Automatic Block Research Articles

AIMM: Artificial Intelligence Merged Methods for flood DDoS attacks detection

DDoS is one of the most common attacks on the web today. Hence, a quick detection system can enable automatic blocking or notification of an attack. In this paper, we propose a framework called AIMM (Artificial Intelligence Merged Methods). Our solution is based on three modules: preprocessing data incoming to the server, classification, and decision-making. The last stage is the decision-making module which gets the probability from all implemented AI methods and analyzes/aggregates them for making a final decision about the attack. The idea is based on the analysis of the TCP/UDP information reaching the target server and a quick decision method. The described technique is not limited to the selected AI method, and just for the tests, we used two different: neural networks and the k-nearest neighbors. As the aggregation solution, we used soft sets inference and averaging, weighted averaging technique. The proposal was subjected to performance tests on a publicly available database known as BOUN DDoS Dataset (and reached accuracy on 99,5%). The results were compared with the state-of-art and discussed in terms of its advantages and disadvantages.

Evaluating the properties of impulse signals transmitted over circuits with distributed and lumped parameters

The dependability of the ABTC-MSh automatic block system entirely depends on the functional safety and operational stability of its component devices, most of which operate in pulse mode. One of the key components of pulse signal converters is various transformers and chokes, whose calculation and development is, in practice, often difficult due to insufficient consideration of stray parameters and operational specificity of such electromagnetic systems when the core is magnetized. The paper estimates the results of coordination of the transformer’s electrical characteristics with the load impedance and that of the pulse signal source suitable for analysing and constructing signal-shaping networks and delay lines based on lumped elements. Aim. The aim of the work is to substantiate an engineering technique for calculating the duration of the leading edge of a signal in the process of setting its level at the output of the forming circuit of a pulse transformer when matching with loads and estimating the delay time for switching on the actuator at a given response threshold, depending on the parameters of the second-order circuit, which is often used as a feedback element of pulse converters and auto-regulation systems. Methods. The time characteristics and pulse form are determined for a transformer whose equivalent circuit corresponds to the item’s operation in high frequencies and takes into account the stray parameters normalized to to the primary side. The output signal function is described in accordance with the linear electric circuit theory in operator form and, after a series of Laplace transformations, the generalized expression of the transmission factor is reduced to a standard form for a second-order circuit. The analytical solution was found by determining the values of the zeros and poles of the function on the plane of complex numbers as roots of quadratic equations expressed in terms of the coefficient of circuit damping. Graphs of the field dependences of the processes of establishing the pulse amplitude at the output of the forming circuit and the proportions of the amplitude outlier on the attenuation coefficient are given for various ratios of the coefficients of matching the transformer wave resistance with the load impedances and the pulse signal source. Point estimates of the pulse edge duration are made using the Mathcad programming function and taking into account the dimension of TRUE/FALSE matrices that reflect the transition from zero to one. This allows proposing linear approximations of the duration dependences within the given interval with a single inflection point that corresponds to the condition of complete matching of all resistances. Information is provided on the deviation of the approximation from the calculated data, the delay time of the actuator by the threshold. It is also discussed whether it is admissible to represent distributed parameters in the form of lumped elements while implementing artificial delay lines and higher-order circuits. Results. Conclusions. The specified problem is resolved by defining a unique calculated dependence that associates the signal edge duration to the transmission coefficient of the examined second-order circuit. The validity of the method for dependence deduction is based on describing the output signal of a pulse transformer in a general form, subsequent analysis of the expression and deduction of an accurate analytical solution, taking into account the primary stray parameters of the transformer and load values.

An Adaptive Dynamic Coding Method for Track Circuit in a High-Speed Railway

This article proposes an adaptive dynamic coding method for track circuits in the Chinese Train Control System of high-speed railways. This method will improve the resolution of the train control system in tracking circuits occupied by trains and give the existing automatic block system the basic characteristics of a virtual block and moving block, including block boundary virtual, length changing, position movement characteristics, and so on. Ultimately, using this method can expand capacity. Comparing the existing coding process of track circuits with the proposed method, this article describes the basic rules and working principles of adaptive dynamic coding of track circuits. Using the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway as an example, this article analyzes the effectiveness of this method in improving transportation capacity.

