Automated Teller Research Articles

Measurement and use of cash for payments by half the world’s population

The use of cash for payments is not well measured. This paper argues that the value of cash withdrawn from automated teller machines (ATMs), or as a share of all payments, provides a more accurate and timely measure of the cash used for payments compared with the standard measure of the value of currency in circulation (CIC), or as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP). CIC is a stock of cash used for legal payments, hoarding and illegal activities, but lacks a corresponding measure of the velocity or turnover of that cash used for payments. Cash from ATMs is a flow. It reflects both a stock of cash and its velocity and is primarily used for legal transactions. This paper compares these two measures for 14 advanced and emerging market economies, which together account for one-half of the world’s population and two-thirds of world GDP. The time pattern of both measures over 2005–2020 is illustrated graphically. Often, one measure rises while the other falls, or one is stable while the other is not, or both are rising or falling but at different rates. After reaching a peak in cash use between 2005 and 2018, the per capita share of cash withdrawn from ATMs in almost all of our countries begins to fall, consistent with what some merchants report, while CIC keeps rising. A measure of cash from ATMs may better inform monetary policy (demand for money) and regulatory decisions concerning access to and use of cash in a country.

An In Depth Survey on Biometric ATM Handling through Fingerprint and Face Recognition using Deep Learning

Abstract: The achievement of greater ease and dependability has been made possible by India's technical advancements. The banking industry has also prospered, achieving notable improvements that have benefited the consumer. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) have transformed transaction capabilities and decreased the likelihood of human error. Cash can always be dispensed and deposited via ATMs. This can be done with the bank-issued cards, which make integration considerably simpler. However, there has been a rise in card theft and fraudulent transactions, which compromises the dependability and security of ATMs. Consequently, rather than recognizing the card as is the case with the current model, a methodology that identifies the person during the transaction is required to increase the security and dependability of Automated Teller Machines. Implementing a biometric authentication system will be necessary to realize user identification through a virtual ATM strategy. In order to create a very reliable and secure virtual ATM, this method covers the usage of face recognition in addition to fingerprint recognition using live streaming, Channel Boosted Convolutional Neural Networks, and One Time Password implementation. The research directives to come will provide a detailed explanation of the strategy.

Analisis Pengaruh Jumlah Kantor Bank, Rata-Rata Gaji, dan Beban Overhead Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank

Banking competition consists of price and non-price competition. Price competition from credit and interest rate deposits while non-price competition from the quantity and quality of bank services. Quality of service is subjective, so in this study using the quantity of services. Measured quantity of bank services from a variety of services provided to customers is calculated by unit or the amount of funds expended. This study examines the effect of the quantity of services to bank profitability. Bank profitability measured by ROA. Quantity of services consists of a number of bank offices, the number of ATM machines, overhead expenses and average salary. The results showed that the number of bank offices and the average salary of a significant positive effect on the profitability of banks, while the overhead burden of significant negative effect on the profitability of banks. The three variables simultaneously have a positive effect on bank profitability.

THE EFFECT OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING ON BANK PERFORMANCE

This study investigated the effects of forensic accounting on bank performance in Nigeria using four (4) measures of forensic accounting (money laundering fraud control, point of sales, money transfer fraud and automated teller machine fraud control) and one (1) performance measure (return on asset). Data were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the banks and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 2012-2020. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and correlation) and inferential statistics (variance inflation factor and ordinary least square). Findings of the study showed that all the forensic accounting measures of the study (money laundering fraud, point of sales, money transfer fraud and automated teller machine fraud controls) negatively and significantly affected performance of banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that bank management should employ forensic accounting by amending the existing statutes in such a way that forensic accountants are included in the management process. Through this, forensic accountants will have more tools to effectively deal with challenges in fraud control. Also, the negative relationship between forensic accounting and performance of banks suggests that it has not been effectively used by management; thus, there is need for Nigerian banks to further enhance and employ forensic accounting support services, fraud investigation and forensic audit by ensuring that they achieve what they intend to do for banks
 Keywords: Forensic Accounting, Bank, Performance, Nigeria.

