The presence of non-isolated DC-DC buck converter plays a crucial role in electrification of aircraft, bio-medical and automotive devices. To obtain output devoid of interference from external sources, maximizing specific power or power density of the EMI filter is necessary. This requires a filter that is capable of eliminating or filtering these unwanted surges or spikes in the power converters. In this paper an EMI filter is placed in the buck converter operating with common mode/differential mode. An EMI filter is first designed taking into account the impact of interference in the power rails and the ground rails. The model is implemented and the output of the buck converter in the presence and absence of the proposed EMI filter is analysed.

Recent developments in lignin modification and its application in lignin‐based green composites: A review

AbstractLignins are the most important aromatic renewable natural resource today, serving as a sustainable, environmentally acceptable alternative feedstock to fossil‐derived chemicals and polymers in a vast scope of value‐added applications. Lignin is a biopolymeric molecule that, together with cellulose, is a fundamental component of higher vascular plants structural cell walls. It can be extracted from by‐products of the pulp and paper industries, agricultural waste and residues, and biorefinery products. Lignin properties may vary depending on source and extraction method with carbon and aromatic as the main compositions in lignin structure. These rich compositions make lignin more valuable, allowing for the creation of high‐value‐added green composites. However, the complex structure of lignin creates low reactivity to interact with crosslinker, and hence chemical modification is substantial to overcome this problem. This review aimed to present and discuss lignin structure, variation of lignin chemical properties regarding its source and extraction process, recent advances in chemical modification of lignin to enhance its reactivity, and potential applications of modified lignin for manufacturing value‐added biocomposites with enhanced properties and lower environmental impact, such as food handling/packaging, seed coating, automotive devices, 3D printing, rubber industry, and wood adhesives.

Design for Inspectability: A Framework to Increase Inspectability of Additive Manufacturing Parts for Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspection Methods

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to produce load-bearing, safety-critical components in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. Designers can create AM components with complex internal features, organic topologies, and lattice structures to reduce part mass or part count. However, such complex features can make designs difficult or impossible to inspect using mature nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. Professional organizations suggest designers keep quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in mind early in the design process. The Design for Inspectability (DfI) framework is suggested as a way of meeting the need for early-stage QA/QC considerations. This work presents a case study, where a group of designers considered one type of NDT, known as Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic (PEU) testing. Using heuristics derived from relevant literature, designers were able to create designs with increased inspectability. This improved inspectability came at the cost of other design objectives, however, such as strength and mass. This implies that certain design objectives may be inversely related to increased inspectability, raising significant concerns for the field. This work marks the first step toward mapping out the trade-offs between inspection and performance objectives.

Studying the influence of external torques on the dynamical motion and the stability of a 3DOF dynamic system

This article explores the planar motion of a novel dynamical system of three degrees of freedom (DOF) triple pendulum, consisting of a double rigid pendulum attached to an un-stretched one, in which its suspension point is considered to be fixed. Applying Lagrange's equations, the controlling system of the equations of motion (EOM) is derived. The multiple scales method (MSM) is used to achieve the analytic solutions of these equations up to higher order of approximation as novel approximate solutions. The accuracy of these solutions is demonstrated by comparing them with the numerical results of the EOM. The system's resonance cases are characterized, and its modulation equations are established. In light of solvability conditions, the steady-state solutions are analyzed. A graphic depiction of the dynamical behavior regarding the motion’s time histories and resonance curves is presented. The stability zones are discussed by analyzing their graphs to evaluate the positive effect of different parameters on the dynamic behavior. The importance of the studied dynamical system is evident from its many applications in various fields such as engineering and physics. However, the vibrational motion can be taken into account in engineering applications like shipbuilding and ships motion, structure vibration, automotive devices, designing robots, and human walking analysis.

Post-quantum cryptography for automotive systems

Automotive systems have become powerful computing platforms with an increasing demand for secure communication. The hyperconnectivity of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) environment drastically increases the attack surface and the need for crypto-agility. In addition, the long lifecycle of automotive products demands that not only current but also future attacks are considered. Thus, empowering automotive devices with efficient, robust, and long-term security solutions is challenging. The foreseeable breakthrough of quantum computers and their threat to traditional cryptography requires that automotive devices are able to efficiently implement quantum secure cryptographic mechanisms, also known as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). One of the most promising PQC approaches is lattice-based cryptography. Among the seven finalists of the NIST third round post-quantum standardization process, five algorithms (three KEM/encryption and two signature algorithms) belong to the category of lattice-based cryptography. While lattice-based cryptography has been previously integrated in general-purpose microcontrollers, their impact on automotive environments has been neglected. To this end, this work presents two contributions. As a first contribution, we provide a performance exploration of four lattice-based KEM/encryption algorithms implemented on the automotive microcontroller AURIX. The exploration includes the three finalists CRYSTALS-KYBER, NTRU, and Saber, together with ThreeBears. Despite ThreeBears was not selected as a PQC finalist, NIST recommended further investigations in this direction due to interesting security and performance characteristics of the algorithm. Our analysis has shown that all of these algorithms can be implemented on the AURIX microcontroller while achieving a competitive performance. As a second contribution, we explore the improvement of the security level of ThreeBears by extending its error correction capability.

