Automatic Resetting Research Articles

A Selective Look at Some Pre-Skinnerian Cumulative Recording Systems and Cumulative Records in Physiology and Psychology

Although the cumulative record and cumulative recorder have become closely identified with B.F. Skinner and the experimental analysis of behavior, they actually predate both. The purpose of this article is to describe some early examples of cumulative records in psychology and physiology, as well as the techniques used to generate them. Among the work of Walther Poppelreuter, Heinrich von Recklinghausen, Fletcher Dresslar, Colin Stewart, James Slonaker, and others are early examples of “telescoping” to save space on the printed page, the automatic resetting of the pen at the top of the page, and other anticipations of Skinner’s own development of the technique. In most early instances, the cumulative recording was not used to display discrete operant responses such as lever presses, but to depict wheel running and respiration over extended periods. The historical approach here is illustrative rather than comprehensive, with the hope that these examples will serve as a starting point for those who might investigate further.

Design and analysis of a new type of mineral car arrester

A new type of mineral car arrester, designed for transportation in the inclined shaft rail undermine, includes three degrees of freedom and seven links, to achieve the functions, like a one-way retarder, automatic resetting. The arrester achieves opening and closing functions by air cylinder driving and gravity resetting, and it arrests the car by the way of directly stopping the slipping car. Meanwhile, a buffering system installed under the track, including three buffering springs, as flexible energy absorption equipment absorbs the striking energy. This paper introduces the dynamics analysis of the impact behavior for the car arrester in detail, so that the impact dynamics for the ideal function of car arrester can be obtained by conclusion. The oscillatory differential equations freedom kinematics equations of the impact system are developed. The mineral car and arrester, under position-type nonlinear forces, are simplified to single mass bodies. The data such as the maximum spring force, maximum amplitude, the time and the numbers of impact are achieved by Mathcad, to solve the dynamic equations and analyze the motion law of the mine car after the impact. Then, the conclusion can be obtained that there are some reliability redundancies in the car arrester. Meanwhile, the three key components of the car arrester are analyzed in ANSYS finite-element analysis software. According to the analysis, it is confirmed that design of the structure and size parameters of the car arrester meets the security and functional requirements.

A Self-Powered High-Efficiency Rectifier With Automatic Resetting of Transducer Capacitance in Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems

This paper presents a self-powered rectifier for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications, and the key idea of the proposed system is to reset the transducer capacitor at optimal instants to maximize the extracted power. The proposed rectifier consists of two switches and two active diodes. The switches discharge the transducer capacitor at optimal instants two times for every cycle. The active diodes are based on op-amps with a preset dc offset, which reduces the voltage drop and the leakage current and avoids instability. In addition, the controller for the proposed rectifier is simple to reduce the circuit complexity and the power dissipation. The proposed rectifier was designed and fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. Measured results indicate that it achieves power efficiency of 91.2%, and the amount of power extracted by the proposed rectifier is 3.5 times larger when compared with the conventional rectifiers. The proposed rectifier does not require any off chip components to enable a full chip integration, and the die area of the proposed circuit is 0.08 × 0.20 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

To Automate AMF Pinspotter Machine

This paper gives instructions for making complete and efficient control system of AMF bowling machine, it helps decreasing machine cycle time, make the machine energy efficient, reduce error in scoring, perform automatic resetting of machine in the event of power failure, calculating and displaying accurate speed and giving more options for user interface.

Ägyptische Zeitmessung: Die Theorie des gleitenden Kalenders

The creation of a calendar system based on the choice of Sirius with its almost exactly 3651/4 days between one heliacal rise and the next one, offers two advantages: ○ First, although remaining close to the solar year, the elimination of the problem of fractioned days which are the cause of the displacements leading to the Gregorian reform of the Julian calendar. The reappearance of Sirius occurs one day later every four years in the mobile calendar which allows us to tally precisely the passing years and to remain perfectly in phase with the astronomical phenomenon of the heliacal rise of Sirius. ○ And second, a gliding system can thus be created: this calendar theory allows for the use of a fixed year of 3651/4 days without having to add an additional day every four years, thus avoiding the leap year of the Julian and Gregorian systems. The additional day in every fourth fixed year is taken into account by the gliding by one day every four years between the fixed and the mobile year. The Great Sothis Period of 1460 years, i.e. the time span which Sirius requires to glide through each day of the mobile year, is the direct consequence of this gliding calendar system. The inconvenience of the system is that it absolutely requires the retention of the civil year with the inevitable consequence of the displacement of the seasons in this so-called mobile year, reaching maximum displacement after 753 years. The great advantage of this calendar, on the other hand, is that it avoids the adjustments due to additional, interspersed days: the gliding system permits the periodical autoregulation of the astronomical cycles, and particularly the automatic resetting of equinox and solstice dates which gives the system its validity and longevity over many thousands of years.

