Automatic Recording Device Research Articles

СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРИСТРОЇВ РЕЄСТРАЦІЇ ПЕРІОДІВ РОБОТИ ТА ВІДПОЧИНКУ ВОДІЇВ

The article presents the main stages of the development of systems of accounting and control over the periods of work and rest of drivers, which are established by the acts of the EU (EEC) and the USA. The prospects of technical regulation regarding the introduction of tech-nical systems in the construction of vehicles, the purpose of which is similar to the main purpose of modern tachographs, are described. The main characteristics of tachographs used in EU member states and AETR contracting parties and electronic recording devices (ELDs) used in the USA at various stages of the technical levels of these systems are given. In particular, it’s shown that the prescriptions that are in force in the EU now have a prelim-inary legal basis which was laid down in 1965, and the prescriptions that in force today in the USA – respectively, in 1937. Regarding technical systems, the purpose of which is similar to the purpose of a tachograph, the article provides a description of the block of requirements in rela-tion to general safety introduced by Regulation (EU) 2019/2144. The main features of the transition from recording the periods of work and rest of drivers on paper sheets to registration via analogue tachographs, digital and smart tachographs in the European system and, accordingly, using automatic on-board recording devices (AOBRD) and electronic logging devices (ELD) in USA are presented. In particular, it was highlighted that in the USA the transition from paper sheets to auto-mated registration systems took place for about 30 years, while in the European Union (EEC) it took about 10 years. It is also worth noting that the time difference between the introduction of the mandatory use of automated registration systems in the EU (EEC) and the USA was about 40 years. The requirements of the EU and US acts that apply to the design, functions and characteris-tics of tachographs and ELD devices are given. A comparative analysis of the requirements of the acts in force in the EU and the USA was carried out. This analysis identified differences in the «European» and «American» approaches in part, in particular, the procedures used in the EU, such as the type approval of tachographs and the circulation of cards. Recommendations are provided regarding measures aimed at further improving the level of perfection of tachographs as registration systems for monitoring compliance with social legisla-tion and certain indicators that have an impact on the safety of transportation. Keywords: tachograph, electronic logging device, ELD device, social legislation, periods of work and rest of drivers, AETR Agreement, smart-tachograph.

Vaginally use of iButton loggers to measure body temperature in grazing red deer (Cervus elaphus)

When collecting accurate physiological data, it is important to eliminate human interference and have a continuous recording. Particularly important in wild animals, non-invasive methods for measuring body temperature can be useful in monitoring health status and researching environmental and climatic effects. The aim of this study was to describe two methods for automatic recording of body temperature by means of a vaginal device in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Automatic thermal recording devices (iButton) were placed adhered to a vaginal sponge (10 animals, 10 days) and/or CIDR-G (13 animals, 10 days); all females were xylazine sedated first. All devices were successfully recovered and only one of them failed. In all cases, the devices recorded a rhythmic pattern of body temperature, and no major inconveniences were observed, suggesting that the iButton device can be successfully used in cases where continuous body temperature recording is required without any mayor interference caused by the handling itself.

Commercially Available Heart Rate Monitor Repurposed for Automatic Arrhythmia Detection with Snapshot Electrocardiographic Capability: A Pilot Validation.

The usefulness of opportunistic arrhythmia screening strategies, using an electrocardiogram (ECG) or other methods for random “snapshot” assessments is limited by the unexpected and occasional nature of arrhythmias, leading to a high rate of missed diagnosis. We have previously validated a cardiac monitoring system for AF detection pairing simple consumer-grade Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) heart rate (HR) sensors with a smartphone application (RITMIA™, Heart Sentinel srl, Italy). In the current study, we test a significant upgrade to the above-mentioned system, thanks to the technical capability of new HR sensors to run algorithms on the sensor itself and to acquire, and store on-board, single-lead ECG strips. We have reprogrammed an HR monitor intended for sports use (Movensense HR+) to run our proprietary RITMIA algorithm code in real-time, based on RR analysis, so that if any type of arrhythmia is detected, it triggers a brief retrospective recording of a single-lead ECG, providing tracings of the specific arrhythmia for later consultation. We report the initial data on the behavior, feasibility, and high diagnostic accuracy of this ultra-low weight customized device for standalone automatic arrhythmia detection and ECG recording, when several types of arrhythmias were simulated under different baseline conditions. Conclusions: The customized device was capable of detecting all types of simulated arrhythmias and correctly triggered a visually interpretable ECG tracing. Future human studies are needed to address real-life accuracy of this device.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT METERAN AIR PINTAR BERBASIS IoT SEBAGAI PENUNJANG LAYANAN DISTRIBUSI PDAM

