Automatic Controller Research Articles

Extended detail contrasts for TO.10 use on flat panel detector fluoroscopy systems

Leeds Test Object Ten (TO.10) is routinely used to subjectively estimate Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability (TCDD) as a measure of image quality in fluoroscopy. However, manufacturer guidance provides calibrated contrasts for only limited peak voltage and copper filtration thickness combinations. Prescribed testing conditions are often difficult to attain as modern flat panel fluoroscopic systems independently determine voltage and copper filtration thickness settings. This work aims to extend the range of TO.10 contrasts available for routine testing at peak voltage and copper thickness settings likely to be encountered. Two methods are described for generalising the calculation of target contrasts: a three-dimensional interpolation/extrapolation model in MATLAB®, and a multivariate log-polynomial function. Both methods utilise the available calibrated contrasts to estimate contrasts at voltage and copper thickness combinations routinely encountered. Results are presented as Threshold Detection Index [Formula: see text] curves fit by a second-order polynomial of log [Formula: see text] to log [Formula: see text] . Results are found to be more accurate at unprescribed conditions while also reproducible for relatively consistent input air kerma rate (IAKR) expected from automatic dose rate controls (ADRC). The calculation of TO.10 contrasts at non-standard conditions aids in the determination of an absolute estimate of image quality in fluoroscopy with greater accuracy, reproducibility and efficiency. TO.10 detail contrasts for TCDD testing of fluoroscopy units have been significantly extended beyond those previously available. The described methods will aid the clinical physicist in absolute assessments of fluoroscopic image quality and facilitate inter system comparisons.

Smart Traffic Assistance System for Ambulance Vehicles using Internet of Things

The traffic lights also referred to as traffic signals are used to provide assistance in controlling city traffics and streamlining the present traffic situations. The traffic lights are used since 1868. They are employed by traffic sergeant to avoid congestion and to concern about the right flow of traffic in cities. As years passed, these lights are evolved with automatic controls, pedestrian supporters and so on. There are several standards followed in implementation and design. The intelligent traffic light controller is designed to develop a traffic signal based on avoidance of traffic congestion and also innovative control to clear the traffic for emergency vehicle. The ambulance would have a transmitter within it, which would transmit a signal to the receiver side, this will enable green signal in the corresponding pole. The light of the signal is controlled by automatic timers which are built in by discrete components. Arduino boards are used to control the automatic timers. This module helps to save the lives of many people as well as to avoid congestion.

Analysis of the impact of automatic shading control scenarios on occupant’s comfort and energy load

Building envelopes should be responsive to boundary conditions changing in short-time, daily, or seasonal patterns. To this end, adaptive facades provide the ability to react, or benefit from, outdoor fluctuations and dynamic indoor requirements. On the other hand, the parallel trend of developing new technologies to control their performance, make adaptive facades more applicable to counterbalance both user’s comfort and building energy load. This goal can be met using active control mechanisms, either manually or automatically. Automatic shading controls require indoor/outdoor signal inputs to operate a shading system. However, in the literature, there is no consent on the effectiveness of automatic shading control strategies and all of the studies were investigated within specific environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper aims to compare the most used control functions and their implications on user comfort and energy load in different climate zones. To this end, EnergyPlus was used as a simulation platform to employ Energy Management System (EMS) for linking sensors, actuators to the control logic of adaptive venetian blinds. Then, a brute-force method was performed through Ladybug-tools to conduct 15,390 iterations parametrically. Results showed that climatic conditions impact the shading control scenario significantly, and the optimum scenario was an open-loop algorithm based on direct solar radiation due to the earlier activation of blind closure to block solar radiation while increasing lighting load at the same time.

A Comparative Study of Various Human Activity Recognition Approaches

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a vast and exciting topic for researchers and students. HAR aims to recognize activities by observing the actions of subjects and surrounding conditions. This topic also has many significant and futuristic applications and a basis of many automated tasks like 24*7 security surveillance, healthcare, laws regulations, automatic vehicle controls, game controls by human motion detection, basically human-computer interaction. This survey paper focuses on reviewing other research papers on sensing technologies used in HAR. This paper has covered distinct research in which researchers collect data from smartphones; some use a surveillance camera system to get video clips. Most of the researchers used videos to train their systems to recognize human activities collected from YouTubes and other video sources. Several sensor-based approaches have also covered in this survey paper to study and predict human activities, such as accelerometer, gyroscope, and many more. Some of the papers also used technologies like a Convolutional neural network (CNN) with spatiotemporal three-dimensional (3D) kernels for model development and then using to integrate it with OpenCV. There are also work done for Alzheimer’s patient in the Healthcare sector, used for their better performance in day-to-day tasks. We will analyze the research using both classic and less commonly known classifiers on distinct datasets available on the UCI Machine Learning Repository. We describe each researcher’s approaches, compare the technologies used, and conclude the adequate technology for Human Activity Recognition. Every research will be discussed in detail in this survey paper to get a brief knowledge of activity recognition.

