Car Windshield Research Articles

Empowering Photovoltaic Panel Anti-Icing: Superhydrophobic Organic Composite Coating with In Situ Photothermal and Transparency.

Solar energy is widely used in photovoltaic power generation as a kind of clean energy. However, the liquid film, frosting, and icing on the photovoltaic module seriously limit the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation. We developed a composite coating (Y6-NanoSH) by combining an in situ photothermal and transparent Y6 organic film with a nanosuperhydrophobic material. The Y6-NanoSH coated glass exhibited excellent optical clarity both indoors and outdoors, indicating that the coating holds great promise in anti-icing applications for photovoltaic panels. The Y6-NanoSH coating absorbs very little visible light but instead absorbs in the near-infrared region, thereby emitting heat. When exposed to sunlight, the Y6-NanoSH coated photovoltaic panel raises its surface temperature, inhibiting the growth and accumulation of ice and frost on its surface. This is achieved through a combination of photothermal emission and superhydrophobic repellency, which promotes the evaporation and rolling away of water droplets. This validates our success in developing a photothermal, transparent, and superhydrophobic coating with excellent anti-icing capabilities, suitable for use on photovoltaic panels, as well as potential applications in car windscreens, transmission lines, curtain walls, and weather radomes.

Biomechanics as support for forensic expert reports in after pedestrian-car collisions

This paper systematically explores the mechanical properties of facial and cranial bones, aiming to contribute to the understanding of brain and cervical spine injuries from a mechanical/biomechanical perspective. The research also seeks to provide insights applicable in forensic practice, bridging the gap for engineering professionals not typi-cally involved in forensic medicine. Strength and stiffness parameters of facial and cra-nial bones were utilized to analyze forces leading to fractures, proposing a simple analyt-ical approach for determining head velocity upon striking a car windshield. Experimental testing was conducted to examine defects on the windshield resulting from an impactor's crash, simulating head impacts at varying velocities. Two approaches for determining head impact velocity during pedestrian-car collisions were explored. The first, neglect-ing body deformation effects, assumes that the manikin's center of gravity moves at the same speed as the impacting vehicle, resulting in an impact velocity that is approximate-ly twice the car's speed. The second, a more realistic scenario, considers slower move-ment of the body's center of gravity, yielding an impact velocity that is about one and a half times the car's speed, with a specific angle relative to the X-axis. Calculation reveals that head impact velocity decreases with reduced windshield inclination at constant ve-hicle speed. Experimental testing with an adult head impactor monitored impact velocity, acceleration, contact time, and puncture diameter and depth on the vehicle glass. Results align closely with published data, emphasizing higher injury risk near the location of fixation of the windshield to the frame of the vehicle. In forensic investigations, the re-search findings, including newly measured or calculated parameters, offer practical ap-plications. Acknowledging simulation limitations, the study emphasizes the reliance on experimental data for a more realistic understanding. Application of knowledge in expert opinions for car crashes with injuries involves considering windshield defect dimen-sions in relation to speed, minimizing the need for revision by expert opinions. This comprehensive exploration contributes to understanding biomechanical factors influenc-ing injuries, particularly in vehicular accidents, and underscores the importance of em-pirical data in forensic practice. The proposed analytical approach and experimental insights provide valuable tools for forensic professionals and contribute to the broader understanding of injury mechanisms.

Fuzzy Logic Method for Measuring Sustainable Decent Work Levels as a Corporate Social Responsibility Approach