Various public service institutions have increasingly improved their service quality. The existing constraints are corrected for the sake of consumer satisfaction. One of the public services is the clean water distribution system at Surabaya water enterprise. The water will be distributed as per the postpaid-metered or prepaid-metered recording user's clean water consumption. Exisitng postpaid-metered or prepaid-metered device in every househould must be checked by field officers regularly. This manual checking often causing problems of human errors. This study applied the Internet of Things (IoT) concept in automatic checking of postpaid-metered and prepaid-metered device in households. The customized and automatic clean water consumption recording device is built using the ESP32 module. The ESP32 will send the rest of the water consumption data to the server (cloud). This method is expected to automate solution and to create better services to the customers. The accuracy of the test results holds error tolerance value of 10.6%, in the test results with units of mL. The device is believed to be able to provide and alternative in water usage recording purpose.

The Importance of Having Self Disclosure in Lesbians

Ideally, humans have sexual desires towards the opposite sex, but what is happening now, there are still many who are not operating in accordance with the norms and cultures in society, someone has deviant behavior, for example lesbians. Currently many cases of lesbians are found in the community, not a few of the lesbians choose to try to be open to parents and demand acceptance. However, on the other hand there are still many lesbians who choose to hide their sexual identities from their parents for various reasons. This study aims to look at the ability of self disclosure possessed by lesbians in their parents. This type of research is a qualitative research in the form of case studies. Subjects in this study amounted to two students using Purposive Sampling (Purposive Sampling) techniques. Data collection instruments used in this study were interview, observation, and documentation guidelines. Analysis of the data in this study through three stages, namely (1) data reduction; (2) data exposure (data display); (3) conclusion drawing and verification (conclusion drawing / verifying). The data analysis technique used in this study was thematic analysis by verifying the interview transcript. The study was assisted by an automatic recording device in the form of a smartphone. The results revealed that all research subjects (lesbians) had low self disclosure, both the amount, valence, accuracy, intention, and intimacy to their parents. Therefore this research is expected to help lesbians increase their openness, and help prevent lesbians from developing by asking for cooperation from various parties.

How Can We Assess Positive Welfare in Ruminants?

Simple SummaryThe concern for better farm animal welfare has been greatly increasing among scientists, veterinarians, farmers, consumers, and the general public over many years. As a consequence, several indicators have been developed to assess animal welfare, and several specific protocols have been proposed for welfare evaluation. Most of the indicators developed so far focus on the negative aspects of animal welfare (e.g., lameness, lesions, diseases, presence of abnormal behaviours, high levels of stress hormones, and many more). However, the lack of negative welfare conditions does not necessarily mean that animals are in good welfare and have a good quality of life. To guarantee high welfare standards, animals should experience positive conditions that allow them to live a life that is really worth living. We reviewed the existing indicators of positive welfare for farmed ruminants and identified some gaps that still require work, especially in the domains of Nutrition and Health, and the need for further refinement of some of the existing indicators.Until now, most research has focused on the development of indicators of negative welfare, and relatively few studies provide information on valid, reliable, and feasible indicators addressing positive aspects of animal welfare. However, a lack of suffering does not guarantee that animals are experiencing a positive welfare state. The aim of the present review is to identify promising valid and reliable animal-based indicators for the assessment of positive welfare that might be included in welfare assessment protocols for ruminants, and to discuss them in the light of the five domains model, highlighting possible gaps to be filled by future research. Based on the existing literature in the main databases, each indicator was evaluated in terms of its validity, reliability, and on-farm feasibility. Some valid indicators were identified, but a lot of the validity evidence is based on their absence when a negative situation is present; furthermore, only a few indicators are available in the domains of Nutrition and Health. Reliability has been seldom addressed. On-farm feasibility could be increased by developing specific sampling strategies and/or relying on the use of video- or automatic-recording devices. In conclusion, several indicators are potentially available (e.g., synchronisation of lying and feeding, coat or fleece condition, qualitative behaviour assessment), but further research is required.