Α tool for requirements engineering using ontologies and boilerplates

The most popular technique for specification requirements is natural language. The disadvantage of natural language is ambiguity. Boilerplates are syntactic patterns which limit the ambiguity problem associated with using natural language to specify system/software requirements. Also, using boilerplates is considered a useful tool for inexperienced engineers to define requirements. Using linguistic boilerplates, constrains the natural language syntactically. Furthermore, a domain-specific ontology is used to constrain requirements semantically, as well. In requirements specification, using ontologies helps to restrict the vocabulary to entities, properties, and property relationships which are semantically related. The above results in avoiding or making fewer mistakes. This work makes use of the combination of boilerplate and ontology. Usually, the attributes of boilerplates are completed with the help of the ontology. The contribution of this paper is that the whole boilerplates is stored in the ontology and attributes and fixed elements are part of the ontology. This combination helps to correct semantically and syntactically requirement construction. This paper proposes a tool based on a domain-specific ontology and a set of predefined generic linguistic boilerplates for requirements engineering. We create a domain-specific ontology and a minimal set of boilerplates for an ATM (Automated Teller Machine). We carried out an experiment in order to obtain evidence for the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. The experiment took the form of a case study for the ATM domain and our proposed method was evaluated by users. The contribution and novelty of our methodology is that we created a tool for defining requirements that integrates boilerplate templates and an ontology. We exploit the boilerplate language syntax, mapping them to Resource Description Framework triples which have also a linguistic nature.

Does financial inclusion spur CO2 emissions? The marginal effects of financial sustainability

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between financial inclusion, CO2 emissions and financial sustainability across 17 African countries.Design/methodology/approachData were sourced from the World Development Indicators for the period 2004-2021. The study performs the principal component analysis, panel fixed effects model and quantile regression estimations to investigate the relationship between financial inclusion, CO2 emissions and financial sustainability.FindingsThe study finds that an increase in automated teller machine (ATM) penetration rate, savings and credits increases CO2 emissions. Findings also reveal that financial sustainability reduces financial inclusion, with significant negative effects on the conditional mean of CO2 emissions and the conditional distribution of CO2 emissions across quantiles.Originality/valueThis study is beneficial for policymakers, particularly in the age of digitalization and drive for low-carbon emissions, to develop green credits for energy players and investors to take up renewable and green energy projects characterized by high levels of carbon storage and carbon capture. Further, the banking sector’s credits and liquid assets should be used to finance alternative banking energy-related equipment and services, such as solar photovoltaic wireless ATMs, and fewer bank branches.

Dimensions of financial inclusion in India: a qualitative analysis of bankers perspective

PurposeThis qualitative study aims to examine bankers’ perspectives regarding financial inclusion, the challenges it faces and the scope for improvement. This research proposes a financial inclusion model, considering the inputs received by bankers. Financial exclusion of different sections is an issue common to emerging countries.Design/methodology/approachData for qualitative research were collected through interviews with bank officials. The information was gathered from 32 bankers from India’s several zones (North, South, West and East). The data were collected from bankers from different public and private sector banks. Thematic analysis was performed up to the point of saturation to study the response received from bankers.FindingsBank-related issues such as frequent computer problems, network connectivity problems, costs, a shortage of bank branches, fewer transactions through automated teller machines and a shortage of banking staff affect customers’ confidence in formal banking. Banking services are disrupted by a lack of trust in banking correspondents (BCs), as they are not regular employees of banks. Limits on daily transactions discourage high-value customers from using BCs and kiosks. The time spent on administrative formalities impacts customers. Financial inclusion is affected by availability, accessibility, usage and affordability. Digital financial literacy is essential for ease of transaction, but awareness about financial products helps protect customers from cyber scams. The findings of this research would benefit financial institutions globally in developing their businesses and helping to achieve financial inclusion and the United Nation’s sustainable development goals (SDGs).Originality/valueThis research paper undertakes a qualitative analysis of the views collected from bankers. Bankers are crucial stakeholders in the successful implementation of the National Financial Inclusion Policy of the Government of India. Bankers’ perspectives will be important not only for India and its researchers but also in the global context, as the UN’s SDGs focus on leaving no one behind.

Smart Transaction through an ATM Machine using Face Recognition

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are a convenient way for people to access their cash and banking services. However, traditional ATMs are susceptible to fraud, such as card skimming and PIN theft. Face recognition technology has the potential to improve ATM security by providing a more secure and convenient way for users to authenticate themselves. This research paper proposes a system for smart transaction through ATM machines using face recognition. To proceed transactions user, need to enter their registered mobile number on which an OTP will be generated subsequently the camera mounted on top of the ATM will capture user’s face which will then be compared with the picture associated by the contact number using custom trained YOLO algorithm. Upon successful matching user need to verify OTP received and if verified they can access the ATM functionalities. The dataset used for this model i.e., Contact number and customer photograph will be collected by the bank at the time of customer account opening. The system was evaluated using a dataset of over 10,000 random face images. The results showed that the system was able to achieve an accuracy of over 99% in authenticating users. The system was also able to detect and prevent unauthorized access attempts. The proposed system has the potential to revolutionize the way that people use ATMs. It can make ATMs more secure, convenient, and fraud-resistant.