A CNN-Based System for Mobile Robot Navigation in Indoor Environments via Visual Localization with a Small Dataset

Deep learning has made great advances in the field of image processing, which allows automotive devices to be more widely used in humans’ daily lives than ever before. Nowadays, the mobile robot navigation system is among the hottest topics that researchers are trying to develop by adopting deep learning methods. In this paper, we present a system that allows the mobile robot to localize and navigate autonomously in the accessible areas of an indoor environment. The proposed system exploits the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model’s advantage to extract data feature maps for image classification and visual localization, which attempts to precisely determine the location region of the mobile robot focusing on the topological maps of the real environment. The system attempts to precisely determine the location region of the mobile robot by integrating the CNN model and topological map of the robot workspace. A dataset with small numbers of images is acquired from the MYNT EYE camera. Furthermore, we introduce a new loss function to tackle the bounded generalization capability of the CNN model in small datasets. The proposed loss function not only considers the probability of the input data when it is allocated to its true class but also considers the probability of allocating the input data to other classes rather than its actual class. We investigate the capability of the proposed system by evaluating the empirical studies based on provided datasets. The results illustrate that the proposed system outperforms other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy and generalization capability.

Evaluating Common-Mode Voltage Based Trade-Offs in Differential-Ended and Single-Supplied Signal Conditioning Amplifiers

This paper focuses on a differential voltage measurement in low-voltage automotive devices whose subunits are separated with a low-side safety switch. In contrast to conventional applications with high-side switches, a common-mode voltage (CMV) with negative polarity exists at the input of the signal conditioning circuitry. To overcome the shortage of dedicated integrated circuits capable of withstanding negative CMV, the paper investigates single- and two-stage differential circuits with single-supplied operational amplifiers to find a cost-optimized counterpart. In addition, the proposed procedure tunes the circuit parameters in such a manner to obtain the largest possible full-scale range at the output. Though, such optimization results in very uncommon values for gain and reference voltages. This issue is additionally evaluated for reference voltages that are either cost-effective or more easily accessible to increase the circuit feasibility. Since the impact of resistances on circuits’ behaviour could be diminished to a great extent using high-precision and matched pair resistors, the sensitivity analysis was investigated only for a reference voltage change. Furthermore, a reversed termination of measured voltages results in a simplified reference voltage selection without hindering circuits’ performance, proven by simulation and experimental results.

Hydrogen infiltration into BaTiO3-based dielectrics for multi-layer ceramic capacitors under highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress test

To make electrical devices, such as smartphones and automotive devices, more functional, the mechanism of electrical reliability in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) under high temperature, high humidity, and electric field bias environments has been studied. Although it has been presumed that hydrogen influences this mechanism, it is difficult to analyze hydrogen itself. Therefore, we investigated BaTiO3-based dielectrics in which the leakage current increases by conducting highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress tests using heavy water (D2O) as a tracer instead of light water (H2O) and secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. We report the detection of deuterium in the dielectrics between the inner electrodes where the leakage current increased, and deuterium was biased toward the internal electrode on the cathode side. These findings can help further improve the reliability of MLCCs.

Design and Manufacture of a Magnetorheological Brake System Applicable for Wheelchair Manipulations

Abstract Magnetorheological (MR) brake has been employed for a wide range of industrial applications such as automotive vehicles, robots, and haptic devices. In this article, we were mainly concerned with facilitating assistant devices for physically challenged people with the aid of developments in MR brake technology. Therefore, herein, an MR brake was manufactured for wheelchair handling capability. The main objective of this article was to design a low-weight brake that was capable of producing the necessary braking torque for handling or stopping a wheelchair. Numerical simulations based on the finite element method were employed to achieve the proper brake prototype. The main characteristics of the double disk MR brake obtained from numerical results were (i) 3 N.m braking torque when 120-turn coil current was 2 (Ampere. Turn), (ii) 9.5-kg weight, (iii) frustum shape coil design, and (iv) simple design with easy fabrication procedure. Thereafter, this prototype was manufactured, and an appropriate MR fluid was synthesized and utilized in the fabricated brake. The brake operation was examined, and the experimental results were compared with numerical ones. This comparison demonstrated that both results were in very good agreement with each other, which proved the validity of numerical and experimental procedures.

