Automatic Control Device Research Articles

Bidirectional circulating preheating method harnessing engine and battery waste heat reuse in hybrid electric vehicles

In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), both the engine and power batteries experience reduced performance at low temperatures, necessitating the consumption of significant energy for preheating. The bidirectional preheating system method, which for the first time applies waste thermal energy to preheat both the engine and power battery in HEVs, utilizes the engine’s residual thermal energy to preheat the power battery and the thermal energy from the power battery to preheat the engine. To implement this method, a numerical model of the engine radiator and power battery waste heat is first established, and the temperature rise characteristics and temperature distribution of the waste heat system are simulated and analyzed. This analysis reveals the heat transfer law of the engine radiator and power battery waste heat. An automatic bidirectional thermal control device based on waste heat reuse is designed. The device utilizes a multi-stage series thermal energy transfer system with phase change materials (PCM) as the medium. A low-temperature experiment is conducted to assess the integration of heating and cooling between the engine and power battery. The results indicate that this method effectively utilizes the engine’s waste heat for both heating and cooling purposes. Specifically, a heat exchanger is used to preheat the power battery using the engine’s cooling residual heat, maintaining the internal battery temperature at 30 °C. Simultaneously, the residual heat from the power battery’s cooling system is circulated back to the engine body, preheating the engine coolant to 42 °C. Compared with existing HEVs, it can save more than 90% of the preheating energy consumption of the engine and power battery. This method can reduce power battery and engine warm-up time by more than 50%, while reducing emissions by more than 40% during engine cold start. This approach effectively addresses the challenge of low-temperature preheating for both power batteries and engines by utilizing cooling residual heat bidirectionally, thereby maximizing energy utilization efficiency in HEV systems and optimizing both battery and engine performance.

Improving Precision of LM Guide Form Grinding with Automatic Nozzle Position Control Device

Improving Precision of LM Guide Form Grinding with Automatic Nozzle Position Control Device

Research on Energy-Saving Control Strategies for Single-Effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems

The automatic control device is a critical component of absorption refrigeration systems. Its functional enhancement can reduce operating costs, improve energy efficiency, and ensure long-term stable unit operation. Given that absorption refrigeration systems operate under various dynamic conditions, the rational design of control strategies is particularly important. This study analyzes the influence of changes in the cooling water and heat source water flow rates on the outlet temperature of chilled water in the unit based on the open-loop response characteristics of absorption refrigeration systems. It proposes a dual-loop energy-saving control strategy for single-effect hot water lithium bromide absorption refrigeration systems based on the setpoint comprehensive optimization algorithm. Considering the multiple variables, strong coupling, large inertia, long time delay, and nonlinear characteristics of absorption refrigeration systems, as well as the difficulties in modeling these systems, this study applies a model-free adaptive control algorithm to the system’s control. It derives both SISO and MIMO model-free control algorithms with time-delay components. Through simulations comparing MFAC, improved MFAC, and traditional PID control, the dual-loop energy-saving control strategy is demonstrated to effectively reduce system heat consumption by approximately 20%, decrease power consumption by about 10%, and enhance the system’s SCOP by approximately 19.3%.

Study of operating modes of the AION tanker electrical power system

THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them. METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves. RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During thecollection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place. CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

ASCD: Automatic sensing and control device for crop irrigation scheduling

Traditional agricultural irrigation systems suffer from wasting a lot of water allocated for irrigation through evaporation and drainage. To address water waste and increase crop productivity, irrigation scheduling is used, as irrigation scheduling depends on four elements: soil moisture, soil characteristics, weather conditions, and plant type. This paper proposes a new design for monitoring agricultural conditions and controlling the amount of soil moisture by determining the required irrigation water ratios and the ideal time period for irrigating crops. An intelligent control and monitoring algorithm was created using experimental data for a wide range of plants (for soil moisture from 21 to 80 kPa), where plants were classified into three groups according to their common irrigation starting point. Based on the proposed plant classification, three models were provided, where irrigation ratios as the required parameter, soil moisture, plant type, and time interval as input parameters. This algorithm was used to program a custom-made automatic sensor and control device (ASCD). The ASCD is equipped with two input ports to communicate with two types of soil moisture sensors (a resistive sensor and a capacitive sensor) and with three output ports to drive three types of electronic irrigation valves. The ASCD can read from one sensor and drive one electronic valve at a time, the choice of which is made by the farmer. ASCD based the new algorithm showed high accuracy compared to a number of experimental results. The average absolute relative deviation (AAPD) of the new models and experimental data is 5.46 %. The application of the new algorithm shows a reduction in the amount of water used for crop irrigation during the day versus irrigation at night. On the other hand, ASCD has proven its success in sensing and controlling, and it works automatically and independently.