Study on the Application Characteristics and Future Development Situation of Electronic Information Technology

At present, under the macro background of intelligence and networking, electronic information technology has been widely used in many industries. The key technical advantage of electronic information technology is to automatically control the whole operating system, so as to ensure that system operators can adjust the system operation process by means of intelligent automatic system control devices, thus achieving the effect of correcting system operation and operation errors in time and saving technical cost resources in automatic system adjustment and control. When researching and exploring electronic information technology, the basic idea is to combine the practical application characteristics of electronic information technology and improve the means of developing electronic information technology at the present stage.

Prototype of Automatic Frequncy Control in Microhydro Power Plant with Dummy Load Based on Arduino Uno and Labview

Micro hydro power plants are small-scale power plants that use hydropower as their driving force. Hydropower can come from irrigation channels, rivers or natural waterfalls, which are used by utilizing the waterfall height (head) and the amount of water discharge. The main components of this plant are the turbine and generator. The load on the micro hydro generator will affect the value of the voltage and frequency generated. This research attempts to make a micro hydro generator with automatic frequency control using dummy load in the form of inductance which is obtained using variac. The generator output voltage and current will be read by Arduino as a control center using the ZMPT101B AC voltage sensor and ACS712 current sensor. The generator output frequency is read by reading the travel time of 1(one)full wave. This research is also equipped with a variable monitoring system for micro hydro generator using Labview. From the observations of the research data, it was revealed that the frequency output of the micro hydro generator with an automatic dummy load controller was close to the value of the mesh frequency, namely 51 - 52 Hz.

Pembuatan Sound Reactive LED Pada Dancer LED Clothes Menggunakan Arduino

Dance and music are an integral part of a dance performance. Along with the development of the era, dance is not only presented with dancer clothes with certain designs according to the flow and theme of a dance. However, the dancer clothes used are added with a series of LED lights as an attraction for entertainment offerings. The use of LED lights is intended to save power and be practical in terms of shape and size and have economic value. The LED lights that are used are also of various kinds, both LED strips, RGB LEDs, LED diodes and fiber optics according to the needs of dance performances.To create dance performances, dancer clothes will be designed that can interact directly with music. Where music is a parameter that will be used to turn on the LED light. This is an application that uses an automatic LED light controller to reduce the human error factor when the light is controlled by a remote.The controller is also equipped with Bluetooth as a means of sending information from cellphones or other gadgets or electronic devices that support the use of Bluetooth. Bluetooth pairing is intended so that clothes (dancer clothes) can run automatically without the use of cables and so that dancers can more freely when dancing. The results show that the tool can work properly, which can turn on, dim and turn off the lights according to the music being played. With this innovation, it is hoped that in the future it will further add to the LED dance creations that are currently developing in the entertainment world.

Overview of lane-keeping assist system based on human–machine cooperative control

As the final stage of intelligent vehicle, traffic accidents can be effectively reduced by automatic driving. However, neither the technology nor the regulations are mature for autonomous driving. The lane-keeping assist system is one of the important components of the advanced driver-assistance system. When driver fatigue or inattention is detected, the system can effectively prevent the vehicle departure from the lane. Information such as vehicle status, driver status, and external environment can be used by the lane-keeping assist system based on human–machine dynamic cooperative control, thereby smoothly changing the driving rights between the driver and the automatic controller. The system can keep the vehicle in the lane while complying with the driver's intention, thereby ensuring vehicle safety and driver comfort. The research status and future development suggestions on lane-departure decision models, dynamic allocation of driving rights, and performance evaluation were analyzed in this paper. Regarding lane-departure decision models, different decision models considering the driver's state should be developed. The decision model can be established as an adaptive adjustment model and also should allow the manual adjustment of the preset parameters according to the driver’s preferences and the external driving environment. Concerning the allocation of driving rights, a more reasonable dynamic allocation of driving rights should be explored, and intelligent optimization algorithms or control models should be designed. Regarding performance evaluation indicators, evaluation indicators related to the reduction of human–machine conflict and the amount of control effort should be added. A scientific and complete subjective evaluation system should be developed. Future studies on lane-keeping assist system based on human–machine cooperative control should deeply integrate driver factors, issue real-time warnings and active intervention, and perform complete testing and evaluation of the system.