Superconducting detectors for photon and particle spectroscopy: Criteria for transitions to normal state

Abstract The nonequilibrium state produced when a high energy (>1 keV) quanta interacts with a superconducting solid is the physical basis for many new detectors. The most common approaches magnetically monitor the phase of small “grains” (SGDs) or monitor transients in the quasiparticle tunneling current in voltage-biased Josephson junctions (TJDs). While the former requires transitions to the normal state for its signal, the latter's energy resolution is degraded by excursions in the order parameter. To facilitate detector design, this article quantifies how the choices of sample material, bath temperature and field bias combine to influence the magnitude and spatial extent of the thermal excursion. Extensive tables of materials parameters are included. A wide range of inherent effects including the magnetic field dependent latent heat of the transition are discussed in the context of the limitations they produce on the operating energy range and size of proposed SGD detectors. Superheated initial conditions are not considered because the need for automatic resetting in astrophysical X-ray spectroscopy. Of the 23 elemental superconductors, we show that as SGDs only 5 have maximum grain sizes larger than 10 μm and only 3 are usable for photons with energies above 100 keV. Alpha particle detectors will be restricted by conceptually equivalent physics. Only by using inhomogeneous initial states or local, rather than global, transitions may these restrictions on bolometric detectors be lessened.

A Technology for the Prediction and Control of Microstructural Changes and Mechanical Properties in Steel.

Computer modelling of microstructural changes and the relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties of hot rolled steel products has been under active development in the research community. A new technology emerges from the modelling studies, attempting to predict the microstructural changes occurring during hot rolling and cooling of steels and to control their mechanical properties so that production is carried out under the optimum processing condition. This computer aided prediction and control technology is practiced using the mathematical models based on physical metallurgy. The model describes quantitatively the transformation behaviors during hot working and cooling, such as recrystallization, grain growth, precipitation and phase transition from austenite to ferrite. It also clarifies the relations existing among the processing condition, microstructure and the final mechanical properties. Various models of alloy steels as well as plain carbon steels have been developed for the last 10 years. It has been expected that the models would widely be applied to practice in the steel industry in the near future and make a great contribution to quality control and process optimization. Some prospective areas where the models are applied are guarantee of mechanical properties throughout the coil length, elimination of tensile tests, decrease in property variation, automatic resetting of processing conditions, save in alloys, and developing new process control models. However, in order to meet this expectation, there are many obstacles to be cleared with regard to model refining, understanding on physical metallurgy, sensor development, process control and quality design systems. It was also suggested that a close cooperation among researchers and engineers from different disciplines would be indispensable to accomplish the goal.

Field test results for a multi-shot 12.47 kV fault current limiter

During ten months of 1989, a prototype multishot 12.47 kV fault current limiter (FCL) was installed in a field test mode at a simulation in Lincoln, Nebraska. The authors present the principles of operation, computer simulations, and the results of the field test. Nineteen fault occurrences were successfully handled by the FCL. Examples of actual faults include currents of 3900 A reduced to 2140 A and bus voltage sags improved from 0.33 to 0.9 per unit. The FCL features tested and proven in this field test were the dynamic insertion of the resistive rail to limit the first one half cycle of fault current without causing voltage or current transients, limiting the remaining cycles of fault current with the limiting resistor, automatic resetting of the device during current zero, and the large continuous current rating with no additional losses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Electronic circuitry to protect solid state switches from excessive locked-rotor current in appliances

The locked-rotor current in washing machines can destroy a triac before the circuit breaker has time to trip. The design of electronic circuitry to sense the overload condition and turn off the triac before damage results is presented. The protection circuits feature programmable response time, automatic resetting, and low cost. Data on the prototype circuit are given, and a computer simulation is used to compute component values. Critical triac device parameters are discussed, and their effect on protection circuit design is evaluated. >

A light-beam data recorder for determination of the gravitational constant: Anomalous driven oscillations of a gravitation torsion balance

A 10-in. potentiometric strip-chart recorder with a broken slidewire is rehabilitated by adding a phototransistor to the pen pointer and a simple circuit supplying error voltage to the null amplifier. The usually important signal input circuits and reference voltage supply are not needed. The modified recorder pointer follows the light beam reflected onto the chart from a gravitational balance to produce an exact timed tracing of balance deflections. A simple addition provides automatic resetting of the pointer after beam interruption or power failure. Thus gravitational constant experiments are made much more accessible to undergraduates. The modified recorder also has other uses. But, most unexpectedly, it revealed consistent repetitive anomalous driven oscillations of the balance that are not related to its normal damped motion.