MONITORING THE END-EFFECT POSITION OF THE THREE-JOINT ROTARY MANIPULATOR IN MATLAB SIMMECHANICS USING THE PID ALGORITHM

Industrial robots have become one of the effective support tools for human labor. Robots are a solution to replace humans in repetitive tasks and in environments where humans cannot work. Robots have become one of the factors responding to the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Automatic control devices require high-precision control quality. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on researching controlling the position of the actuator accurately based on the PID algorithm. First, we study the forward and inverse kinematics of a three-joint robot. Second, we design the robot model on inventor software and transfer the 3d model in inventor software to Matlab Simmechanics. Third, modeling robot model on Simulink to simulate and evaluate the results achieved.

Estimation of an Extent of Sinusoidal Voltage Waveform Distortion Using Parametric and Nonparametric Multiple-Hypothesis Sequential Testing in Devices for Automatic Control of Power Quality Indices

Deviations of power quality indices (PQI) from standard values in power supply systems of industrial consumers lead to defective products, complete shutdown of production processes, and significant damage. At the same time, the PQI requirements vary depending on the industrial consumer, which is due to different kinds, types, and composition of essential electrical loads. To ensure their reliable operation, it is crucial to introduce automatic PQI control devices, which evaluate the extent of distortion of the sinusoidal voltage waveform of a three-phase system. This allows the power dispatchers of grid companies and industrial enterprises to quickly make decisions on the measures to be taken in external and internal power supply networks to ensure that the PQI values are within the acceptable range. This paper proposes the use of an integrated indicator to assess the extent of distortion of the sinusoidal voltage waveform in a three-phase system. This indicator is based on the use of the magnitude of the ratio of complex amplitudes of the forward and reverse rotation of the space vector. In the study discussed, block diagrams of algorithms and flowcharts of automatic PQI control devices are developed, which implement parametric and nonparametric multiple-hypothesis sequential analysis using an integrated indicator. In this case, Palmer’s algorithm and the nearest neighbor method are used. The calculations demonstrate that the developed algorithms have high speed and high performance in detecting deviations of the electrical power quality.

SOSIALISASI PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUKTIVITAS PANEN UDANG MELALUI PENGONTROLAN KADAR AIR BERBASIS IOT DI DESA KUALA CEURAPE

Pond water quality is the main factor for the survival and productivity of shrimp farming. Physical parameters such as temperature, salinity and water turbidity are the main indicators of pond water quality. Poor water quality can reduce appetite, growth rate, and increase the risk of disease in shrimp. To overcome this problem, an effective monitoring and control system is needed. The method used in implementing this community service activity covering observation, design and socialization of the use of IoT-based automatic water content control devices. The results showed that the device is effective in helping fishermen controlling water levels automatically, increasing efficiency and effectiveness. The technology used includes the Arduino Uno microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, RTC, LCD, relay module, motor driver, and DC motor. This activity is expected to provide new knowledge for fishermen in increasing shrimp productivity and quality through automatic control of pond water.

Modeling of self-oscillating flexible circuits based on liquid crystal elastomers