Material Removal Optimization Strategy of 3D Block Cutting Based on Geometric Computation Method

During the material removal stage in stone rough processing, milling type has been widely explored, which, however, may cause time and material consumption, as well as substantial stress for the environment. To improve the material removal rate and waste reuse rate in the rough processing stage for three-dimensional stone products with a special shape, in this paper, circular saw disc cutting is explored to cut a convex polyhedron out of a blank box, which approaches a target product. Unlike milling optimization, this problem cannot be well solved by mathematical methods, which have to be solved by geometrical methods instead. An automatic block cutting strategy is proposed intuitively by considering a series of geometrical optimization approaches for the first time. To obtain a big removal block, constructing cutting planes based on convex vertices is uniquely proposed. Specifically, the removal vertices (the maximum thickness of material removal) are searched based on the octree algorithm, and the cutting plane is constructed based on this thickness to guarantee a relatively big removal block. Moreover, to minimize the cutting time, the geometrical characteristics of the intersecting convex polygon of the cutting plane with the convex polyhedron are analyzed, accompanied by the constraints of the guillotine cutting mode. The optimization algorithm determining the cutting path is presented with a feed direction accompanied by the shortest cutting stroke, which confirms the shortest cutting time. From the big removal block and shortest cutting time, the suboptimal solution of the average material removal rate (the ratio of material removal volume to cutting time) is generated. Finally, the simulation is carried out on a blank box to approach a bounding sphere both on MATLAB and the Vericut platform. In this case study, for the removal of 85% of material with 19 cuts, the proposed cutting strategy achieves five times higher the average material removal rate than that of one higher milling capacity case.

A bidirectional quasi-moving block cellular automaton model for single-track railways

In this paper, a bidirectional quasi-moving block cellular automaton model for single-track railways is proposed to simulate the impact of quasi-moving block on the passing capacity of single track railway. The rules of train departure, meeting, entering the station and running in the section are formulated and the Naqu–Lhasa section of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway is taken as an example for simulation. The results show that, under the quasi moving block, with the changes of the mixed ratio and stop time of freight train, the passing capacity is improved compared with the currently adopted automatic inter-station block. Besides, it is found that the passing capacity is the largest under equal station spacing conditions, indicating that the distance between stations should be minimized in the preliminary line design.

Choice of the interval traffic control system in terms of increasing demands for the coverage of forecast traffic volumes

Introduction. The authors view methodology disadvantages for the calculating the existent traffic capacity of the single track analytically by defining the limiting space interval. The current calculation methodology does not fully consider the factors influencing the traffic organization. Thus, this method implies that all trains or pairs of trains evenly distribute the traffic capacity does not corresponding to the real situation. Railway sections should have some reserve capacity that provides carriage in condition of actual traffic volume.Materials and methods. The authors proposed a new approach for determining the traffic capacity by the situation modeling through the alternate graph of train traffic and in accordance with various factors effecting the traffic capacity. Moreover, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of the transportation process indicators. They used two variants of the interval control system — automatic and semi-automatic blocking — in irregular traffic conditions.Results. The performed simulation modeling demonstrates that the use of semi-automatic blocking train interval control does not secure the planned train traffic capacity through the single-track designed line in difficult climatic conditions.Discussion and conclusion. The automatic blocking is considered more appropriate for the train interval control system. The mentioned blocking will provide not only the required capacity, but also the possibility of diagnosing the state of the trackway integrity. It is an important issue providing train traffic safety at low temperatures.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАБОТЫ ЗАЩИТ ЛИНИЙ АВТОБЛОКИРОВКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ОБРАТНОЙ СЕЛЕКТИВНОСТИ

The paper is devoted to provision of protection selectivity in electric networks of an automatic block system of a non-electrified railway section. The author has studied atypical situations that violate selectivity at operation of power lines protection, connections of base feeding stations and lines of automatic block system. The author has assessed influence on selectivity of hardware protection and types of switching equipment. As a result, the author suggests a variant of configuration of lines protection for the coordination of their timing periods in conditions of ‘reverse’ selectivity. The object of the study is the protection of automatic block system lines and connections of a base feeding station at the Komsomolsk power supply division of the Far Eastern Railway.