THE IMPACT OF MOBILE NETWORK SETTINGS ON THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF VEHICLE REMOTE CONTROL UNITS

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of mobile network settings on the energy consumption of electronic car control units. Signal quality and mobile network coverage are also important for both users and automotive devices that use real-time information from the network using cloud technologies to transmit, process and store data. For the quality of service measurements, Communications Regulatory Authority uses just HTTP data transmission (receipt) speed rate values in the operators’ UMTS (3G) networks (as CRA stated in annual report). But speed is not everything as many consumers in the industry are experiencing recently. In addition, improvements now also revolve about reducing the signaling load incurred when a radio bearer is established, modified or released. Another area for improvements is the signaling overhead on the air interface when little data is transferred as it consumes resources and causes battery drain from the mobile phone's point of view. The authors focused on the UMTS (the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) 3G network, which is among the most popular 3G mobile communication technologies. We explore the RRC state machine of large cellular networks which operate in Lithuania. Note that in UMTS network, the centralized core network (CN) is responsible for ensuring switching and routing for the end users traffic. All Network management functions and required databases are also implemented in core network. The core network domain is further divided into sub categories: serving network domain, home network domain and the transit network domain. It consists of two kinds of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (GSNs), in 3GPP named as Gateway GSN (GGSN) and Serving GSN (SGSN) (Figure 1). SGSN is the central node of the packet switched (PS) domain. It provides for routing functionality and interacts with databases (like Home Location Register (HLR)) and manages many Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). So the authors were researching the RRC machines of Lithuanian cellular operators’ networks. The purpose of those experiments was to identify which network could provide a best user internet browsing experience, best user equipment battery consumption feature and best radio network resource utilization scheme. We can state, that comparing all these partitions, Operator2 has the optimal configuration for user experience, UE device battery consumption and network resource utilization of RRC state machine point of view.

Resonant automotive suspension device detection bench based on fuzzy comprehensive recognition algorithm

Resonant automotive suspension device detection bench based on fuzzy comprehensive recognition algorithm

A Review of ARM Processor Architecture History, Progress and Applications

Globally, over 50 billion ARM architecture based embedded chips of 32-bit and 64-bit instruction set architecture are commonly used and produced in quantity perspective since 2014. In our daily life most of the people uses and depends upon a penalty of electrical and automotive devices which have now become an essential part of their daily life. Due to that reason embedded processors are used to build such devices which takes less silicone-space, provides efficient processing and less power.

Preparation of high-performance transparent glass-fiber reinforced composites based on refractive index-tunable epoxy-functionalized siloxane hybrid matrix

Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) are widely utilized in various industrial fields due to their remarkable mechanical properties and low cost fabrication. However, typical FRPs cannot concurrently fulfill optical transparency and high mechanical strength, which are essential for transparent electronics and automotive applications. Here, we report a transparent FRP (GFRH) that exhibits high opto-mechanical properties by incorporating reinforced glass-fibers into refractive index-tunable epoxy-functionalized siloxane hybrid materials. To achieve transparent composites, we precisely control the refractive index of the siloxane matrix by adding an epoxy cross-linkable hardener. We compare the opto-mechanical properties of the GFRP according to various conditions in terms of curing method (thermal- and UV-curing), fiber content (from 0 to 25 wt% of matrix), fiber length (from 0.08 to 3 mm), and fiber type (filament mat, glass-fabric, chopped strands glass-fibers, and milled glass). Finally, to obtain high-performance GFRP, we further optimize the composite structure with short fiber (5 wt% of chopped strands glass-fibers) and long fiber (10 layers of glass-fabric). The optimized composite exhibits high optical transparency (80% @ 550 nm) and mechanical properties (251 MPa flexural strength, 9 GPa flexural modulus and 3 H pencil hardness). Our transparent composite has significant potential for the application of FRPs to transparent electronics and automotive devices.

Effects of alloying elements in high reliability copper wire bond material for high temperature applications

Recently, a shift from Au bonding wire to Cu bonding wire is expected for automotive application. Palladium coated copper (PCC) wire is strong candidate since it is widely used in LSI packages owing to its high performance and low cost. In order to apply PCC wire to automotive devices, long-term reliability specific to automobiles including stable operation under harsh environment with high temperature and humidity is required. However, pitting corrosion at the wedge bond portion was reported with PCC wire under high temperature storage life (HTSL) test. Depending on the surrounding environment such as mold compound, it is difficult for conventional PCC wire to achieve the target of automotive application. A newly developed PCC wire (EX1R) has thus developed. By using additive element in Cu core, halide induced interface corrosion and also pitting corrosion can be prevented successfully. In this paper, effect of additive element on the corrosion resistance will be discussed. The result shows that additive element forms protective passivation layer on the intermetallic compound (IMC) and Cu surface. Thereby, EX1R improves bond reliability even under severe reliability test condition.

Mechanical properties of double and triple fibre-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites

A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that provide better properties than the material used alone. Composite materials can be preferred because of their many advantages – for example, they are stronger and lighter compared with conventional materials. Usage of fibre-reinforced composite structures has increased in industries such as automotive, marine transportation, civil engineering, sporting goods, medical equipment and prosthetic devices.