Analisis Manajemen Kontrol Bank Syariah Indonesia Dalam Penanganan Permasalahan Pengguna Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)

This research uses qualitative research methods, this research is also called artistic research because this research is less patterned or more varied in nature. Interpretation of data collected in the field during research is the main focus of this research. With a case study approach, this research is a type of qualitative research. This research results that the application of control management is a function to supervise every activity that has been organized, control management is the last part of the management function where the control management function of the Automatic Teller Machine becomes the material for supervising activities on the machine which is then the result of the application of control management This will be reported and used as material for evaluating a company. Problems that commonly occur in transactions at Automatic Teller Machines include failure to withdraw cash, and ATM cards being swallowed, which are problems beyond the control of Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Stabat KH Zainal Arifin

Influence of Technological Innovations on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan.

The researcher aim was to ascertain what exactly affects the financial performance of Commercial banks in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan, a case of KCB South Sudan, African National bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Ethiopian Commercial Bank-South Sudan and Ivory Bank branches in Juba. There are numerous elements that affect performance, this study focused on technological innovations that are thought to drive financial performance. The study was divided into three main common areas that have recently caught the attention of the banking industry namely internet banking, agency banking and mobile banking that affect the financial performance of KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan and Ethiopian Commercial Bank-South Sudan in Central Equatorial State. Central Equatoria State has been chosen since it hosts Juba as the capital City and an epicenter of numerous commercial activities. The study’s specific objectives were to determine the influence of agency banking, mobile banking, Automated Teller Machines and debit and credit cards on financial performance of commercial banks in Central Equatorial State. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted population of 294 respondents. The sample size was 169 staff of KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia-South Sudan and Ivory Bank spread across the branches in Juba, Central Equatoria State. Respondents were selected using purposive random sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents while secondary data was obtained from the annual financial reports from KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia-South Sudan and Ivory Bank of South Sudan. Measures of central tendencies were used to describe the results and data was presented using graphs charts and tables. The influence of dependent and independent variable was depicted by use of multiple regression. The study found that agency banking significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.889; p=0.000). The study revealed that mobile banking significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.613; p=0.000). The study established that automated teller machines significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.744; p=0.000). The study found that debit and credit cards significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.640; p=0.000). The study concluded agency banking, mobile banking, automated teller machines and debit and credit cards significantly influences financial performance of commercial banks in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. The study recommended that commercial banks in South Sudan should ensure that bank agent’s guarantees security of data and information that is operated on the agency banking platform. The study recommends that commercial banks in South Sudan should work with regulatory authorities to establish a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework for agency banking including guidelines on risk management, customer protection, and agent licensing. The study also recommends that commercial banks in South Sudan should implement stringent security protocols and fraud prevention mechanisms for ATMs. 

4 Ushering in Modern and Objective Ways of Assessing Financial Decision Making in Clinical Settings: The Development and Validation of an Online Money Management Credit Card Task

