Automobile Transmission Research Articles

Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Hybrid Multi Fibre Reinforced Nylon 6-6 Nanocomposites

The investigation on the effect of adding silane modified chopped E-glass fibre and Aluminium metal wire-mesh into nano silica toughened nylon 6-6 thermoplastic composites on mechanical, drop load impact, fatigue and tribological behaviour is studied in this paper. The primary aim of this research work is to develop a hybrid Nylon 6-6 nanocomposites having high stiffness, toughness and wear resistance. The chopped glass fibre and Al wire-mesh was surface treated with the help of 3-Aminopropyletrimethoxylane (silane) and acid etching. The tensile results revealed that additions of glass fibre and Al mesh into nano - silica toughened nylon 6-6 composite gives improved tensile and flexural strength. Similarly, the Izod impact strength of Al-mesh reinforced nano silica (1vol.%) toughened nylon 6-6 gives superior energy absorption up to 6 Joules/cm. The drop load impact penetration of composite N3 (59% - Nylon 66, 20% - E-glass fibre, 20% - Al wire mesh and 1 % - nano silica) shows very limited penetration than other composites. Highest fatigue life of 16391 cycles was observed for the composite designated N3, which contains 1 vol.% of nano silica, whereas the composite containing 2 vol.% of nano silica gives very lower specific wear rate and Co-efficient of friction. The developed composite which has better modulus, stiffness, wear resistance and fatigue life could be possibly used in automobile power transmission gears, domestic equipment and farm related machineries.

Detection of Pinion Grinding Defects in a Nested Planetary Gear System using a Narrowband Demodulation Approach

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Nested planetary gear trains, which consist of two integrated co-axial single-stage planetary gearsets, have recently been widely implemented in automobile transmissions and various other applications. In the current study, a non-destructive vibrational and acoustical monitoring technique is developed to detect a common type of gear grinding defect for a complex nested gear train structure. A nested gear train which has an unground pinion with unpolished teeth profile is used to exemplify the developed methodology. An experimental test stand with an open and vertical mounting configuration has been designed to acquire both vibrational and acoustical data. The measured data are investigated using several signal processing techniques to identify unground pinions in the gear system. A general frequency spectrum analysis is performed initially, which is then followed by a peak finding algorithm to identify the peaks in the spectrum. The peak frequency that matches the gear meshing frequency is selected for a further narrowband demodulation analysis. A Hilbert transform based demodulation filtering are then performed on the bandpass filtered signals around each selected frequency to obtain the corresponding instantaneous amplitude and phase signals. These demodulated signals for the gear train with unground gears appear to be different from that with normal gears, which can be used to detect whether grinding defect occurs in a gear train. Furthermore, the frequency spectra of these instantaneous phase and the amplitude signals are shown to exhibit peaks at the rotational frequency of the carrier where the unground pinion is mounted. This information allows the detection the location of the unground gear. The repeatability of results has been confirmed by multiple tests on the experimental setup designed in the current work. It can be concluded that the narrowband demodulation technique can be leveraged to develop an autonomous system for identifying imperfect pinions in a nested planetary gear system.</div></div>

Vibrational Monitoring of Nested Planetary Geartrain with Unground Pinion

The nested planetary gear train, which has two integrated single-stage planetary gearsets, is one of the newly developed compound gear train that has been successfully applied to the automobile transmissions. In the current study, a certain type of gear fault in the nested gear train, ungrounded pinion, is investigated using a non-destructive approach monitoring its vibration levels. A novel experimental test stand with open and vertical setup has been designed to collect the vibrational data by mounting the accelerometer directly to the gear clutches. Each of the two layers of the compound gear was tested separately. The measured vibrational data were processed with several signal processing techniques, which includes (a) frequency spectrum analysis, (b) time synchronous averaging (TSA) and (c) modulation sideband analysis. The experimental results show that the existence of the ungrounded pinion can be identified with the frequency spectrum analysis of the vibrational data. In addition, the modulation sidebands are also modeled using a modified version of the traditional technique of physical signal modeling. It is shown that the relative phase of the planet and the meshing vibration strength changed by the unground gear is the critical factor for determining the modulation sideband behavior. In addition, the location of the ungrounded pinion can also be determined by the time history processed by TSA.