Deformable and movable flexible circuits are characterized by simple construction, precise control, flexible and versatile morphology, and various functional forms, which can be used to build dynamic circuit systems, achieve the integration of drivers and controllers, and automated control of circuits, etc. Limited to conventional materials, challenges remain in designing novel self-oscillating flexible circuit. In this paper, a concept for a self-oscillating flexible circuit based on electrothermally responsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) is presented, which is capable of generating periodic continuous oscillation under steady applied voltage. The governing equation of the self-oscillating LCE-based flexible circuit is formulated, and numerically calculated by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with Matlab software. The numerical calculations reveal that the self-oscillating flexible circuit involves two motion patterns, i.e., static pattern and self-oscillation pattern. The self-oscillation arises from the coupling between the electrothermally driven deformation of the LCE film and its motion, and the electrothermal input compensates for the damping dissipation. Moreover, it is found that system parameters affect the self-oscillation of flexible circuit and that there are critical values of these parameters that trigger self-oscillation. Based on the self-oscillating flexible circuit, we conceptualized an automatic control device and a disturbance monitoring device, realizing automatic control of electrical appliances without human intervention and automatic monitoring of external disturbances. The proposed self-oscillating LCE-based flexible circuit features convenient operation, simple construction, flexibility, lightweight, and noiseless operation, rendering it suitable for constructing dynamic circuit systems, achieving actuator-controller integration, and facilitating circuit automation applications.

Stabilization of parameters of optoelectronic devices on semiconductor emitters

The current state of using LEDs for gas analysis, environmental monitoring, hygrometry, medical diagnostics, and communication systems is analyzed. Existing methods for ensuring the stability of LED parameters, their significance, and application in automatic control devices are considered, along with the advantages and disadvantages of building multichannel optical schemes (thermostabilization, thermocompensation, thermostating). It is identified that little attention has been paid to ensuring the stabilization of LED radiation fluxes used in optoelectronic devices for automatic control. A method for stabilizing parameters (radiation power, radiation intensity, radiation flux, peak spectrum, direct current, direct voltage) of LEDs with optical negative feedback has been developed to enhance the measurement accuracy and reliability of optoelectronic devices on semiconductor emitters. A structural diagram of optoelectronic devices on semiconductor emitters has been developed to ensure its temporal stability.

Controlling the Position of the DC Motor using PID, and the Sliding Mode Algorithm

With the development of information technology and smart technology to meet the Industrial Revolution 4.0, and to meet life requirements. Automatic control devices require high-precision control quality. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on researching the Sliding mode controller to improve the control quality compared to PID controller. First, the sliding mode control is designed using the Lyapunov algorithm. Next, the process of simulating the position signal of a DC motor with a PID controller is compared with a sliding mode control to prove the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Design and Numerical Simulation Study of a Novel AICD for Water Control and Gas Production in Gas Wells.

The automatic inflow control device (AICD) used for water control and gas recovery in gas wells as the core component of gas well intelligent layered/segmented production and water control technology is very important for the development of advanced well completion (AWC) technology in water-producing gas reservoirs. Therefore, the design of AICD to ensure that the gas flows smoothly inside it and to keep water under control to a greater extent can maximize the performance of the AICD, and the most important thing is to restrict the water in the formation from entering the wellbore. However, currently, there are very few designs and research on the AICD used for water control and gas production in the gas wells, and the performance of this type of tool and the law of gas and water flow inside it are not perfect, so more in-depth research is needed. In this paper, a new type of AICD is designed to realize the function of water control and gas flow smoothly, and the DoE of the new AICD is carried out, determining the factors that will affect the key technical indicators and the factors that may have interactive effects, using the numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics to carry out optimal design, conducting fluid physical property sensitivity analysis, and flow rate applicability analysis. The results show that the tool is not sensitive to the viscosity of water and gas in different gas reservoirs but is very sensitive to the density of water and gas. When the gas/water flow rate ratio is less than 4, it can exert its water control effect. In addition, the results of multiple sets of physical experiments are well consistent with the simulation results; the average deviation of single-phase water is 10.91% and the average deviation of single-phase gas is 11.85%. Computational fluid dynamics and physical experiment results show that, under these conditions, the difference in fluid flow characteristics can be fully exploited; the channel is automatically identified to produce a small gas pressure drop and a large water flow pressure drop. The research in this paper belongs to the key technology of the AWC technology of gas wells in the new water control strategy of the current and has a certain reference value to make up for the defects of drainage gas recovery technology in the water management strategy..