Rancangan Atap Otomatis Menggunakan Energi Surya Dengan Sensor LDR Berbasis IoT

Cuaca yang ada di Indonesia sangat sering mengalami perubahan yang tidak tentu. Sehingga, sulit untuk memprediksi cuaca hujan dan cerah di Indonesia. Cuaca sangat berperan penting pada industri ikan asin, salah satunya dalam hal pengeringan ikan. Pokok permasalahan yang ada apabila turun hujan secara tiba-tiba, dimana pekerja harus mengangkut ikan supaya tidak terkena air hujan. Proses ini sangat kurang efektif dari segi waktu ataupun tenaga. Pada penelitian kali ini akan dirancang sistem untuk membuat alat pengendali atap secara otomatis. Alat tersebut menggunakan mikrokontroler ditambah dengan sensor LDR, yang dimana ketika sensor tidak menerima cahaya matahari maka sensor LDR menerjemahkan bahwa akan hujan, dan kemudian atap akan tertutup secara otomatis. Ketika sensor menerima cahaya matahari maka sensor LDR akan menerjemahkan bahwa keadaan sekitar sedang panas, kemudian atap akan terbuka secara otomatis. Sensor LDR akan mengirimkan data ke ESP8266 yang kemudian data akan dikirimkan ke ThingSpeak berupa data intensitas cahaya dan ESP8266 akan memerintah motor servo untuk menggerakkan atap. Dalam penelitian ini, apabila intesitas cahaya yang masuk kedalam sensor lebih dari 500, maka motor servo akan bergerak kemudian atap akan terbuka dan jikalau intensitas cahaya yang masuk kurang dari 450, maka motor servo akan bergerak untuk menutup atap. Penulis menggunakan mikrokontroler sebagai pengendali atap otomatis. Untuk membuat rancangan alat tersebut penulis membuat prototype atap otomatis menggunakan sensor LDR berbasis mikrokontroler ditambah dengan motor servo.

Feasibility study and in-depth performance assessment of needle valve using as expansion device in refrigeration system

The needle valve (NEV) has high potential for further using as the automatic expansion device in the refrigeration system. However, the experimental proof is required for further developing the automatic controller for operation. This paper proposes the feasibility study and performance map of the needle valve (NEV) using as the expansion device in a small vapour compression refrigerator (VCR). The relevant parameters produced by NEV are compared with those using capillary tube (CT) and thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) which are the conventional device. The system COP, superheated degree at evaporator outlet (SHDevap-out), subcooled degree at condenser outlet (SCDcon-out), mass flow rate, volumetric refrigeation capacity, compressor's specific work and refrigerant quality are considered for comparisons. Additionally, the economic assessment of using NEV compared with the other two devices is proposed. It is found that COP produced by NEV are similar to TEV which is better than CT. The ecomnomic assessment indicates that the NEV produces similar useful cooling energy per unit cost to that using TEV which is higher than CT. Overall results indicate that the NEV can efficiently be used as the expansion device in VCR which is alternative to the conventional expansion devices.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENETAS TELUR AYAM OTOMATIS DENGAN PENGIRIMAN DATA VIA SMS GATEWAY BERBASIS ARDUINO NANO

In rural areas, free-range chickens are raised naturally, that is, the eggs are incubated by their parents directly so that the breeding of chickens is not optimal, because the native hens are only able to incubate a few eggs. Therefore an automatic chicken egg incubator is needed.
 Egg incubators that use automatic controllers in order to facilitate the hatching process, get maximum hatching results as expected and be able to find hatching information remotely by sending information via sms gateway. The hatching temperature is 37-380C and turning the eggs every 8 hours, starting from the eggs being put in the incubator until the eggs hatch. The data from the sensors will be processed in the diarduino and sent to the hatchery owner via SIM800L V.2 when the sound sensor detects the sound of the hatched egg. The information about the eggs that have been hatched comes from the sound sensor, even though the farmer is not in the hatchery.
 Experiments were carried out using 20 chicken eggs as a sample. The results of the successful hatching test were 4 chickens with a 20% success percentage, due to a power cut during the hatching process.

