Automated Teller Research Articles

UNRAVELING THE NEXUS BETWEEN DIGITAL BANKING TRANSACTIONS AND BANK PROFITABILITY: INSIGHTS FROM TURKEY'S DEPOSIT BANKS

This study estimates the relationship between digital banking transactions and bank net profit through regression analysis using the data of deposit banks in Turkey between 2011 and 2021. The data from 11 Turkish banks are analyzed with the least squares method (OLS) in the Stata package program. For this purpose, the relationship between digital banking transactions and bank net profit is estimated by constructing three models. In the first model, online banking transactions have a positive effect on bank profitability. The number of internet banking customers, the number of Automated Teller Machine (ATM), and the number of Point of Sale (POS) are found to have a negative effect on net profit, but these coefficients are not statistically significant. In the second model, mobile banking transactions have a positive effect on bank net profit. ATM has a positive and statistically significant effect on bank net profit, while the number of POS has a negative coefficient on bank net profit, but this coefficient is not statistically significant. In the third and last model, the digital banking transactions have a positive effect on the net profit of the bank. ATM and POS numbers have a negative effect on bank net profit, but these coefficients are not statistically significant. In conclusion, both internet and mobile banking transactions have a positive effect on bank profits in Turkey. Digital banking transaction, which is a combination of internet and mobile banking transactions, is also found to have a positive effect on bank profits. Additionally, it has been revealed that internet banking services contribute more to bank profits than both mobile and digital banking services.

Fingerprint-Enabled ATM Network

Large data collections are stored by people in the modern world utilizing computers. Data may be sent across the globe at a reasonable cost. ATM's have been in use for almost 50 years now since their introduction. Since its introduction, ATM's have made it possible to withdraw money without encountering any problems. In the banking industry, the ability of ATM's to be installed in any location is seen as exceptional since it allows customers the freedom to conduct transactions on their own. While the cash dispenser and visual screen serve as output devices, the card reader and keyboard serve as input devices. Many ATM's can work together on a common level through the host processor, which is owned by the bank. Authenticated Banks provide unique ATM PINS to their customers. The registered phone number is used to send these ATM PINS. if someone saw the PIN notice on the user's phone and knows the card data. They can then access the client's account in full and may be held accountable for any criminal activity that occurs. Criminals have developed a variety of schemes to steal money from ATM’s. Due to strict security measures around the money compartment, they are unable to simply steal cash from an ATM; instead, they swipe the cards of several customers. It is far easier to obtain ATM card data than to breach the ATM's security. The practice of card skimming is one that con artists frequently employ. On the card per user space of ATM’s, card skimmers are implemented. The data is stored in the memory of the card skimmer and is seen by an electrical circuit on a visually appealing portion of the card. After driving the skimmer out of the ATM, the criminals later duplicate this data. Card skimmers are designed to fit perfectly over each user's unique cards, making it easy for clients to become victims of them.

Bank Mini Syariah Laboratory Operations Management (Comparative Study of UIN Antasari Banjarmasin and UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya)

The Mini Sharia Bank Laboratory is a facility designed to provide students with practical experience in the field of sharia banking. The mini bank laboratory focuses on developing banking operational practicum activities within the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business at UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya and UIN Antasari Banjarmasin. The use of mini sharia banking laboratories by the two universities is intended to support lecture activities. The success of the Bank Mini Syariah laboratory cannot be separated from a well-running operational management system. This research aims to set up a management laboratory for Bank Mini Syariah UIN Antasari Banjarmasin to improve quality with a comparative study of Bank Mini Syariah UIN Sunan Ampel. This research uses a field approach with a qualitative approach through observation, interviews and documentary studies. The data analysis technique used is to explain patterns or categories, looking for relationships between various concepts. The results of the research found that there are several factors that influence the operational management of the mini sharia bank laboratory at UIN Antasari Banjarmasin and UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, namely internal factors, human resources, infrastructure, facilities and managerial, while external factors are security and comfort and cooperation.