Joint action in an elite rowing pair crew after intensive team training: The reinforcement of extra-personal processes

The present study is a follow-up case report of the study from R’Kiouak and colleagues (2016). From the initial study that analyzed how individual experts rowed together while they never had practiced together, we seized here the opportunity to investigate how both rowers synchronize after having intensively practiced joint action through a national training program in which they were invited to take part. The joint action of 2 individual expert rowers, which composed a coxless pair crew, was tracked on-the-water at the end of a team-training program. We first determined how each rower experienced the joint action at each instance of oars’ strokes during a 12min race. A phenomenological analysis evidenced several categories of how rowers shared lived experiences of their joint action. From mechanical data captured through an automatic recording device, we then scrutinized the mechanical signatures that correlated with each phenomenological sample. By comparing the present case report to the initial study, results suggested that, after the training program (a) rowers shared more meaningful experience of their joint action, and (b) only the boat velocity’s index contributed to explain why oars stroke were alternatively lived as effective or detrimental. The present case report thus suggests that joint action training in rowing might imply an increase in the joint sense-making activities, probably associated with a change from an inter-personal to an extra-personal meaningful mode of co-regulation of the joint action.

Designing better frog call recognition models

Advances in bioacoustic technology, such as the use of automatic recording devices, allow wildlife monitoring at large spatial scales. However, such technology can produce enormous amounts of audio data that must be processed and analyzed. One potential solution to this problem is the use of automated sound recognition tools, but we lack a general framework for developing and validating these tools. Recognizers are computer models of an animal sound assembled from “training data” (i.e., actual samples of vocalizations). The settings of variables used to create recognizers can impact performance, and the use of different settings can result in large differences in error rates that can be exploited for different monitoring objectives. We used Song Scope (Wildlife Acoustics Inc.) to build recognizers and vocalizations of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) to test how different settings and amounts of training data influence recognizer performance. Performance was evaluated using precision (the probability of a recognizer match being a true match) and sensitivity (the proportion of vocalizations detected) based on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve‐determined score threshold. Evaluations were conducted using recordings not used to build the recognizer. Wood frog recognizer performance was sensitive to setting changes in four out of nine variables, and small improvements were achieved by using additional training data from different sites and from the same recording, but not from different recordings from the same site. Overall, the effect of changes to variable settings was much greater than the effect of increasing training data. Additionally, by testing the performance of the recognizer on vocalizations not used to build the recognizer, we discovered that Type I error rates appear idiosyncratic and do not recommend extrapolation from training to new data, whereas Type II errors showed more consistency and extrapolation can be justified. Optimizing variable settings on independent recordings led to a better match between recognizer performance and monitoring objectives. We provide general recommendations for application of this methodology with other species and make some suggestions for improvements.

Мікрокліматичні умови формування гіпсово-ангідритових куполів у кар'єрі с. Піски біля Щирця

The results of the investigation of the influence of the microclimatic conditions on the weathering (hydration) of anhydrite and the formation of gypsum domes and caves from swelling of the anhydrite beds in the Pisky quarry are presented. The whole day synchronous measurements of temperature and humidity, with an interval of 15 minutes, were conducted in the selected points within the gypsum-anhydrite domes (inside the caves), in the vicinity of the domes, and in the variable sites of the stone pit, with the use of the automatic electronic recording devices. The values of temperature and humidity from 15 representative sites, recorded during the stable hot weather conditions, have been analysed. The average diurnal and extreme values, and the diurnal run of the temperature have been shown on the graphic drawings. The reasoning has been made about the dependence of the gypsum domes and caves formation on the conditions of availability of the water; the water from precipitation, the ground water, the water running down the slopes, and the condensation water. It has been pointed out that microclimatic conditions influence the development of gypsum domes and caves from swelling of the anhydrite beds through the condensation of water onto the anhydrite bed in the conditions of aspiration of the humid air through the caves. Key words: gypsum domes, caves from swelling of the anhydrite beds, anhydrite rocks, hydration, gypsum, microclimatic conditions, condensation of water vapor.