Prototype Smart Home Pengendali Lampu Dan Gerbang Otomatis Berbasis IoT Pada Sekolah Islam Pelita Insan Menggunakan Microcontroller Nodemcu V3

Current technological developments have penetrated into human life, such as the development of a smart home called a smart home, that can provide convenience, comfort, safety and efficiency for users. Internet of Things (IoT) can be used in smart homes to control electronic equipment such as lights and home gates. This research designed an automatic controller and light gate based IoT (Internet of Things) smart home system using a NodeMCU microcontroller with a prototype method that aims to save electricity, make it effective and efficient, and make it easier for schoolkeepers to turn on lights and control the gate automatically through the Google assistant. The results of this study are in the form of an automatic light and gate control system using the Google assistant application based on the Internet of Things Using a NodeMCU v3 microcontroller. Can be concluded with the automatic light and gate control system using the google assistant application by giving commands to the google assistant connected to the NodeMCU V3 microcontroller, it can make it easier for school administrators to make efficient and efficient lights or gates using the google assistant application and can facilitate school administrators to maintain the security of the Internet-based school of Things.

Expert-novice classification of mobile game player using smartphone inertial sensors

The gaming industry has seen a tremendous growth in the last decade due to an exponential increase in the number of smartphone users. Embedded smartphone sensors provide solutions for automatic game controls during game-play. In this paper, we present an experimental study for the expertise classification of a game (mobile-based) player using smartphone inertial sensors, while they are simultaneously used for game controls. The game expertise level of participants is either labeled as expert or novice using game scores. Towards this end, data from 38 participants are curated during Traffic Racer game-play (in three different trials) using the embedded gyroscope and accelerometer sensors of the smartphone. These signals are pre-processed using Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter to remove noise. Twenty time domain features are extracted from the pre-processed data and are subjected to the wrapper-based feature selection method to select an optimum subset of features. Three classifiers, including k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), random forest, and the Naive Bayes, are evaluated towards the classification of player’s expertise level, i.e., expert and novice. The best average accuracy of 92.1% is achieved with k-NN classifier using the fusion of gyroscope and accelerometer data, which outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.

A novel robust event‐triggered fault tolerant automatic steering control approach of autonomous land vehicles under in‐vehicle network delay

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel robust event‐triggered fault tolerant automatic steering control strategy for autonomous land vehicles to achieve path tracking and vehicle lateral motion control under in‐vehicle network delay. From the practical point of view, the parameter uncertainties, time delay, and actuator fault are simultaneously introduced to make the designed controller robust to more extensive and challenging driving conditions. A novel polytope reduction and norm‐bounded uncertainty reduction method is used to effectively handle the time‐varying velocity and tire cornering stiffness uncertainties. Then, the uncertain vehicle model can be reconstructed as an uncertain network control system model with time delay and actuator fault. Due to the inevitable time delay and actuator fault, a new cubic absolute‐value Lyapunov function is developed to guarantee the asymptotical stability of the closed control system with the H∞ performance, and the modified project‐based adaptive law is applied to strengthen the fault tolerant ability. Furthermore, a progressive event‐triggered mechanism is proposed for the collaborative design of robust fault tolerant automatic steering controller, which can signally improve the communication resource utilization of the limited bandwidth in‐vehicle network. Finally, the performance comparisons of different controllers are presented. These results prove that the proposed controller can simultaneously guarantee the path tacking performance and lateral dynamics stability, and save the communication resource of the in‐vehicle network.

Reliability Evaluation of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaics Using Coherent Threshold Systems

The trend for use of rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) is rising due to their promising economic potential as a source of clean renewable energy. In general, a source of renewable solar energy consists of solar PV, an automatic charge controller, a battery pack, and an inverter. The reliability of a rooftop solar PV system is evaluated herein as that of a coherent threshold system (CTS). First, we utilize the unit-gap method and the fair-power method to verify that a given Boolean function is a threshold one and to identify its threshold and component weights. Both methods utilize specific features of the Karnaugh map (K-map). The unit-gap method uses the map to list all necessary inequalities by inspection, and then reduce them significantly by omitting dominated ones. The fair-power method uses the Karnaugh map to compute Banzhaf indices by appropriate map folding followed by XORing of true cells and false cells. We evaluate the CTS reliability via a recursive algorithm based on the Boole-Shannon’s expansion in the switching domain, which is transformed via the real transform to the total probability law in the probability domain.

Automatic Trajectory Synthesis for Real-Time Temporal Logic

Many safety-critical systems, such as autonomous vehicles and service robots, must achieve high-level task specifications with performance guarantees. Much recent progress toward this goal has been made through an automatic controller synthesis from temporal logic specifications. Existing approaches, however, have been limited to relatively short and simple specifications. Furthermore, existing methods either consider some prior discretization of the state space, deal only with a convex fragment of temporal logic, or are not provably complete. We propose a scalable, provably complete algorithm that synthesizes continuous trajectories to satisfy nonconvex temporal logic over reals (RTL) specifications. We separate discrete task planning and continuous motion planning on-the-fly and harness highly efficient Boolean satisfiability and linear programming solvers to find dynamically feasible trajectories that satisfy nonconvex RTL specifications for high-dimensional systems. The proposed design algorithms are proven sound and complete, and simulation results demonstrate our approach's scalability.