Markerless Augmented Reality (AR) pada Media Pembelajaran Pengenalan Komponen Transmisi Manual Mobil

Nowdays technology has developed very rapidly. Technological development that are currently being developed by many game developers and other applications, is Augmented Reality (AR). AR can be used as an alternative learning media, such as for the introduction of manual transmission components in cars. The study was aimed to develop a learning media application for the introduction of manual transmission components in cars and to test the feasibility of applications to support learning based on Markerless Augmented Reality. This application development method used SDLC or System Development Life Cycle software. The SDLC model that used in this study was the Waterfall model. SDLC consists of the planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. This reaction produced an AR application of Manual Car Transmission which contains material on the introduction of car manual transmission components. Testing applications included blackbox, media and material feasibility, and user response testing. The blackbox testing result got 100 %. The media feasibility analysis show that the assessment of media experts was 87,5 %, material expert 94,4 %, and user response was 85,47 %. From that the AR learning media application manual transmission of cars is categorized as “feasible” to be used as learning media applications.

THE CONCEPT OF THE CLUTCH CONTROL LAW OF A CAR

Problem. The combination of comfortable automatic control of the car's transmission and at the same time preservation of high indicators of energy efficiency and cost of a design is possible by use of automatic mechanical transmission. The automatic clutch control system plays a significant role in providing comfort in such transmissions. The laws of controlling it are not perfect today. Goal. The aim of the work is to create a clear concept of the law of clutch control, which is easy to implement in a microcontroller and is well adapted to adapt to different driving conditions. Methodology. Graphically, the concept of the perspective law of clutch control is formed by two Bezier curves. One of the curves acts as a guide, and the other forms the surface of the law. Results. On the basis of the Bézier curves of the third degree the concept of the law is formed and the connection of the reference points of the Bézier curves with the physical parameters of the working process of vehicle movement is substantiated. Originality. The formation of the Bézier curve, which is decisive for the concept of the law, is formed on the basis of a typical working process of synchronization of the angular velocity of the clutch discs during the movement of the vehicle. In contrast to the laws of clutch control considered in the scientific literature, the proposed concept provides for clutch control outside the site of the synchronization process and ensures the avoidance of jerks during further acceleration. Practical value. The proposed algorithm provides full engagement of the clutch only after full synchronization of the clutch discs. The formation of a special form of the law in the form of a curve tangent to the abscissa axis reduces the jerks when closing the clutch discs.

Study on the design method of interference fit between gear and shaft of automobile transmission

The interference fit of gear and shaft in automobile transmission has an important influence on the performance of gear transmission. In order to design reasonably and calculate accurately, the theoretical calculation model of the interference fit between gear and shaft is established according to the principles of elastic-plastic mechanics. A new method of calculating the amount of interference is designed based on the Lame equation. Three limiting conditions are taken in the calculation. They are load transfer capacity of gear, no plastic deformation of fitting surface and control of gear tooth deformation. The theoretical calculation and finite element simulation analysis are carried out in an application case. The results of calculation and analysis show that the interference fit of gear and shaft has an important influence on the gear tooth deformation. The amount of interference calculation method in this paper can reduce the deformation of gear tooth and make the gear have higher accuracy.