Realization of an Inexpensive Embedded Mini-Datalogger for Measuring and Controlling Photovoltaic System

This article describes the design and the realization of an automatic recording device for measurements and controls of multiple physical parameters, in order to manage and monitor a mini central photovoltaic (PV) electricity. It is based on an 8-bit microcontroller, a PIC16F716, which is the lowest cost in the midrange portfolio from Microchip. The automatic recording device (or datalogger) measures the following parameters: the current sourced by a set of PV panels to solar batteries, the voltage across these batteries, the internal and the external temperatures, through a 4 channel multiplexed 8-bit analog–digital converter (ADC) integrated module. This datalogger is clocked with a real time clock and calendar (RTCC), which controls also the periodic measurements. These are stored in an external 8 kB flash electrically erasable/programable read-only memory (EEPROM), a 24LC64, using the I2C protocol, which allows us to easily increase the storage capacity by adding, if necessary, in parallel, up to eight external flash EEPROM.

Design of Artillery Recoil Distance Automatic Recording and Limit Distance Alarm Device

Recoil distance is an important evaluation index to reflect the performance of gun recoil mechanism. It can not allow to fire of artillery if recoil distance exceeding the prescribed distance. So it played an important role to ensure the normal firing of artillery. Previous artillery recoil distance is read by artificial indicator through the recoil, which affects the firing efficiency and has no conducive to the implementation of fast attack. This paper designed the gun recoil distance memory and alarm device by using the sensor technology and SCM programming. The device not only can record the recoil distance of each firing projectile and the total number of it but also can alarm if the recoil distance exceeds the specified maximum. The device effectively solves the problem that the recoil indicator artificial read and record. It has practical significance to improve the efficiency of the shooting.

Methodology for quantifying the behavioral activity of dairy cows in freestall barns1

The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the validity of automated monitoring systems as assessment method for the behavioral activity of dairy cows compared with video recording, and 2) determine the sampling intervals required to obtain reliable estimates of the daily behavior. To determine lying, standing, and walking, 12 cows were equipped with automatic recording devices (IceTag = 12 cows, HOBO Pendant G = 5 cows), and their behavior was simultaneously recorded using a video recording system. The correspondence between the IceTag, HOBO logger, and video recording data was analyzed using 2 × 2 contingency tables, and we determined the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value (positive and negative). Both types of loggers demonstrated high sensitivity (Sen ≥ 0.961) and specificity (Sp ≥ 0.951) for lying and standing behaviors with predictive values near 1.00. The HOBO logger can accurately describe the laterality of lying behavior, whereas the IceTag device inadequately recorded walking, with probability predictive values ≤ 0.303. Daily behaviors of the dairy cows were compared for 10 different sampling intervals (1 s, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) collected by the IceTag, using linear regression. A strong relationship (R(2) ≥ 0.978) was found between the total lying times from data on a per-second basis and estimates obtained by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 15 min sampling intervals. The sampling intervals of 1 and 2 min were comparable for all aspects of lying behavior (R(2) ≥ 0.813; P > 0.05 for slope = 1, intercept = 0). Long sampling intervals (30 and 60 min) showed positive relationship for estimating time spent lying and standing (R(2) ≥ 0.774), but were inappropriate for predicting these behaviors, because they lacked accuracy and precision. Both the IceTag and HOBO logger accurately measured all aspects of lying and standing behavior. Reliable estimates of lying and standing time can be generated using relatively short interval lengths (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 10, or 15 min). Shorter sampling intervals (≤ 2 min) are required to accurately measure aspects of lying behavior such as number of lying bouts per day. The automated monitoring systems are time- and labor-saving tools that can be used by research or on farm to assess cow comfort related to lying behavior.

Mood, blood pressure, and heart rate at work: An experience-sampling study.