Indicators of banks and economic indicators on non-cash payments in ASEAN-7 countries

This research explores the intricate relationship between digitalization, economic development, and non-cash payments in the ASEAN-7 countries over a ten-year period from 2011 to 2020. Focusing on factors such as commercial bank branches, broad money, and inflation, the study employs panel data regression analysis to investigate their impact on automated teller machine (ATM) usage. The findings reveal that commercial bank branches significantly influence ATM usage, emphasizing the role of accessibility, services, and technological preferences. Broad money also shows a significant impact on ATM transactions, reflecting the interplay between fund availability and non-cash transactions. However, inflation does not exhibit a direct influence on ATM usage. The research underscores the importance of maintaining service quality and security in the banking sector to enhance digital financial inclusion. Future research opportunities include exploring diverse non-cash payment methods and extending studies to countries with significant global economic impacts. This research contributes valuable insights to policymakers aiming to enhance digital financial inclusion policies, ultimately fostering economic growth through the digital economy in the ASEAN-7 region.

Leveraging Face Recognition Technology for Secure ATM Transaction

ATM or Automated Teller Machines are widely used by people nowadays. Performing cash withdrawal transactions with ATMs is increasing day by day. ATMs are a very important device throughout the world. The existing conventional ATM is vulnerable to crimes because of the rapid technology development. A total of 270,000 reports have been reported regarding debit card fraud and this was the most reported form of identity theft in 2021. A secure and efficient ATM is needed to increase the overall experience, usability, and convenience of the transaction at the ATM. In today's world, the area of computer vision is advancing at a breakneck pace. The recent progress in biometric identification techniques, including fingerprinting, retina scanning, and facial recognition has made a great effort to rescue the unsafe situation at the ATM. Specifically, the goal of this project is to give a computer vision method to solve the security risk associated with accessing ATM machines. This project proposes an automatic teller machine security model that uses electronic facial recognition using Deep Convolutional Neural Network. If this technology becomes widely used, faces would be protected as well as their accounts. Face Verification Clickbait Link will be generated and sent to bank account holders to verify the identity of unauthorized users through some dedicated artificial intelligent agents, for remote certification. However, it is obvious that man’s biometric features cannot be replicated, this proposal will go a long way to solve the problem of account safety making it possible for the actual account owner alone to have access to his accounts. This eliminates the possibility of fraud resulting from ATM card theft and copying. The experimental results on real-time datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach over state-of-the-art deep learning techniques in terms of both learning efficiency and matching accuracy

FinTech—A pathway to financial inclusion? Evidence from Southern African Development Community member states

AbstractThe study investigates the effect of FinTech on financial inclusion in Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states over the period 2011–2021, while also looking at the transmission channels. The study adopts a battery of econometric techniques such as ordinary least squares (OLS), the two‐step system generalized method of moments (GMM) and the Driscoll and Kraay covariance estimator. The study finds that FinTech (proxied by digitization) deepens financial inclusion (access to loan) and a decline in the number of bank branches in SADC member states. This is logical since the operations of FinTech are digital. This implies that an attempt to promote financial inclusion by traditional means such as building physical bank structures may be limited, especially in Africa where large swathes of the populace remain unbanked. As expected, FinTech (measured by automated teller machines [ATMs]) increases the number of bank branches in SADC. We also find that mobile cellular subscription, the share of population with access to electricity and Internet access and mean years of schooling are important transmission channels of FinTech to financial inclusion in SADC. In general, the result shows that FinTech enhances and deepens financial inclusion in SADC member states. The research and policy implications are discussed.

BANKING SECURITY AND ATMs

As the fiscal sector relies on automated teller machines (ATMs) for client deals, the security of these bias has come consummate. This exploration paper explores contemporary challenges and advancements in ATM security, fastening on vulnerabilities that hang banking systems and strategies to alleviate these pitfalls. We examine colorful attack vectors, including physical tampering, cyber-attacks, and social engineering tactics, and their counteraccusations for fiscal institutions and consumers. This paper also reviews current security measures, similar as encryption, biometrics, and machine literacy- grounded fraud discovery, assessing their effectiveness in precluding unauthorized access and icing sale integrity. By assaying recent case studies and security breaches, we give perceptivity into arising trends and recommend stylish practices for enhancing ATM security. Our findings emphasize the need for amulti-layered approach to securing ATMs, integrating technological inventions with robust functional protocols to cover against evolving pitfalls.