The purpose of this study was to propose an interactive computer system that utilises the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Designer to measure the level of implementation of SDG 8, which focuses on sustainable decent work (SDW) and economic growth. This study used policies and laws as parameters to determine the presence or absence of SDW. The fuzzy method was implemented in car windshield manufacturing in the auto parts industry as a case study to define and quantify work conditions and to determine the level of sustainable decent work (SDWL). The study described environmental conditions, such as noise, lighting, and heat stress; ergonomic factors, such as exposure time, the mass of the object manipulated, and lifting frequency; and organisation at work, such as workplace violence, salary, and workday, as linguistic variables. The level of the presence or absence of SDW was defined as their membership functions. The resulting vectors determined the absence of SDW with a score of 1.5 in two linguistic variables: environmental conditions and ergonomic factors. Some features of SDW in the linguistic variable organisation at work had an SDW score of 5. The SDWL vector determined a final score of 1.24, indicating the absence of decent work in production areas. This study found that the workers suffer a lack of long and healthy lives and a bad standard of living without economic growth due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders and work illnesses, increasing their out-of-pocket spending and catastrophic health expenses. As a CSR approach, assessing SDWLs helped managers improve policies and work conditions.

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic poly (AA-co-BA-co-BPA) anti-fog coating with excellent water resistance and self-healing properties

Glasses such as automobile windshields, mirrors, and lampshades are prone to fogging due to temperature changes, which affects the process of use and even jeopardizes safety. Hydrophilic films can prevent the glass surface from fogging by absorbing condensation droplets. However, the anti-fog film only lasts for a short period because it will gradually dissolve with the moisture increasing, which leads to image distortion. Herein, we propose a hydrophilic/hydrophobic coating to achieve longer anti-fog persistence. The strong interface bonding of the polymer is the key to improving the durability performance of the coating. It prevents interfacial failure and folding caused by fogging conditions. In this paper, a multifunctional coating with good anti-fog and anti-frost properties was prepared using butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA) and 4-benzoylphenyl acrylate (BPA) as the polymer monomers. The light transmission of coated glass is up to 90 % even under harsh fogging conditions. The poly(AA-co-BA-co-BPA) can be firmly bonded with the plasma-treated glass plate, which greatly enhances the durability and water resistance of the coating. After being immersed in deionized water for 60 h at room temperature, the coated glass still has a certain anti-fog effect and the light transmittance is maintained at about 85 %. In addition, the anti-fog coating has excellent self-healing properties due to the fact that the carboxyl group in AA can generate hydrogen bonding, so that it can be healed within 15 s with the help of hot water after physical damage. This anti-fog coating has great potential for application in construction, shipbuilding and other industries.

Analisis Perbandingan Nilai Kondisi Jalan Menggunakan Metode SDI dan IRI Dari Alat Survei Roadroid

Good road infrastructure plays an important role in the economic development of a city. Therefore, the government must maintain and improve road conditions yearly to help attract investment and ultimately lead to overall economic growth. Presently, road condition surveys are conducted and assessed using the manual method with the Surface Distress Index (SDI), which is time-consuming and expensive due to the large number of access roads. In order to address this issue, a fast and cost-effective alternative survey approach is required, such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) method using the Roadroid application. Roadroid is an application installed on a smartphone and then attached to a car's windshield to record road conditions while the car is in motion. This study aims to compare the use of the Roadroid application with the manual survey method in terms of time and cost efficiency in identifying road conditions in the city of Palembang, which has 1204 roads. In this study, the Roadroid application results is compared to the road condition assessment results from the SDI methods. The results showed that the time required to obtain road conditions with manual survey and Roadroid application was 37.313 minutes and 4.123 minutes, respectively. The cost required to obtain road conditions was IDR 290.937.000 and IDR 68.006.000 for manual surveys and using the Roadroid application, respectively. Furthermore, the comparison of road condition assessment results between the SDI and IRI methods showed that they have average mean differences of 24.86%, so it can be concluded that the road conditions obtained in the IRI method using Roadroid have high accuracy with the conditions in the SDI method. From the results, it can be concluded that using the Roadroid application to obtain road conditions is more effective and efficient than manual surveys.