Objective:Historically, assessment of financial decision making (FDM) has largely relied on self- or informant-reports, and paper-and-pencil tests. However, subjective report is prone to under/over-estimation biases, and most available tests probe increasingly outdated tasks such as writing checks and checkbook management. Advances in technology have made online methods one of the most common and preferred styles of managing money. There is thus a critical need to develop modern and objective methods to assess financial decision making that can be used in clinical settings. The current study aimed to develop and validate a novel, simulated online money management (OMM) credit card task mimicking a real-world task.Participants and Methods:Development. The OMM task was conceptualized based on collaborations with a diverse team of experts spanning neuropsychology, geriatrics, computer science, and economics. Administration. The task involves several sub-tasks including logging into a simulated credit card account, navigating a few pages to download a statement for a specific month, answering questions about where certain pieces of information are in the statement, identifying erroneous transactions in the account activity section, and answering questions involving practical aspects of managing a credit card. Pilot phase. Using an iterative process, the task was refined and piloted in ten participants. Validation. Performance was examined in relation to an existing online automated teller machine (ATM) task. Design & Setting. Cross-sectional, community-based prospective study.Measures:OMM task. The newly developed OMM credit card task consists of two broad areas, (i) online navigation and (ii) content-focused (simple literacy, complex literacy, monitoring, awareness). ATM task. This measure consists of sequential tasks such as checking the balance in one’s account, transferring money between accounts, and withdrawing cash. Both the OMM and ATM tasks were administered remotely by a neuropsychologist using Zoom and Team Viewer on a Dell laptop.Participants:Thirty-five cognitively healthy older adults were included with mean age=70.06 years (SD=3.82) and mean education=21.89 (SD=1.76). 72% were women, the majority were White (77%) while 20% were Black and 3% belonged to other races; 91% were non-Hispanic.Statistics & Metrics:Bivariate correlations between the OMM task, ATM task and demographic variables were examined. Time and steps/clicks to complete the OMM task were the primary outcome metrics.Results:All participants were able to complete the OMM task. No significant associations were found between demographics (age, gender, education) and OMM metrics, and among OMM metrics (time and clicks). Significant associations in the expected direction were present between the OMM and ATM tasks. Time taken to answer the questions on the OMM task was associated with time required to complete the ATM task (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). Increased number of clicks on the OMM task was associated with increased number of errors (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) and increased time to complete the ATM task (r = 0.41, p = 0.01).Conclusions:This is one of the first studies to develop and demonstrate the validity of a technologically based and practically relevant measure of financial decision making. Studies are ongoing to more comprehensively understand the psychometric properties of this novel task.

Enhancing economic growth through financial inclusion: An ARDL analysis

This study explores the crucial relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth, which has become a primary focus for policymakers, economists, and development practitioners worldwide. Financial inclusion aims to provide fair and unrestricted access to financial services, particularly for marginalised populations without traditional banking access. This study investigates how financial inclusion promotes economic growth by empowering individuals and businesses, fostering financial security, and stimulating entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment. Using rigorous analysis methods, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, this study examines the cointegration effect between financial inclusion and economic growth in Malaysia's short- and long-term perspectives. The results indicate a positive impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, mainly through the number of mobile and internet banking transactions (MOBILE), Automatic Teller Machines (ATM), and the number of institutions of commercial banks (ICB). However, compared to other financial inclusion proxies, ICB shows a stronger association with long-term economic growth. Similarly, the initial income (A), trade openness (TRADE), and capital (K) significantly contribute to economic growth in the long run. Interestingly, labour appears to adversely affect economic growth in the long run for both Model 1 and 2. This phenomenon could be attributed to fluctuations in labour market conditions, including changes in workforce skill levels or demographic shifts. The findings underscore the transformative potential of financial inclusion in achieving sustainable development and poverty reduction.

Pengaruh Layanan Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Dan Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Nasabah Bank Syariah Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam Angkatan 2019)

This research aims to determine the influence of internet banking services,Mobile Banking, and Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) on Satisfaction Sharia Bank Customers in Indonesia (Case Study of Students from the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business Class of 2019). This study uses a quantitative approach. In this study a questionnaire was used to collect data, and 97 Students at the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business Class of 2019 were selected as sample using the Accidental Sampling method. Data analysis in research this is quantitative data analysis. Statistical tests are known as Regression Tests Multiple Linear, t-test, f-test, and Coefficient of Determination (R2) are all components of this analysis, and also tests of classical assumptions. Based on testing The hypothesis with the partial T test can be concluded that the internet banking variable mobile banking and ATM partially have a significant effect on satisfaction. Based on hypothesis testing with the Simulta F test, it can be concluded that internet banking, mobile banking and ATM variables together influence the level of satisfaction of Sharia Bank customers.

Digital Financial Services (DFS) and Productivity of Indian Banking Sector - Empirical Evidence Using Malmquist Productivity Index and Panel Data Regression

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on the productivity of banking sector in India.
 
 Theoretical framework: This research considered various digital banking services offered by bank and how it affects the actual bank performance in terms of productivity, by adopting a two-stage model i.e., Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) and panel data regression.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical study was based on eight-year balanced panel data from 2012 to 2020. The sample of the study consists of forty-four commercial banks from India. This study is completely based on secondary data collected from the website of the database of the Indian economy and the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI). To achieve the research goals, a two-stage approach has been used. Initially, Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) was employed to estimate the total factor productivity changes. In the second phase, panel regression analyses were used to study the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on bank productivity.
 