We describe a study that examined the distinctiveness of momentary positive and negative affect (PA and NA) and their relationships with blood pressure and heart rate at work in a sample of 67 full-time employees who provided psychological and physiological measurements multiple times a day, over 10 working days. These employees recorded their subjective ratings on personal digital assistant devices programmed specifically for this study, and assessed their blood pressure and heart rate using automatic recording devices, at each measurement period. Results support the distinctiveness of PA and NA. First, within-individual factor analyses confirmed the existence of two underlying factors in the momentary affect ratings. Second, the within-individual correlations between PA and NA scores (-.14), and among the two latent constructs (-.13) were both low in magnitude. Finally, as predicted by theory, NA was significantly related to blood pressure within individuals, whereas PA and blood pressure were unrelated (both PA and NA were related to heart rate within individuals, as predicted).

Technical note: Quantifying and characterizing behavior in dairy calves using the IceTag automatic recording device

The objectives of the current study were 1) to validate the IceTag (http://www.icerobotics.com) automatic recording device for measuring lying, standing, and moving behavior in dairy calves, and 2) to improve the information yield from this device by applying a filtering procedure allowing for the detection of lying versus upright. The IceTag device provides measures of intensity (I) of lying, standing, and activity measured as percent lying, percent standing, and percent active, but does not directly measure lying, standing, and moving behavior because body movements occurring while lying (e.g., shifts in lying position) and while upright (e.g., grooming) are recorded as activity. Therefore, the following 3-step procedure was applied. First, thresholds for I were determined by choosing the cutoff that maximized the sum of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). Second, a lying period criterion (LPC) was established empirically, and IceTag data were filtered according to the LPC, providing information on the posture of the animal as lying versus being upright. Third, a new threshold of I was estimated for moving activity conditional on the animal being upright. IceTag recordings from 9 calves were compared with video recordings during a 12-h period and analyzed using 2 × 2 contingency tables. Data from the first 4 calves were used to determine an LPC, whereas the remaining 5 calves served for validation of the procedure. An optimal LPC was found by modeling the deviance between IceTag and video recordings as a function of the LPC and choosing the LPC threshold that minimized the deviance. The IceTag device was found to accurately measure the high-prevalence behaviors (lying and standing; Se+Sp >1.90) and less accurately measure the low-prevalence behavior (moving; Se+Sp=1.39). Application of the 3-step procedure using an optimal LPC estimate of 24.8s resulted in an improved description of calf behavior, yielding a valid representation of the number and duration of lying and upright periods (Se+Sp=2.00) within a precision of 0 to 49s (95% confidence interval). In group-housed dairy calves, valid measures of the number and duration of lying and upright periods may be obtained from the IceTag device when applying the presented filtering procedure to the data. Measures regarding locomotion, on the other hand, should be used with caution.

Comparative Study on Nocturnal Behavior ofAedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus

Nocturnal behavior of nonblood-fed females of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was studied using an automatic recording device equipped with a photoelectric sensor. Carbon dioxide, heating, and the contrast of the black and white colors were used as attractive cues for mosquitoes. The nocturnal host-seeking activity positively correlated with the increasing light intensity in both species. Ae. aegypti was found to be more sensitive to light than Ae. albopictus. The threshold of light intensity for the activation of the nocturnal host-seeking activity was <0.1 lx (approximately 0.01 foot candle) in Ae. aegypti and >10 lx (approximately 1 foot candle) in Ae. albopictus. Complete darkness during the daytime deactivated the host-seeking activity of both species, irrespective of their increasing flight activity controlled by their intrinsic circadian rhythms. This finding suggested that visual cues are indispensable for host-seeking behavior. The eye parameter value, the product of the ommatidial diameter, and the interommatidial angle were significantly larger in Ae. aegypti than those in Ae. albopictus, indicating that the eye of Ae. aegypti is more adapted to a darker environment.

A26 ネッタイシマカとヒトスジシマカの夜間行動の違いに関する研究

Nocturnal behavior of non-bloodfed females of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus was studied using an automatic recording device equipped with a photoelectric sensor. Carbon dioxide, heating, and the contrast of the black and white colors were used as attractive cues for mosquitoes. The nocturnal host seeking activity positively correlated with the increasing light intensity in both species. Ae. aegypti was found to be more sensitive to light than Ae. albopictus. The threshold of light intensity for the activation of the nocturnal host seeking activity was 10 lx (ca. 1 foot candle) in Ae. albopictus, respectively. Complete darkness during the daytime deactivated the host seeking activity of both species, irrespective of their increasing flight activity controlled by their intrinsic circadian rhythms. This suggested that visual cues are indispensable for host seeking behavior. The eye parameter value, the product of the ommatidial diameter, and the interommatidial angle were significantly larger in Ae. aegypti than those in Ae. albopictus, indicating that the eye of Ae. aegypti is more adapted to a darker environment.