Research on coupled vibrations of driveshaft–rear axle system based on nonlinear hybrid model

The transmission shaft–rear axle system is consisted of universal joint, hypoid gear pair, tapered roller bearing, and half shaft. In this article, as a combination of system dynamics and structure dynamics, a hybrid dynamic model of the bending–torsional–shaft vibration of the driveshaft main reducer was established to study its noise vibration harshness performance. Through dynamic frequency sweep analysis, it is found that the natural frequency of torsional vibration of the system is 53.96 Hz. Getting the natural frequency of the torsional vibration of the systems being 57 Hz by the bench tests and Adams simulations. The correctness of the nonlinear hybrid model of the driveshaft–rear axle system is proved. This research will be beneficial to the design, monitoring, and fault detection of the automobile transmission system.

Mathematical model of an electric car to diagnose its traction qualities on a chassis dynamometer

The paper outlines the developed mathematical model of an electric vehicle to control its traction and dynamic qualities on a chassis dynamometer. The purpose of the work is to expand the capabilities of diagnostics and analytical determination of electric vehicle dynamics parameters. The developed mathematical model includes descriptions of the following processes: the operation of the electric motor, torsional vibrations in the transmission of an electric car and the chassis dynamometer, the processes of tires interaction with the circular-shaped surfaces of the chassis dynamometer.

Numerical simulation and experimental study on cold extrusion process for clutch outer gear hub with inner tooth shapes

In this study, the clutch outer gear hub with inner tooth shapes was formed in five steps associated with three processes to pre-form the cup-shaped blank and two extrusion processes to perform the inner tooth shapes. The extrusion processes were the focus of this investigation because the dimensional accuracy of the inner tooth was the primary consideration to control the automobile transmission functionality. The cold extrusion process of the clutch outer gear hub was simulated by the finite element software DEFORM-3D, and the influences of process parameters such as the entrance angle of extruding punch, the thickness of initial blank, and the length of calibration band on forming load, tooth filling, and stress distribution were investigated. The simulation results show that the rounded corner of inner tooth in the clutch outer gear hub is fully filled, the effective stress and the forming load are relatively small with the entrance angle of extruding punch of 30°, the thickness of initial blank of 6.0 mm, and the length of calibration band of 10 mm. Finally, the experiments were carried out by the cold extrusion forming of the clutch outer gear hub. The results prove the feasibility of the cold extrusion process and the correctness of the numerical simulation results.

Deep Adversarial Capsule Network for Compound Fault Diagnosis of Machinery Toward Multidomain Generalization Task

With advanced measurement technologies and signal analytics algorithms developed rapidly, the past decades have witnessed large amount of successful breakthroughs and applications in the field of intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD). However, the historical IFD methods have difficulties for compound fault diagnosis, when labeled data cannot be collected in advance for new or extreme working conditions. Facing with such challenges, a deep adversarial capsule network (DACN) is proposed to embed multidomain generalization into the intelligent compound fault diagnosis, so that the DACN not only can intelligently decouple the compound fault into multiple single faults for industrial equipment (IE) but also can be generalized from certain working conditions to another new. First, a DACN including feature extractor (FE), decoupling classifier (DC) and multidomain classifier (MC) is constructed for feature learning, fault decoupling, and unsupervised multidomain adaptation, respectively. Second, adversarial training is introduced into the DACN in the training stage via a gradient reversal layer that can build the connection between the FE and MC, which can force the DACN to learn the domain-invariance features. Finally, the DACN is trained using the single-fault data collected under multiple working conditions, and then applied to monitor the health condition of IE under new working conditions. The cross-validation experiments have been implemented on an automobile transmission (AT), which illustrates that the DACN obtains an optimum performance with the highest average accuracy of 97.65% for compound fault diagnosis of IE under multidomain generalization task and outperforms other related methods.