A Study on the Photobiological Safety of LED Masks

LED masks have made a significant impact on the beauty care sector. These products use low level light therapy to treat damaged skin and encourage skin regeneration. However, there are no specific safety standards for LED masks. Therefore, consumers may incur risks, such as skin damage and eye burns. In this study, selected LED masks were investigated based on their number of LED modules and wavelength bands (blue, yellow, and red light). The irradiance and radiance were measured according to the measurement criteria of IEC62471, which is an international standard for photobiological safety. This standard was used to derive the results and to find the corresponding hazards to humans. The products use blue light, and the inclusion of a separate eye protection device was checked. The application of an automatic output blocking system was checked when the product is used for a particular period. This study aims to present a domestic photobiological safety standard management plan and guidelines for the use of LED masks according to the test results.

Determination of Electromagnetic Influence of 25 kV AC Electric Traction Network on 10 kV High-Voltage Overhead Line

Electrified railways include a system of cable and overhead lines. An analysis of the operation of alternating current (AC) electrified railways sections shows that the value of the induced voltage caused by the operation of the traction network can significantly exceed the permissible level on adjacent disconnected high-voltage overhead lines. As a consequence, this leads to serious injuries to operating personnel, including deaths, failure of electrical equipment. From this point of view, 1x25 kV 50 Hz AC railway system networks are considered the most dangerous. The electromagnetic influence of the traction network of a double-track section of an AC railway on an adjacent 10 kV high-voltage overhead line for power supply of automatic block signalling is investigated in the offered paper. Emergency cases of traction network operation are considered: short-circuit situation and forced state. The calculations of short-circuit currents in the influencing inter-substation zone, as well as estimation of the induced voltage on the wires of the 10 kV disconnected high-voltage overhead line for various schemes of grounding, have been performed. The investigations were carried out on models built using the ATP-EMTP program.

Innovative Approach for Railway Signalling in Sri Lanka: An Appraisal of Technical and Economic Rationale

Sri Lanka Railway has been increasingly dependent on foreign sources for its signalling, particularly after the introduction of computer-based electronic technology for signalling. Not many companies have competence in the subject, and the resultant deficiency of market competition has compelled the Sri Lanka Railway to depend on foreign third-party contractors to obtain signalling solutions at high cost. Developing a home-grown railway signalling system, anchored on local technological knowhow which would use components that are readily available in the market, has been a long-felt need. This paper summarises the research and development activities undertaken by the Railway Department in designing and installing a new signalling system to ensure a greater degree of self-reliance in maintenance, sustenance, and further improvement at lesser costs. The technology innovated was used to install colour-light railway signalling at four railway stations and over 28 km of automatic block signalling, resulting in a capital cost saving of around 90% compared to recently procured imported systems. The new system has been found operationally reliable and easily maintainable. With this technological innovation, continued improvements to it, and expansion of its coverage in the railway network, Sri Lanka Railway could look forward to securing very significant operational and cost advantages while generating national economic benefits as well in the years to come.

Distributed process monitoring based on joint mutual information and projective dictionary pair learning

In modern industrial processes, each subsystem interacts frequently and involves a large number of process variables with complex relations, which challenge process monitoring. In this paper, a distributed process monitoring method based on joint mutual information (JMI) and projective dictionary pair learning (DPL) is proposed for effective process monitoring in industrial systems with multimode, complex, and high-dimensional data. Firstly, considering the interactive information, redundancy and irrelevance among process variables, an automatic block division method based on JMI is proposed to divide process variables into several low dimensional blocks. Secondly, DPL-based monitoring model is established in each block of each mode. According to the multimode characteristic of industrial processes, a joint probability based on reconstruction error is proposed for mode recognition. Then, Bayesian inference method that fuses block statistics into global statistics is introduced for anomaly detection. The anomaly source is further determined by defining the block contribution coefficient and variable contribution coefficient. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical simulation, Tennessee Eastman benchmark test, and experiments in an aluminum electrolysis industrial process.

РЕШЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ ИНТЕРВАЛЬНОГО РАЗГРАНИЧЕНИЯ ПОЕЗДОВ

The article substantiates technological and technical solutions that expand the application of design standards for railway automation and remote control systems, regulating the development and opera- tion of systems for interval control of train traffic. Based on the analysis of the methods for arranging automatic block signal system and signal signs of automatic train control, used as an independent signaling and communication device during train movement, it has been proved that determining the lengths of block sections at specified train-to-train and intervals reduces the carrying capacity of the hauls. It has been established that a significant increase in the working capacity of the hauls is achieved when determining the lengths of “fixed” block sections by calculating the maximum stopping distances of trains on each haul, and the lengths of the “running” blocks - on the basis of the operatively calcu- lated stopping distances of each ride, passing along the given section. Particular attention is paid to the application of the cognitive (research) method of using the knowledge and experience of interacting railway transport specialists in the field of creation, design and operation of the systems for interval control of train traffic. The directions of development of software for existing and created information systems that serve graphists-technologists, field dispatchers and machinists have been determined. It is shown that the use of the method of simulation modeling of train movement links the times of arrival and departure of trains with the beginning and end of station technological operations, which expands the possibilities of taking into account the influence of technical and organizational factors on the assessment of the working capacity and processing capacity of train stations. It is proposed to supplement the software of the method with a set of algorithms that determine the required working capacity of railway lines, stations, sections, lines and directions for a given number of trains of various high-speed categories, taking into account the prospect of providing possessions for repair work, de- pending on the planned volumes transportation.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОТКАЗОВ В СИСТЕМАХ ИНТЕРВАЛЬНОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ НА ДВИЖЕНИЕ ПОЕЗДОВ ПО ДВУХПУТНЫМ УЧАСТКАМ

The level of reliability of systems for train traffic train separation directly affects the safety and conti- nuity of their movement, the speed and timing of delivery of goods and passengers, the labor intensity and cost of transportation, and the costs of operating these systems. If we consider a section of a railway as a complex dynamic system, then with a relatively small weight of fixed assets of technical means intended for interval regulation of train traffic, failures in them signifi- cantly affect the system output. On the railways of Russia, the systems of interval regulation are mainly used with the use of track circuits and the division of hauls into block. Such systems are widely used on the world’s railways. There- fore, the problem of quantifying losses in train movement from failures of electric interlocking devices while through-working and from failures of automatic blocking devices is relevant. The amount of loss depends on the intensity of failures of technical means and the time to restore their operability, on the intensity of train traffic, the length of block sections, the ratio of freight and pas- senger trains on the section, the speed of their movement according to the schedule and the degree of speed reduction due to failures of the considered technical means Both freight and passenger trains move along sections of the Russian railways, the speeds of which can differ significantly, which also significantly affects the traffic loss from such failures. When calculating, one has to use data on block crossing capacity and the capability of accelerating trains. The calculation results provide the possibility of an objective choice of the type of systems under consideration and the requirements for them in a new design or during their reconstruction on railway sections, as well as the possibility of correct distribution of costs to increase the reliability of the oper- ated systems.

Design and Simulation of Cam Curve for Automata

Aiming at the problems of long movement stroke and complicated driving of the automatic machine breech block during the launching process of ammunition with large fineness ratio, it is proposed to use a crossed cam to drive the automata to complete the shooting progress. The three-dimensional model of the cam drive mechanism was established, and the maximum pressure angle of modified-sine curve and SMS-3 curve were compared according to the motion characteristics of the mechanism; the multi-rigid body dynamics and dynamics simulation software were used to obtain simulated displacement, speed and driving torque, and compared with the theoretical value. The simulation results show that under the same input conditions, the input torque required to complete the automata transport process using modified-sine curve is relatively small. This result provides a certain technical support for the research of automata on ammunition with large fineness ratio.

Modeling aggression propagation on social media

Cyberaggression has been studied in various contexts and online social platforms, and modeled on different data using state-of-the-art machine and deep learning algorithms to enable automatic detection and blocking of this behavior. Users can be influenced to act aggressively or even bully others because of elevated toxicity and aggression in their own (online) social circle. In effect, this behavior can propagate from one user and neighborhood to another, and therefore, spread in the network. Interestingly, to our knowledge, no work has modeled the network dynamics of aggressive behavior. In this paper, we take a first step towards this direction by studying propagation of aggression on social media using opinion dynamics. We propose ways to model how aggression may propagate from one user to another, depending on how each user is connected to other aggressive or regular users. Through extensive simulations on Twitter data, we study how aggressive behavior could propagate in the network. We validate our models with crawled and annotated ground truth data, reaching up to 80% AUC, and discuss the results and implications of our work.