Status Quo of Artificial Intelligence’s Role in the HRM Operations

Coexistence of technology and business dates back to the late 18th century when the first ever use of a computer was for recording the census by the US government in 1890. The use of technology in business can be ascribed to different organisations in the different nations on the parallel lines of time. It includes invention of cash machines and their use by Barclays in England in the early 1960s, the induction of telephone-based modems for order management by Baxter Pharmaceuticals and use of small desktop computing device called Minitel for processing customer orders in France were the other notable developments in the history of coexistence of technology and business. Increasing operations in the business functions have created an urge for the technological innovation in the industry to handle the operations electronically. Figueiredo and Cohen (2019) say that technology has become an indispensable component of every business function by delivering ease in operations and productivity. The end of the 20th century had witnessed the leaping progress in computing in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) performing the tasks that were unimaginable to comprehend a decade back in time. Developments in the technological research and development prove that organisations have started inducting AI into as many fields as possible at a considerable pace. As a part of the shifting technological dynamics in the industry HR function has also transformed digitally. Tools like enterprise applications have forayed intensely into the operations of human resources management (HRM). These enterprise resource planning (ERP) tools remain to primarily serve the integration of HRM to the other functions. However, enterprise tools could not serve the purpose of supporting decisiveness in the areas of HR planning, workforce design and performance management at large. However, Tuck (2019) argues that AI is assuming increased responsibilities in the different sections of the society and business including the HRM function. At present, the amount of knowledge on the status quo of the role of AI in the HRM functions is scarcely available. Literature related to this disruptive technology in the HR function is still at the nascent stage. This study will examine the role of AI as a key component in the HRM function, which is regarded to be highly human-driven.

Safeguarding the Environment: A Review of Functional Coating Systems for Rapid COVID-19 Inactivation

The COVID-19 pandemic was a worldwide disaster in the health industry, millions of human deaths were recorded. The spread of the virus led to the shutting down of the world economy. The most prevalent is people communicating in close contact. Measures such as the use of nose masks and social distancing help to reduce the infection rate. The second is infection from substrates like tables, automated teller machine buttons, staircase rails, door nubs, etc. This paper is poised to review how surface-infected (substrates) platforms can be inactivated using modified functional coating systems. These coating composite systems are prepared by functionalizing the polymer matrix with suitable nanoparticles that could inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, this piece discusses the challenges and future directions in the development of advanced coating technologies, aiming to enhance their effectiveness and applicability in diverse settings, including healthcare facilities and public spaces. This review serves as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and policymakers involved in the ongoing efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Enhance the Security of ATM Machine Access with Face and Fingerprint Recognition

Abstract: The project introduces an innovative approach to enhance the security and accessibility of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). In this era where financial transactions are increasingly digital and essential, safeguarding ATM access is of paramount importance. This project leverages the power of biometric authentication, combining fingerprint and face recognition technologies to create a robust and reliable access control system. The proposed system allows ATM users to authenticate their identity with a seamless and secure process. Fingerprint recognition provides a high-precision, individualized identification method, while face recognition adds an additional layer of security, ensuring the users identity matches the stored biometric data. This dual-biometric approach significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access and fraudulent activities at ATMs. Beyond enhancing security, the project contributes to user convenience by streamlining the authentication process, eliminating the need for traditional ATM cards or PINs. Users can access their accounts swiftly and securely, thereby improving the overall ATM experience. Furthermore, the project’s incorporation of state-of-the-art biometric technologies underscores its potential to set a standard for secure ATM access not only in the financial sector but also in various other domains where access control is critical.