 Findings: The findings show that the Digital Financial Services (DFS) variables such as mobile banking, online banking, Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and Point of Sale (POS) transactions are significantly improved the productivity of the Indian banking industry.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: The study addresses the issues such as identifications of factors affecting the productivity of banks including Digital Financial Services (DFS). In the world of digital revolution, it analyses whether bank can retain, continue and enhance their performance by offering modern product and services to their customers.
 
 Originality/Value: This article has conducted extensive analyses of Digital Financial Services (DFS) and banks' productivity. The authors also provide suggestions for the policymakers for the future implementation of digital banking services.

Cashless Payment System on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria

The study investigates the effect of cashless payment system on financial inclusion in Nigeria. Secondary data from year 2010 till 2023 on variables of interest were collected and were analysed using quantitative analysis. Volume of point-of-sale systems in the banks, Volume of Web-Based Transactions in the banking industry, Number of ATM Machines available, number of account holders, rate of usage of bank account all these were used as the independent variables while financial inclusion which was proxied by the number of commercial banks branches in rural area and the total number of commercial bank branches in the country. Quantitative analysis was used to analyse the data. The Auto-regressive Distributed Lag was precisely employed and the result showed that only point of sale volume and web-based transaction have the most significant impact on financial inclusion in Nigeria. Findings indicate that Automated Teller Machines was unable to exert significant impact on financial inclusion. It s recommend that government should reinforce pint of sae transaction as ell as web based transaction among the populace in order to continue to achieve massive financial inclusion in Nigeria.

Electronic Businesses, Services and Profitability of Banking Sector in Nigeria (Bank-Focused Theory, Bank-Led Theory, Non-Bank Led Theory)

The introduction of e-banking has indeed had a positive effect on the profitability of the bank since it was introduced. It has also improved the banks customer relationship by rendering effective services. Network failure from internet connection and the break-down of ATMs, fraud and general infrastructure are major challenge facing customers using e- banking products in Africa. However, banks? profitability has been enhanced due to the streamlining of operations brought about by technology mainly driven by electronic banking platforms. This research examined between E-Banking services and Commercial Bank Profitability in Nigeria using A Cointegrationand Causality Approach. Electronic banking was proxied by value of Point-of-Sale, USSD, Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, ATM transactions while commercial banking performance was proxied by net profit from electronic banking transfer/processing. Engle-Granger cointegration model was used to analyse data for the sample period January 2008 to December 2022. The study’s findings revealed that ATM (Automated Teller Machine) and POS (Point of Sale) long-run relationship with bank performance. The result of the short-run indicates that an ATM (Automated Teller Machine), USSD services and POS (Point of Sale) have a positive significant effect on NP (Net Profit). Internet banking services (IBS) and Mobile banking Services (MBS) have a negative and positive insignificant effect on NP (Net Profit). The value of the adjusted R2 (0.508994) indicates that POS (Point of Sales), USSD services (USS), ATM (Automated Teller Machine), Internet Banking Services (IBS) and Mobile Banking Services(MBS) explain 50.89% of the variation in NP (Net Profit margin from the electronic businesses), while the remaining 49.11% is captured outside the model. The findings of the study are consistent with Amu and Nathaniel (2016); Gichungu and Oloko (2015), but inconsistent with Kiragu (2017); Obiekwe and Anyanwaokoro (2017). It is

Smallholder crop farmers’ attributes for formal financial services in Nigeria: An analysis