Методы приема и синхронизации сигналов автоматической локомотивной сигнализации

The article discusses the problems of existing methods of receiving automatic cab signalling on railway transport, an original method of receiving and processing data is proposed. The need to solve the problems is due to the requirement of a qualitative improvement in the reliability of receiving codes, and as a consequence, the capacity of existing lines. First of all, this refers to a significant increase in the quality of reception and processing of information flows from rail lines. Today it is difficult to imagine the organization of the movement of rolling stock without relying on automatic block systems with secondary sealing of tonal track circuits by frequency modulation signals or automatic cab signaling without the use of multivalued automatic cab signaling with phase-difference modulation. Taking into account the objective fact of noise emission from the operation of energy-intensive railway equipment and modern locomotives, the issues of reliability and noise immunity of receiving discrete information (including signals of traditional automatic cab signaling) are becoming more and more urgent. Analysis of the reasons for the decrease in the reliability and noise immunity of railway automation and telemechanics systems, and, consequently, traffic safety also comes to the fore.

Design of Automatic Rain Gauge Prototype (ARG) As An Early Warning Indicator for Cold Lava Flood Based on The Internet of Things (IoT)

This study aims to design a prototype of automatic rain gauge, characterize the automatic rain gauge, rainfall classification as an indicator of cold lava flood, tested the automatic rain gauge prototype. The design of this tool includes three parts, the first is the reed switch block design. Second, designing an automatic rain gauge block by designing a tipping bucket. The third is designing IoT block and Android applications. The automatic rain gauge prototype was successfully designed with a 0.8 cm reed switch and a tipping bucket with a funnel area of 380 cm2 with a resolution of 0.1 mm and a maximum capacity of 9.4 mm/minute. The classification of rainfall as an indicator of cold lava flood is normal 0-15 mm, advisory 16-20 mm, watch 21-48 mm and warning > 48 mm, so that the early warning system prototype can display rainfall charts and warning alarms on the android application.

Resilient modulus of fine-grained subgrade soil considering load interval: An experimental study

On automatic block lines, there is a time interval between two trains traveling on a track in the same direction. Therefore, the dynamic load on the railway subgrade is composed of the periodic vibrations generated when the train passes, and the intermittent period when there is no train passing. To study the influence of the train interval time on the dynamic behavior of a railway subgrade, a series of dynamic triaxial tests of heavy-haul railway subgrade soil were conducted under consecutive cyclic loading and intermittent cyclic loading, while considering the interval time. The variation laws of the resilient moduli of specimens with different moisture contents and stress states with loading cycles under the two loading modes were compared and analyzed, and the influence of the load interval on the resilient modulus was discussed. The results showed that the load interval improved the resilient modulus of a specimen and its ability to resist failure. When the specimen was in a saturated state, its resilient modulus tended to increase with an increase in the intermittency period. A prediction model considering the soil stress state and load interval was proposed, based on introducing a factor k4 to quantify the effect of the load interval on the resilient modulus.

Nested Adaptation of MCMC Algorithms

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are ubiquitous tools for simulation-based inference in many fields but designing and identifying good MCMC samplers is still an open question. This paper introduces a novel MCMC algorithm, namely, Nested Adaptation MCMC. For sampling variables or blocks of variables, we use two levels of adaptation where the inner adaptation optimizes the MCMC performance within each sampler, while the outer adaptation explores the space of valid kernels to find the optimal samplers. We provide a theoretical foundation for our approach. To show the generality and usefulness of the approach, we describe a framework using only standard MCMC samplers as candidate samplers and some adaptation schemes for both inner and outer iterations. In several benchmark problems, we show that our proposed approach substantially outperforms other approaches, including an automatic blocking algorithm, in terms of MCMC efficiency and computational time.

An Automatic Blocking Keys Selection For Efficient Record Linkage

One of the important processes in the data quality field is record linkage (RL). RL (also known as entity resolution) is the process of detecting duplicates that refer to the same real-world entity in one or more datasets. The most critical step during the RL process is blocking, which reduces the quadratic complexity of the process by dividing the data into a set of blocks. By that way, matching is done only between the records in the same block. However, selecting the best blocking keys to divide the data is a hard task, and in most cases, it's done by a domain expert. In this paper, a novel unsupervised approach for an automatic blocking key selection is proposed. This approach is based on the recently proposed meta-heuristic bald eagles search (bes) optimization algorithm, where the problem is treated as a feature selection case. The obtained results from experiments on real-world datasets showed the efficiency of the proposition where the BES for feature selection outperformed existed approaches in the literature and returned the best blocking keys.