Finite element analysis of bird impact with windshield of a vehicle

The car's windscreen, which birds frequently come into contact when driving, determined to be one of the primary causes of severe bird as well as passengers, injuries. For the design and assessment of vehicle safety performance, finite element-based analysis of object strike to the windshield is commonly employed. The majority of the simpler windshield models utilized in simulations for various object strike research. However, for a reliable prediction of injuries during a car to bird accident, accurate modelling of the windshield and different glass materials considered as mechanical behaviour is required. The goal of this article is to look into potential windshield replacement options that simulate a collision between a bird and a car. Different materials' laminated glass windshields put to the test. The finite element simulation model's stress and crack patterns recorded, and they verified against actual work or common car windshield glass. The three-layer laminated glass finite element models created. For the crack propagation pattern, the element deletion method and share node techniques used. The assessment and simulation findings compared using fine mesh sizes based on the four different glass material qualities and a chosen alternative glass material, as well as existing research on ball drop testing for pedestrian head injuries. The simulated results of the laminated model of annealed glass of three layers and a 5 mm rectangular mesh demonstrate good agreement with the results of the experiments and previous simulations using finite elements. Next, the car's windshield was fitted with this model of annealed glass. In accordance with the EEVC protocol on pedestrian protection, impact testing simulating bird strikes conducted. When results for bird deceleration, fracture pattern, and windshield energy absorption compared to test results for pedestrian head injury, a good agreement shown.

Enhancing the hydrophobicity of the mineral wool through surface modification with organo-silane

Mineral wool materials are consistently preferred material to be used for building thermal insulation because of their low heat conductivity, making energy-efficient structures impossible to construct without highly insulating thermal envelopes. A mineral wool with a hydrophobic external surface could be used for several applications where hydrophobicity would be helpful. Organo-silanes are one of the most promising materials to impart hydrophobic character to varied surfaces to achieve performance properties such as dust-resistant coatings on building glass, solar panels with self-cleaning surfaces, biofouling resistant paints, self-cleaning car windshields etc. In this study, mineral wool was treated with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to achieve hydrophobic surfaces.A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer is used to confirm the successful deposition of organosilane/siloxane networks on glass wool fibre surfaces. The hydrophobicity of treated wool was assessed and quantified using a contact angle measurement. Contact angle measurement was used to quantify the hydrophobicity of treated wool. The thermal conductivity of treated mineral wool fiber was calculated using the portable Lee's disc method. To determine the thermal stability and crystallinity of the treated wool, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used, respectively. The treated mineral wool exhibited excellent thermal stability up to 800 °C, and wettability tests proved the treated surface highly hydrophobic, allowing water droplets to roll off with contact angles up to 134.9°. Surface modification reduced thermal conductivity by 20%, showing good thermal resistance. Here, we show easy and sustainable methods of treating mineral wool surfaces, which can serve as a thermal insulation option under humid conditions.

Capturing fracture initiation and crack propagation of car windshields

To facilitate the development of accurate material models for glass, there is a need for reliable experimental procedures that capture the stochastic nature of the material. The experimental setup must be easy to model numerically and output relevant data for validation of important material characteristics. We conducted an experimental study on three types of windshields exposed to quasi-static loading. A robust and repeatable testing procedure was designed with the aim of revealing the stochastic behavior of windshields. 3D-Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) was used to monitor the windshield displacement field and we were able to capture fracture initiation locations and crack propagation data by using high-speed cameras combined with a pose estimation-based post-processing tool implemented in Python. We performed finite element (FE) simulations in LS-DYNA to estimate major principal stress values at first fracture. The results from the experimental study provided new insight and valuable data for the development of numerical models of the problem at hand.

Modification of silicate structural units by K[formula omitted]O for enhancing automobile windshield glass properties

The effect of K2O on silicate structural units in soda lime silicate glasses is investigated. The structural, optical, and mechanical properties of 64SiO2-16Na2O-12CaO-2Al2O3−(6−x)MgO-xK2O (x=2, 4, and 6), where the constituents are given in mole percent, are reported. The physical parameters exhibit significant variation on the addition of K2O in place of MgO in the glass. The amorphous nature of the samples is confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the structural changes on the addition of K2O in place of MgO. The optical properties of the prepared samples were studied by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The microhardness and the fracture toughness were determined by the Vickers hardness test. These results pave the way for effectively utilizing the present glasses for applications in automobile windshield glasses. The transmittance of all the glasses is higher than 85% and constant throughout the visible region and the hardness is comparable to that of commercial windshield glasses.