Instruments and the Imagination

List of Illustrations Ch. 2 Athanasius Kircher's Sunflower Clock Ch. 3 The Magic Lantern and the Art of Demonstration Ch. 4 The Ocular Harpsichord of Louis-Bertrand Castel or, The Instrument That Wasn't Ch. 5 The Aeolian Harp and the Romantic Quest of Nature Ch. 6 Science since Babel: Graphs, Automatic Recording Devices, and the Universal Language of Instruments Ch. 7 The Giant Eyes of Science: The Stereoscope and Photographic Depiction in the Nineteenth Century Ch. 8 Vox Mechanica: The History of Speaking Machines Ch. 9 Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

When is a curve an outlier? An account of a tricky problem

AbstractABSTRACT The analysis of a set of data consisting of N short (≤20 observations each) multivariate time series, where the observations are irregularly spaced and where observations for the different components of each multivariate series are observed at different times, is discussed. With the increased use of automatic recording devices in many fields, data such as these, which are of course samples from smooth response curves, are becoming more common. In this application, which was a clinical trial comparing two cements for use in hip replacement surgery, the key to the analysis was in recognizing that the interest lay in the degree to which the five curves representing a patient's vital signs deviated from baseline (i.e., normal for that patient) during surgery. This enabled the statisticians to define appropriate response variables. The analysis included Rosseeuw's (1984) technique for the identification of multivariate outliers and logistic regressions to identify any effects on the process producing the outliers due to treatment or covariates.

Chain Diking Effects on Runoff and Winter Wheat Production

AbstractThe major factor limiting crop production in the Texas Rolling Plains is water, and better methods of conserving soil water in dryland wheat production are needed. Chain diking is a novel method of forming basins on flat‐tilled land to impound and conserve water received from precipitation. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of chain diking on dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and on runoff during the growing season. The study site, in northwest Texas, has an annual mean rainfall of 632 mm and a cropping season average of 444 mm. Following September drill‐seeding of wheat, plots were chain diked or not diked. All other cultural practices were the same for all plots. Exit flumes and automatic recording devices were installed to measure runoff from each plot during the growing season. Grain was harvested in June. Diking reduced runoff an average of 40% (P = 0.02), which amounted to 1.0 ha‐cm over three crop years, compared with tillage without diking. The increase in wheat grain yield from diking was not significant over four crop years (P = 0.75). When analyzed by year, diking increased yields 11% (277 kg ha−1; P = 0.02) in 1989, when cropping‐season rainfall was 22% below average. The probability of receiving rainfall below average by more than 20% during the cropping year is 30%, based on 88‐yr records at this test site. Diking following planting apparently will be valuable less than 30% of the time, although other applications for chain diking are possible.

Temporal organization of foraging in two Mediterranean limpets, Patella rustica L. and P. coerulea L.

The activity of two groups of Patella coerulea L. and P. rustica L. was monitored on the Tyrrhenian coast using an automatic recording device. The two species inhabit the rocky shores of the Mediterranean Sea and show different zonation patterns in the study area. The analysis of diel and tidal components of activity revealed an evident short-term rhythmicity with a marked preference for daytime high tide in P. coerulea and less in P. rustica. On the contrary, a marked positive correlation between activity and sea roughness was recorded for P. rustica, while P. coerulea movements are less correlated with sea state. Finally, long-term analysis of the activity pointed out the difference of the foraging strategies of the two species: the lower-shore P. coerulea performs short but regular foraging trips, while the upper-shore P. rustica carries out longer but irregularly timed excursions. The inactivity (starvation) periods of P. rustica are significantly longer than those of P. coerulea, but this is balanced in the former species by exploiting suitable algal grounds in the supralittoral zone where interspecific competition for food is very low.