Synthesis of an automatic temperature controller with sequential switching on of the correcting links

The paper presents a method for the synthesis of an automatic control system regulator by means of integral assessment, which provides tuning to the technical optimum in the case when the object of control is a high-inertia process - control of the temperature of the traction motor. The proposed correction scheme assumes that a PI controller and a low-pass filter are connected in series together with the control object. The data obtained as a result of the modeling indicate satisfactory values of the quality criteria of the control process. It was found that overshoot and control time in a closed-loop automatic control system increases with an increase in the temperature setting, with an increase in the initial temperature, overshoot decreases, control time increases, with an increase in the load current of the traction motor, overshoot decreases and control time increases.

Improving frequency regulation of wind‐integrated multi‐area systems using LFA‐fuzzy PID control

Due to the complexity and importance of the electricity grid stability, sophisticated control systems and computational approaches are essentially required to solve dynamical system frequency problems in multi-area systems. Participation of wind turbines in power system frequency control in the form of stepwise inertial control in the presence of a proposed adequately tuned fuzzy-PID load-frequency control is investigated in this paper. A two-area power system is studied in which it is linked through tie-line and equipped with fuzzy-PID control systems. To increase the energy transition and flexibility of the entire system against frequency events and parameters uncertainties, the fuzzy-PID controllers are first tuned using lightning flash algorithm (LFA). The tuned controllers are then used in each area to optimally counterbalance the frequency deviations and the tie-line power of the interconnected areas against varying load disturbances, wind power fluctuations, and to keep the renewable integrated system in a stable state. The sensitivity analysis is also conducted with a wide range of system parameter variations, uncertainties, and disturbances. Furthermore, the LFA-tuned fuzzy-PID load-frequency control is also tested in a two-area isolated microgrid, comprising wind turbine, PV panels, fuel cells, micro-turbine, and diesel engine generator. The results obtained using the proposed approach are compared with other state-of-the-arts algorithms and control systems in the literature. The compared results show the efficiency and robustness of the proposed optimization-based controller for better frequency control in multi-area power systems and isolated microgrids. The results also demonstrate that a finely tuned automatic generation controller gives a significant boost to grid frequency control when wind turbines participate in the inertial control, suggesting migration from conventional PID-based automatic generation control to more adaptive control approaches.

Design of ECU for Automatic Headlight Beam Control during City Driving

Automating the task of high beam switching will significantly reduce glare from oncoming vehicles and thus improving night time driving safety. To avoid temporary blindness and glare from oncoming vehicles, automatic high beam controller is developed by using an RF transmitter and receiver to control the high beam of the vehicle to low beam automatically while entering cities. This can be achieved by fixing RF transmitter at starting points of cities. Once a vehicle enters the city, the light beam control ECU in the vehicles receives signal from RF transmitter and the light beam of headlight of the vehicle is automatically switched to a low beam. Once the vehicle leaves the city by crossing RF transmitter the user input is enabled by ECU and the driver can change the beam either high or low manually according to his need. The circuit has been designed and simulated in the Proteus software and accurate switching of the high beam is achieved. This proposed system shows better performance, which will result in safe and glare-free driving at night times.

Extending Signal Temporal Logic with Quantitative Semantics by Intervals for Robust Monitoring of Cyber-physical Systems

Monitoring is the core procedure of runtime verification of cyber-physical systems (CPS) and provides an evaluation of a signal with respect to a given specification. For formally specifying requirements with time constraints for CPS, Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a well-known specification language with powerful semantics. However, with existing semantics of STL it is not feasible to monitor signals with spatial deviation and time delay. Therefore, we introduce STL with Quantitative Interval Semantics to solve this problem. Based on this newly developed semantics, we derived an algorithm called RoMoTeS (Robust Monitoring for Temporal Specifications) to monitor a signal with finite length with respect to an STL formula. It provides a real-valued interval for every point in time, which contains all possible signed distances between the deviation polytope determined by the measured data point (exposed to deviation and delay) and the permissive space specified by an STL specification. Furthermore, it is proven that no satisfaction is reported when the signal is potentially falsifying such a specification. Finally, an automatic transmission controller model was used as a case study to show the applicability and usefulness of the proposed algorithm.