Effects of Concrete Conceptual Metaphor on Peoples Reasoning

In this work, the effect of metaphorical language on people's cognition about concrete events will be tested. In order to do so, the study will exploit the difference in metaphor use in describing the extent of a car crash to evaluate the framing effect of the word choice on people's perception of a concrete physical accident. In the experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to read two versions of texts about a car accident with only different metaphor usages to describe the extent of the car's windshield breakage. Then participants will be asked to answer three multiple-choice questions that can reflect participants reasoning towards the severity of the car accident they have read. This study predicts that participants who read the "milder" metaphor version will perceive the car accident less severely than those who read the "severer" metaphor version, which can prove the influence of metaphorical language on people's perception of concrete events.

Queer Chicana Feelings, Longings, and Community ThroughMosquita y Mari

Queer Chicana Feelings, Longings, and Community Through<i>Mosquita y Mari</i>

Applications of Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Direct Current Arc Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Methods for Grouping Study of Automobile Windshield Glasses for Glass Forensics

AbstractA comprehensive evaluation was carried out for elemental characterization of automobile glasses having potential forensic application by Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence (ED‐XRF) spectrometry and Direct Current Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (DC Arc AES). The methods were optimized and validated using geological certified reference materials and glass standard reference material. Total seventeen elements including five major elements (Si, Na, Ca, Mg and Fe) and twelve minor and trace elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, Zr and Sr) were found to be present. Though DC Arc AES performed better for minor and trace level determination, however, the precision was evaluated as 15–20 % RSD. On the contrary, ED‐XRF performed better for major elements with 5–10 % RSD. The detection limits for the analytes prone to form refractory oxides on heating were found to be poorer in DC Arc AES compared to ED‐XRF. Statistical analyses were also performed to evaluate the reliability of the data obtained by the optimized methods. As a part of forensic applications, the elemental concentrations of minor and trace elements were utilized for the grouping study of the glass samples by cluster analysis using average linkage method.

Distribution of after-penetration gunshot wound zones

Aim of this study is to establish the distance and spacing of gunshot wound in the conditions of after-penetration target location. The experimental studies series on shooting coarse colico targets located behind a triplex (car windshield) with record of results by a high-speed camera with a frequency of 1000 frames per second, followed by a study of the affected targets by routine and modern methods (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion analysis) were performed. Established results showed that fragments of projectile that overcame an obstacle and secondary projectiles have a rather stable zoning distribution behind an obstacle at a distance up to 2.5 m from the obstacle. The most informative diagnosis of an after-penetration wound distance zone is based on the character of the firearm projectile fragments dispersion, manifestation of lead particles thermal exposure from its sleeve and secondary projectiles fragments formed under the effect of shock wave superimposement in the obstacle material.

Automobile windshield assembly workstation based on ABB industrial robot

Traditional automotive companies’ manual assembly line operation with higher labor intensity, lower efficiency, and product quality is difficult to ensure and other shortcomings have been unable to meet the growing demand for industry development and quality assurance. This project with the IRB- 1410 model robot as the core robot, combined with an industrial vision system and gluing system, completed a vehicle windshield assembly workstation based on ABB industrial robots, to improve the degree of automation while greatly improving the efficiency and degree of operational safety, and can both improve the visibility of companies while establishing a good image of the enterprise.

Chemical characterization of automobile windshield glass samples for major, minor, and trace elemental concentration determination by INAA and its comparison with ED-XRF and DC Arc AES in terms of analytical capabilities and possible applications for glass forensics.