Investigation of power split schemes for modern hybrid cars transmissions

The modes of operation of the transmissions for hybrid cars are studied in this work, using planetary gears for connecting the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric machines (motor-generators). The peculiarities of the two-stream variants with an electric branch – a closing block consisting of two electric machines is analysed. This achieves a stepless gear change and an increase in overall efficiency with respect to the efficiency of electrical machines. The theoretical formulation is based on the dependences between the losses of a two-stream circuit, which proves that this increase is a function of the relative share of power transmitted through the electrical branch. The characteristics of typical two-stream circuits with input differential and output differential with one mechanical and one electrical branch are determined. The aim is to evaluate not only the change in the total efficiency, but also the kinematic gear ratio and the ratio of the torques and their ranges for the whole circuit, as a function of the parameters of the electrical branch. The development of the schemes in order to improve their performance in different operating conditions is considered, which allows for combining the variants and modes of operation – serial hybrid and parallel hybrid in two variants, at low speed and high speed. Analytical and graphical methods are used to analyse and illustrate the results, which are more visual and suitable for composite planetary gears with more units. It is expected that cars with such transmissions will have better dynamics compared to conventional automatic transmissions and lower energy consumption or do less damage to the atmosphere, as a result of the optimal combination of the operating modes and dimensions of ICE and electric machines.

Testing and analysis of automotive gearshift performance based on gear shift analysis

AbstractWith the increasing demand for vehicle handling comfort in the market, the development of gear shifting performance test systems for automobile transmission has become one of the keys to improving the competitiveness of automobile products. In order to continuously improve the shifting quality of the automobile gearshift control, this research focuses on the study of shifting quality, uses GSA (gear shift analysis) test technology to test and verify the shifting performance of a domestic automobile gearbox, establishes the subjective and objective evaluation criteria for the shifting performance of automobile gearbox, provides a reliable theoretical basis for product optimization design and shifting performance evaluation, and formulates shifting control pertinently. Strategies and optimization measures to ensure that the power, ride, and transmission of the whole vehicle system meet the technical requirements and can shift quickly and smoothly. Not only does this allows to reduce the driver's fatigue strength, but also increases the comfort of the whole shifting process, so as to provide direction to improve the quality of the vehicle's shifting performance and effectively reduce the impact on the driver's health.

Research on Order Analysis Method of Vibration Signal of Rear Axle Main Reducer

As a key component to increase torque and reduce rotation speed in automobile transmission system, the quality of final drive assembly is related to the working performance of the whole transmission system. As the core component of the rear drive axle of an automobile, the main reducer of the automobile bears the functions of decelerating and increasing the driving torque. Its quality directly affects the safety and comfort of the automobile. The transmission stability and transmission noise of the main drive bevel gear of the main reducer are one of the important factors that affect the performance parameters of the whole system. The order analysis can transform the equal time sampling of vibration signal into equal angle sampling, and transform the non-stationary signal in time domain into the stationary signal in angle domain. Then, the frequency of rotation speed and the position of each harmonic can be determined by spectrum analysis. Starting from the function and structure of the main reducer of the automobile rear axle, this paper explains the necessity of analyzing its vibration signal, and expounds the mechanism and source of the vibration of the main reducer.

Tolerance analysis for automobile transmission shaft based on minimum cost and reliability target.

To design a reasonable dimensional tolerance of a transmission shaft, the higher product quality while lower manufacturing cost must be considered. This paper provides a mathematical model and a flowchart which elucidates the relationship between process capability index (PCI), reliability, tolerance and manufacturing cost, considering the characteristics of the shaft diameter, the material and manufacturing process. A 10.904% cost reduction under certain PCI range of a real case shows the effectiveness of the model and flowchart, thus it can be applied to those technical area when optimizing product design.

Fundamental study of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber with slider crank chain to suppress the torsional vibration in automatic transmission for cars

Fundamental study of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber with slider crank chain to suppress the torsional vibration in automatic transmission for cars

Identifying the operation of a parked car's engine, transmission, and door using millimetre wave pulse Doppler radar

This Letter demonstrates the technical capability of millimetre wave pulse-Doppler radar to identify safety-critical operating status information for parked cars. A simple 94-GHz pulsed linear frequency modulated radar with stretch processing on receive provides range-selective detection of small-scale vibration along the length of a parked car. The resulting range-Doppler signature clearly differentiates whether the car's engine is running or not as well as whether the car's transmission is shifting between ‘park’ and ‘drive’. The rotational motion of an opening car door also produces a distinct signature in range-Doppler space. Incorporating this knowledge into future automotive sensors can alert oncoming vehicles to unanticipated actions of parked cars to avert potential damage or injury.