Devices for automatic control of the quantity and quality of oil in tanks

Currently, the most widely used devices for measuring the level of liquids (float and non-float). Float gauges are generally more accurate than non-float gauges. However, the operating conditions of float level gauges are much more difficult due to the difficult operating conditions of floats in an aggressive environment with a large amount of mechanical impurities. Automation tools used to measure the weight of oil and oil products should provide output information in a form convenient for further processing, at the same time, these devices should be structurally simple and applicable to existing types of tanks. The amount of oil in tanks can be determined in two ways: by measuring the level of oil and its specific gravity; by direct measurement of the weight of a liquid. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the most widely used devices for measuring the level of liquids (float and non-float). Float gauges are generally more accurate than non-float gauges. However, the operating conditions of float level gauges are much more difficult due to the difficult operating conditions of floats in an aggressive environment with a large amount of mechanical impurities. The choice of this or that device is determined by the specific conditions of its operation, the required measurement accuracy, aggressiveness of the liquid, etc. Limit switches are installed on the level gauge, which, when the liquid level in the tank reaches the upper or lower limit mark, turn on the alarm circuit. The principle of operation of the level gauge is based on measuring the increase in the electrical capacitance of sensors when they are filled with a substance (oil product) that has a dielectric constant that is different from the dielectric constant of air. The measurement accuracy is achieved by the fact that the entire measured level is divided into separate equal sections and is determined, among other factors, by the length of each section.

Impact of Fuzzy Tsukamoto in Controlling Room Temperature and Humidity

Dry season is a season where the room temperature exceeds the needs of the body so that it is unpleasant, unhealthy and can interfere with human productivity. In addition, the efficiency of use and resource requirements are also a concern for some people. To overcome this problem, an automatic room temperature control device was created using the ESP32 microcontroller with Tsukamoto's fuzzy algorithm optimization as a data processing technique to produce optimal fan speeds in duty cycle units based on temperature and humidity conditions in realtime. Four tests by running a fan for 30 minutes on each showed that the average difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in the room was 0.95°C, while the average difference between maximum and minimum humidity was 2.0%. In addition, the test graph shows that when the fan is rotated in a closed room without air circulation, the relative temperature change increases from the initial minute to the last minute of the test. Meanwhile, changes in relative humidity decrease, although fluctuations increase within 1-4 minutes. This study found that fans are not effective in lowering room temperature optimally. Therefore, it is recommended to replace with an exhaust fan in future research.

Penerapan Internet of Thing (IoT) Dalam Pengendalian Suhu, Kelembaban dan PH Air Kolam pada Mini EduFarm

In cultivating fish using ponds, there are quite a number of parameters that must be considered in order to get the desired results and minimize failure in the cultivation of the fish itself. The problems that occur in fish farming according to the references obtained are the temperature and pH of the water that are not in accordance with the needs of the fish itself. Optimal water temperature conditions for intensive catfish maintenance are 25 – 30°C. Meanwhile, from time to time the temperature of the water can change due to certain factors. Based on the above problems, IoT technology is used which can identify and detect the data above, so that it can analyze the required data and automatic feeding with consistent time. Testing will be carried out by adjusting the data taken by the sensor used as well as the output from the tool itself by utilizing existing manual measuring instruments so that the data taken by the sensor itself is not in doubt the data taken by the sensor itself. Automatic temperature control devices and pool monitoring will be a solution to problems beyond human control. The tool will detect the pool temperature, if it feels like the pool water temperature needs to be warmed up, then the water will be channeled by a water pump to the heatsink attached to the cold side of the TEC, then the colder water will be put back into the pool, and vice versa when the pool water temperature feels cold. The monitoring system can make it easier for catfish breeders to monitor pond water conditions via mobile phones only with the web.

Automatic Fan Control Device Assembly Using Atmega8 Microcontroller

The fan is a tool that is needed to rotate air circulation. In the market, fans are usually controlled manually by turning the control switch. The research problem is how to make a fan tool that can automatically turn on when there is a change in temperature. The purpose of this research is to facilitate users in using the fan. The method used is Research and Development. The stages of Research and Development include: data collection, design, and testing. The automatic fan control circuit consists of an atmega8 microcontroller integrated with a temperature sensor, button and relay. The circuit can display the temperature and can control the fan. The automatic fan control circuit is made on a PCB whose PCB layout is made using a computer with the PCB manufacturing process still using screen printing techniques. The conclusion is that the manufacture of automatic fan control devices integrated with temperature sensors, buttons and relays can facilitate the control of fans so that users do not need to control when the temperature changes.