Reset Characteristics of Automatic Resetting Type Fault Indicators on Three-Phase URD Systems

The need for reliable fault indication in industrial parks has never been greater than it is today. For the most part, these areas are serviced by three-phase multi-legged core padmount transformers. If single-phasing occurs, a voltage induced in the open leg could cause automatic resetting type fault indicators to incorrectly reset as a result. This paper deals with such a situation and its solution. Studies and tests by Long Island Lighting and RTE determined the magnitude of the incident, its affect on associated equipment, and what new product application information resulted.

Reset Characteristics of Automatic Resetting Type Fault Indicators on Three-Phase URD Systems

The need for reliable fault indication in industrial parks has never been greater than it is today. For the most part, these areas are serviced by three-phase multilegged core padmount transformers. If single-phasing occurs, a voltage induced in the open leg could cause automatic resetting type fault indicators to incorrectly reset as a result. This paper deals with such a situation and its solution. Studies and tests by Long Island Lighting and RTE determined the magnitude of the incident, its effect on associated equipment, and what new product application information resulted.

Josephson logic circuit with a sinusoidal current supply

We propose here a method of powering latching-type Josephson junction logic circuits by a high-frequency sinusoidal source, allowing parallel connection and automatic resetting during each zero crossing of the supply. Analytical guidelines useful in the design of such circuits are developed.

New products

Geophysical Instrument and Supply Company (GISCO) announces two new low‐cost, lightweight, shallow‐refraction‐type seismographs, Models MD‐1 and MD‐3. Model MD‐1 is a 0.25‐ msec instrument binary readout. Model MD‐3, a 0.1‐msec instrument, has a digital readout. Both models feature noise control, a geophone polarity selector, high accuracy, solid‐state transistorized circuitry, a multi‐geophone, and low‐cost shock source. The Model MD‐3 also has an automatic resetting device and rechargeable batteries.

Estimating Machining Errors in Set-Ups with Automatic Resetting

The paper presents a probabilistic method for analysis of machining errors when automatic resetting of the machine is done on the basis of the dimension of an individual piece coming out of the machine. The total error, as a function of the inherent variability of the process σ N , the reset magnitude A, and the rate of tool-wear, α, has been found. Solutions have been obtained for some situations, having different combinations of values for σ N , A, and α. The results differ significantly from those given by Volosoff. The total error obtained by the present method is, in general, much smaller than that given by Volosoff. The weakness of the reasoning used by him has been pointed out.

Estimating Machining Errors in Set-Ups with Automatic Resetting

Estimating Machining Errors in Set-Ups with Automatic Resetting

A New Recording Rain Gauge

The precise measurement of rainfall is of great importance, particularly in subtropical and arid zones. The described instrument is the result of an effort to avoid principal or inherent errors found in other rain recorders by using two separate systems, one for recording to an accuracy of better than one per cent, the other for automatic emptying and resetting. A typical advantage is its self-cleaning feature.

Magnetic Pulse Modulators

The impetus for the development of magnetic pulse modulators for radar gear stems from the extreme reliability possible for magnetic devices. Descriptions of magnetic modulators developed for this purpose are given. Mathematical treatments of both the ac and dc charged series type magnetic modulators add to the understanding of core resetting in the ac case and reveal new areas of operation in the dc case, such as a possibility of voltage amplification and automatic core resetting. Means are described for obtaining very short pulses and for absorbing unwanted stored energy in parasitics following the output pulse. These means may also be applied to other pulse modulators. Also, a way is suggested for operating the cathode of the thyratron at ground potential in a dc charged magnetic pulse modulator.

The Design of the Bendix Digital Differential Analyzer

The error reduction scheme employed by the Bendix Digital Differential Analyzer, which utilizes both ternary inter-communication between integrators and trapezoidal integration, is described. A device for the variation and automatic resetting of initial conditions is discussed together with an example illustrating its operation. Finally, techniques employed for minimizing the size of the computer are considered.