Modeling of the dynamics of switching stages of hydromechanical gears based on the Lagrange equations with indefinite multipliers

A procedure is proposed for modeling automobile hydromechanical transmissions, based on representing them in the form of multi-mass mechanical systems and applying the Lagrange equations with indefinite multipliers to derive the equations of motion of concentrated masses. Keywords hydromechanical transmission, clutches, gear shifting, mathematical model, Lagrange equations with indefinite multipliers. harb_60@tut.by

Method of suppressing torsional vibration noise of automobile drive-train system based on discrete wavelet

In order to solve the problem of low efficiency and low efficiency of traditional methods, a method based on discrete wavelet is proposed to suppress the torsional vibration noise of automobile transmission system. Based on the operation mechanism of

Analysis of linear regression on used car sales in Indonesia

There are few things that drive the business of selling used cars in Indonesia continues to increase, namely new car prices are higher. So the prospective buyers the ability to purchase power not too strong, buying a used car is one option. Linear regression is a statistical analysis of several variables relationship model according to the form of the relationship of linear equations explicitly. The purpose of this research is to apply the method of Linear Regression on selling used car Toyota Innova, and Honda CRV in Indonesia, especially in the cities of Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, and Semarang. Used car sales prices are influenced by the age factor car, car mileage, color car, car transmission, and car type. The results showed, an analysis of age factor car sharing and car has a mileage rating of 62.6% level of confidence. By adding some other variable that is the color of the car, the transmission and the cities of car sales has a value of more than 75% accuracy.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИПРОБУВАННЯ НА МІЦНІСТЬ АВТОРЕГУЛЯТОРІВ ГАЛЬМІВНОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ ПАСАЖИРСЬКИХ ВАГОНІВ

The automatic regulator РКЗТ-675 (РТПР-675) and РТПР-675M is installed in the brake lever transmission of the passenger car and used for automatical maintenance of gaps between the surfaces of rolling of wheel pairs and brake pads within the established limits irrespective of the wear of the rolling surfaces of wheels. The design of auto regulators allows you to change the stroke of the piston rod and the brake cylinder and to manually release and tighten the regulator. Scope of auto regulators: freight, passenger cars and electric trains of the main railways. The article is devoted to solving the problem of contradictions in clause 15.5.7 of the current departmental Ukrainian instruction ЦЛ-0013 for repairing brake equipment of the railway carriage of the existing requirement for mandatory compliance with screw unscrewing in size "a" within 300-350 mm when testing automatic regulators on an automatic test stand for strength under load a normalized force of 8t in the longitudinal direction, provided that there are no residual deformations of the automatic regulator screw along its length. The article aims to refute the dependence of the values of the stress state of an automatic regulator when testing its strength on a test bench from a change in its length in the entire possible range of screw unscrewing by size "a" in the allowable range of 0-600 mm. The problem is solved by calculation using two different methods, and the results of the stress state values of the automatic regulator with different lengths of screw unscrewing by size “a” are compared with each other. Based on this, the general conclusion is made that the size “a” (within the range of 0–600 mm) of the automatic regulator screw unscrewing when testing it for strength with the same load force (N = 8t ≈ 80 кН) in the longitudinal direction does not affect the calculated value of the screw tension σ = 113.23 MPa when tested on an automatic bench. The developers of the departmental Ukrainian instruction ЦЛ-0013 are invited to make in clause 15.5.7 corresponding changes regarding the requirement of optional observance of the value of the size "a" within 300-350 mm at the bench test of the automatic regulators for the tensile load under the standardized force of 8t.