Design of the Automatic Gain Control Device in the Laser Seeker

The change of the laser echo energy received by the laser seeker during detection is too large, it is easy to saturate the input voltage of the signal processing circuit, which resulted the laser guided bombs lost the target. In this paper, an automatic gain control device for the laser seeker based on FPGA control is designed. This device is suitable for low-cost laser guided bomb because of simpleness and applicability.

A DEVICE WITH A MICROCONTROLLER THAT KEEPS THE TEMPERATURE STABLE DURING THE PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC PIPES

The quality of plastic pipes is negatively affected by many destabilizing factors, which include improper operation of the traction mechanism, vacuum forming, cleanliness of the forming head, dependence on the screw, etc. All these destabilizing factors affect the quality of the product. But an important destabilizing factor among these reasons, of course, is the temperature of the molten raw material and its stability over the entire production cycle. Due to the inaccurate setting of the temperature of the raw material and its change during the production process, the raw material can be more or less liquid or viscous, which directly affects the quality of the pipe. Due to the temperature error, it is difficult to accurately determine the wall thickness of a plastic pipe. When the pipe is stretched to the required thickness, intramolecular deformations of the pipes may occur, which can have a deplorable effect on the operation of the pipes in the future. Therefore, all pipe manufacturers pay special attention to temperature control. The article analyzes the process of thermal stability of raw materials, proposes a scheme for accurately setting and maintaining a stable temperature based on microprocessor technology, and a full-scale verification of the work done. Experiments have shown the correctness of theoretical studies. Keywords: Proportional-integral-derivative controller, temperature control, control program, automatic control device, heating element, differential, temperature error, deformation, exploitation, melt raw materials, a heating element.

Selecting the PID Controller Settings for an Automatic Generation Control Device in a Power System

The integration of renewable generation facilities into integrated power systems entails new challenges for maintaining a reliable and safe electric power infrastructure. It is necessary to expand the use of automatic generation control devices to ensure the ability to control the modes of power systems with a significant share of renewable energy sources. The generation control devices can be used not only for frequency control, but also for maintaining the inter-area wheeling in interconnected power systems. The article suggests application of the particle swarm method, which is one of evolutionary optimization methods, to find optimal parameter settings for proportional-integral-differentiating (PID) controllers of the automatic generation control device. The mathematical description of electric power system elements is given, and a structure of automatic generation control is given. The tuning parameters of the PID controllers of the automatic generation control device based on the particle swarm method, as well as some of classical optimization methods, have been determined. The results of tuning PID controllers obtained by different methods in the form of frequency variation characteristics in power system parts, as well as the torques of an equivalent steam turbine in response to power fluctuations in one of the power system parts are compared.

Thermodynamic analysis of a typical compressed air energy storage system coupled with a fully automatic ejector under slip pressure conditions

To solve the problem of energy loss caused by the use of conventional ejector with fixed geometry parameters when releasing energy under sliding pressure conditions in compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, a fully automatic ejector capable of adjusting key geometric parameters to maintain the maximum ejection coefficient by an automatic control device according to the running parameters is proposed in this paper. By establishing a thermodynamic model of a typical CAES system coupled with a fully automatic ejector, the effect of the fully automatic ejector on the system performance is studied under sliding pressure conditions. The results show that the fully automatic ejector has the most sensitive ejection coefficient with the variation of high-pressure gas pressure. The cycle efficiency and exergy efficiency of the proposed system were 56.91% and 52.64%, respectively. Compared with the coupled conventional ejector, the cycle efficiency, exergy efficiency, and output power of the system were increased by 0.93%, 0.81%, and 4.59%, respectively. The exergy loss of the combustion chamber is the largest among the components within the system, accounting for 65.2% of the total exergy loss, followed by the heat exchanger, which accounts for 13.8% of the exergy loss, while the fully automatic ejector has the smallest exergy loss, accounting for only 0.8% of the total exergy loss. When the extraction point is at the first stage of the turbine, the system cycle efficiency and external energy efficiency vary parabolically with the extraction pressure, but the system performance will change abruptly when the pressure at the extraction point approaches 1.5 MPa. The system performance index is more sensitive to the change of turbine inlet temperature than other variables. Reducing the heat exchanger heat transfer temperature difference and increasing the fully automatic ejector outlet pressure are the effective ways to improve system performance.