Financial services to the agricultural sub-sector in Nigeria and particularly to small farmers is difficult because financial institutions have specific requirements that must be met. Many small farmers are hardly serviced and this has affected the growth of the sector. Nevertheless, understanding the nature of the sector and peculiarities of categories of farmers will help build an efficient financial system that is beneficial to farmers and financial institutions alike. This study examined attributes of formal financial institutions smallholder crop farmers prefer for better financial services in Nigeria. Data were elicited from the six agro-ecological zones of the country using the extension officers in Agricultural Development Projects (ADP) of the different states. A total of 399 smallholder crop farmers were sampled and the study used the conjoint technique and multinomial logistic technique in analyzing the data. Results revealed that financial services such as loan, insurance, account opening, credit/debit cards, and funds transfer, were highly rated and preferred by most smallholder crop farmers. However, these farmers were more inclined to loans that were customized (flex loans), insurance claims due within 90 days, savings account opening, cash points for credit/ debit cards within a kilometer of their residence, and funds transferred in 24 hours. Conjoint analysis of the key variables showed that funds transfer within 24 hours was the only significant variable; and the interaction effect (trade-off effect) of this variable with others revealed that, an average smallholder crop farmer would rather prefer loan that is customized, insurance claim within 90 days, and a cash point within a kilometer of his residence to funds that would take longer than 24hrs to arrive. The multinomial result showed that a farmer’s level of education, gender, and farm size were key determinants of an average farmer’s choice of a financial institution. The study, therefore, recommends that, financial institutions should optimize their services in terms of funds transfer and accessibility, and should emphasize only services that are important so as to operate maximally. JEL Classification: Q14, G21, G22, G29, G41. Keywords: Formal financial services, Nigeria, smallholder crop farmers, conjoint analysis, multinomial logistic

Maximizing Automated Teller Machines (ATM) User Loyalty through Trust and Quality Service

The purpose of this research is to look into the direct and indirect effects of service quality and trust on customer loyalty, as mediated through customer satisfaction. The study is based on a sample of 85 customers who used ATM services at the PT. Bank 9 Jambi, Kerinci Branch. This Study approach is used to calculate sample size, and data is collected utilizing an incidental sampling strategy using a questionnaire. For data analysis, Smart PLS 3.0 software is used to assist path analysis. According to the findings, neither service quality nor trust have a statistically significant influence on customer loyalty, whether directly or indirectly through customer pleasure. Customer pleasure, on the other hand, has a positive and considerable impact on customer loyalty. Furthermore, the study discovers a favorable and significant link between service quality and client trust. These findings provide light on the complex dynamics of service quality, trust, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in the context of ATM usage, providing valuable insights for customer relationship management practitioners and researchers.

Digital Financial Services (DFS) and Productivity of Indian Banking Sector - Empirical Evidence Using Malmquist Productivity Index and Panel Data Regression

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on the productivity of banking sector in India. Theoretical framework: This research considered various digital banking services offered by bank and how it affects the actual bank performance in terms of productivity, by adopting a two-stage model i.e., Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) and panel data regression. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical study was based on eight-year balanced panel data from 2012 to 2020. The sample of the study consists of forty-four commercial banks from India. This study is completely based on secondary data collected from the website of the database of the Indian economy and the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI). To achieve the research goals, a two-stage approach has been used. Initially, Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) was employed to estimate the total factor productivity changes. In the second phase, panel regression analyses were used to study the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on bank productivity. Findings: The findings show that the Digital Financial Services (DFS) variables such as mobile banking, online banking, Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and Point of Sale (POS) transactions are significantly improved the productivity of the Indian banking industry. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study addresses the issues such as identifications of factors affecting the productivity of banks including Digital Financial Services (DFS). In the world of digital revolution, it analyses whether bank can retain, continue and enhance their performance by offering modern product and services to their customers. Originality/Value: This article has conducted extensive analyses of Digital Financial Services (DFS) and banks' productivity. The authors also provide suggestions for the policymakers for the future implementation of digital banking services.

An Empirical Investigation into the Effects of Cashless Policy on Deposit Money Banks Liquidity in Nigeria

This study focused on the effects of cashless policy on deposit money banks liquidity (DMBs) in Nigeria. The data for the study were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletins and the World Bank. A significant effect of cashless policy (point of sale, Web Pay and Mobile Pay) on deposit money banks liquidity spanning for the period of (2013-2020) in Nigeria was evaluated with the help of regression analysis. The trace test indicate 1 cointegration which meant there was a long term relationship among the research variables. The major objectives of the study were to examine the effects of point of sale (POS) on deposit money banks liquidity, to determine the effects of Mobile Pay on deposit money banks liquidity and to assess the effects of Web Pay on deposit money banks liquidity. The policy implication is that point of sale, web pay and money pay are function of cashless policy in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) should intensify its effort for full implementation of cashless policy, CBN should also provide enabling environment for the smooth conduct of cashless policy and facilitate, encourage and enforce on all deposit money banks to comply with the policy. Deposit money banks should intensify their effort toward the improvement of the number of automated teller machine, point of sales terminals and internet facilities. This study therefore placed more emphasis on the level and rate of individual access to cashless financial services with the aims of promoting deposit money banks liquidity in Nigeria.