Automobile (car) windshield glass fragments serve as important forensic evidentiary materials and their chemical characterization mainly at minor and trace concentration levels is a key step in forensic investigations. For such glass analysis as well as for forensics, direct solid sample analysis by suitable analytical technique(s) is very important. In view of this, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using high flux neutrons from research reactor was utilized for chemical characterization of car windshield glass samples. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and direct current arc carrier distillation atomic emission spectroscopy (DC Arc AES) methods were also utilized for the analysis of all glass samples for evaluating their analytical capabilities with respect to INAA. A comparative evaluation was carried out with respect to accuracy, precision, and detection limits under quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC). The methods were validated by analyzing certified reference materials (CRMs) G-2 and RGM-1 from USGS and NIST standard reference material (SRM) of sodalime glass (SRM 610). Concentrations of seventeen elements (Na, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Zr, Ba, La, Hf, Ce, Eu, Yb, Sm, and Th) were determined in all analyzed glass samples by INAA at major, minor, and trace concentration levels, indicating its capability for potential applications to forensic studies. Grouping study of these automobile glasses was carried out utilizing concentrations of transition elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in conjunction with statistical cluster analysis. In addition, it has been highlighted that some of the transition elements as well as REEs are important markers/discriminating elements for same brand automobile glasses obtained from two different sources/origins.

THE USE OF A CAR WINDSHIELD RUBBER BLADE TO MAKE A MOTORIZED WHITEBOARD ERASER

Innovation from scrap materials can go beyond expectations. For this reason, the objective of this study is to create a motorized whiteboard eraser out of a car windshield rubber blade from a broken car. With the help of Arduino Uno and Arduino Interface, an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software, was able to help read the coding and inputs in causing the wiper move with a switch, battery and motor. The results of the study showed that the time of executing the command was 0.35 seconds after turning the switch on, while the distance covered in centimeters by the motorized whiteboard eraser was 75cm. It is also noted that after four rounds of horizontal swiping directions it had totally erased the writings on the whiteboard. Further, in terms of the speed of erasing the writings, the shortest time was 0.0852 miles per hour. Proving its efficacy on erasing various percentages of shaded parts it is recorded that in 50% shaded part it took a minute and six seconds, while in 75% shaded part it took one minute and 20 seconds, lastly, in a 100% shaded it could totally be erased in a span of one minute and 36 seconds. As a result, it is recommended to increase the speed of the motorized whiteboard eraser by utilizing a bigger motor with a higher RPM capacity. Moreover, it is advised that the whiteboard eraser be improved in order for the rubber blade to entirely adhere itself to the whiteboard in order to have less constraints on erasing. It is also recommended that you choose a lighter material than PVC in order for the eraser to operate smoothly.

Optically Transparent Antennas: A Review of the State-of-the-Art, Innovative Solutions and Future Trends

The requirement of mounting several access points and base stations is increasing tremendously due to recent advancements and the need for high-data-rate communication services of 5G and 6G wireless communication systems. In the near future, the enormous number of these access points might cause a mess. In such cases, an optically transparent antenna (OTA) is the best option for making the environment more appealing and pleasant. OTAs provide the possible solution as these maintain the device aesthetics to achieve transparency as well as fulfill the basic coverage and bandwidth requirements. Various attempts have been made to design OTAs to provide coverage for wireless communication, particularly for the dead zones. These antennas can be installed on building windows, car windscreens, towers, trees, and smart windows, which enables network access for vehicles and people passing by those locations. Several transparent materials and techniques are used for transparent antenna design. Thin-film and mesh-grid techniques are very popular to transform metallic parts of the antenna into a transparent material. In this article, a comprehensive review of both the techniques used for the design of OTAs is presented. The performance comparison of OTAs on the basis of bandwidth, gain, transparency, transmittance, and efficiency is also presented. An OTA is the best choice in these situations to improve the aesthetics and comfort of the surroundings with high antenna performance.

CALIBRATED HEADS-UP DISPLAY

This article is about heads up displays (HUDs). A heads-up display (HUD) is a technology used in a vehicle’s infotainment display system that allows the driver to view an image on the vehicle’s windshield or a panel just below the driver’s line of sight, or, to put it another way, a display that is wirelessly connected to the internet and shows real-time traffic and navigation information on a car's windshield while driving. The head-up display (HUD), which enables users to simultaneously view a real image and information projected on it without making substantial head movements or eye scans, introduces a new way of displaying information. The head-up display (HUD) invented a brand-new method of information delivery. HUDs have been used for a variety of tasks, including aircraft manipulation, Automobile driving and machinery maintaining to help users better understand their surroundings. The head-up display is far more energy-efficient than the postage-stamp LCD screens used frequently in today's head-up displays for mobile devices. Head-up display screens produce a clean, clear image independent of the lighting conditions outside since they project images directly into the retina. The study above describes how heads- up displays function in real-world situations and specifies three categories of HUD techniques such as head-mounted or ground-referenced, optical see through or video see-through, and single-sided or two- sided types. KEYWORDS: HUD (Heads-Up Display), Vehicle's Infotainment Display, Vehicle's Windshield, Real Image, information delivery, windshield.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Process Parameters in 6016 Aluminum Alloy Hot Stamping Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis

The hot stamping technology of aluminum alloy is of great significance for realizing the light weight of the automobile body, and the proper process parameters are important conditions to obtain excellent aluminum alloy parts. In this paper, the thermal deformation behavior of 6016 aluminum alloy at a high temperature is experimentally studied to provide a theoretical basis for a finite element model. With the help of blank stamping finite element software, a numerical model of a 6016 aluminum alloy automobile windshield beam during hot stamping was established. The finite element model was verified by a forming experiment. Then, the effect of the process parameters, including blank holder force, die gap, forming temperature, friction coefficient, and stamping speed on aluminum alloy formability were investigated using Taguchi design, grey relational analysis (GRA), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Stamping tests were arranged at temperatures between 480 and 570 °C, blank holder force between 20 and 50 kN, stamping speed between 50 and 200 mm/s, die gap between 1.05 t and 1.20 t (t is the thickness of the sheet), and friction coefficient between 0.15 and 0.60. It was found that the significant factors affecting the forming quality of the hot-stamped parts were blank holder force and stamping speed, with influence significance of 28.64% and 34.09%, respectively. The optimal parameters for hot stamping of the automobile windshield beam by the above analysis are that the die gap is 1.05 t, the blank temperature is 540 °C, the coefficient of friction is 0.15, stamping speed is 200 mm/s, and blank holder force is 50 kN. The optimized maximum thickening rate is 4.87% and the maximum thinning rate is 9.00%. The optimization method used in this paper and the results of the process parameter optimization provide reference values for the optimization of hot stamping forming.

Electrospun Sound-Absorbing Nanofibrous Webs from Recycled Poly(vinyl butyral).

The amount of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) foils added to car windscreens to suppress glass shattering represents a huge worldwide volume of the material, and once a vehicle is end-of-life it also becomes a significance contributor to landfill. The recycling of PVB materials from windscreens has been expensive and despite improvements in recycling technologies, the landfill burden still increases. However, an increase in oil prices can shift the economic balance and stimulates the possible applicability of recycled PVB. As PVB is a relatively easy electrospinnable material, it is shown that nanofibrous mats produced from recycled PVB blends in ethanol exhibit very good sound-absorbing properties. To achieve an optimal composition between virgin and recycled PVB blends, a series of their ratios was consecutively characterized using various techniques (rheometry, SEM, FTIR, DSC, TGA, DMA, an impedance tube for determining sound absorbance). The best result was obtained with two wt. portions of 8 wt.% solution of virgin PVB in ethanol and one wt. portion of 12 wt.% solution of recycled PVB in ethanol.