Effect of Electronic Payment System on Marketing Performance of SMEs in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Although the electronic payment system is regulated, in some instances, most SME owners tend to perceive the new system as a threat due to the high rate of cybercrime, network issues, hanging of transactions, and poor description of payer identity, among others. This study examined the effect of the e-payment system on the marketing performance of selected small and medium-scale enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. primary data were gathered through a questionnaire administered to owners/managers of SMEs in Akwa Ibom State. The independent variables were the e-payment system (proxied via bank mobile app, POS and digital mobile app) and the dependent variable was performance (proxied via customer patronage). Data obtained for the study were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that POS, Bank mobile app and Automated Teller Machine (ATM) were mostly used which ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. Digital wallets, credit card online transactions and the use of crypto-currency for business were ranked 4th, 5th and 6th respectively. The study revealed that the Bank mobile app, use of point of sales (POS) machine, and Digital wallet app have significant effects on customer patronage of small and medium-scale enterprises. The study concluded that the introduction of the e-payment system (cashless policy) has a significant influence on the operation, performance and customer patronage of small and mediumscale businesses in Akwa Ibom State. It was recommended, among others, that SME operators should be trained on how to use electronic payment systems such as electronic fund transfer, mobile banking, internet banking and online remittance.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI DIGITAL BANKING DALAM PENINGKATAN KUALITAS LAYANAN PADA NASABAH BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA (BSI) KCP SAMARINDA

The background to this research is that rapid technological developments have brought changes to product and service innovation at Bank Syariah Indonesia. Digital banking services are currently being developed to improve the quality of Bank Syariah Indonesia's services. The various conveniences and benefits provided through this digital banking service include ease of transactions, time efficiency and flexibility. However, there are still many people who have not switched to digital banking services due to a lack of understanding of the operation or not knowing about digital banking services. The objectives of this research are: 1) To determine and describe the implementation of digital banking in improving the quality of service to the community at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Samarinda Bung Tomo. 2) To find out and describe the obstacles and solutions to the Implementation of digital banking in improving the Quality of Service to the Community at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Samarinda Bung Tomo. The research method used in this research is field research using a descriptive approach. Determining informants using purposive techniques. Data collection was carried out using observation, interviews and documentation techniques. The research subjects were employees and customers of BSI KCP Samarinda Bung Tomo. Data analysis uses data reduction methods, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Validity is carried out by source triangulation. The results of the research are: 1) The implementation of digital banking at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Samarinda Bung Tomo has been going well and is able to improve service quality by implementing five dimensions of service quality, namely reliability, the ability to provide fast and accurate service, responsiveness, the ability to respond quickly to customer requests. and responsiveness, assurance provides a sense of trust and security, empathy provides friendly service and tangible evidence provides the BSI Mobile application and ATM machines. 2) Obstacles to implementing digital banking include failed transactions due to the internet network. The solution is to ensure the internet network is good so that the transaction process can run smoothly. Activation failed because you didn't have credit, make sure you have credit available to avoid failure. Make sure the BSI Mobile application is updated so you can log in. Can't log in because the server has an error, the solution is to wait for information from the bank and the server will be repaired so that the application can be used normally again.

Improving household well‐being through entrepreneurship and inclusive finance in the context of the Next‐11 countries

AbstractScholarship brainstorming on household welfare enablers abounds in academic literature. Nonetheless, the perspective of entrepreneurship, particularly for the Next‐11 countries, is underreported. Likewise, prior literature failed to investigate the influence of categorical (gender‐specific) entrepreneurship on household welfare. Thus, this investigation covers this lacuna by examining the predictive effects of aggregate, male and female entrepreneurship and financial inclusiveness on household welfare. With panel series spanning 2004–2021, both the Westerlund and Banerjee & Carrion‐i‐Silvestre cointegration procedures confirmed long‐term convergence among the series. The estimates of the augmented mean group (AMG) and the cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CSARDL) techniques revealed that entrepreneurship enhances household well‐being. This outcome validates the self‐determination theory since entrepreneurial engagements enhance household welfare. By extension, policies targeting entrepreneurship empowerment are critical for economic prosperity in these countries. In terms of gender variations, it is established that female entrepreneurship, much more than male, enhances household well‐being significantly. Furthermore, although automated teller machine availability promotes subjective well‐being, the number of commercial bank branches enhances only objective well‐being. Meanwhile, commercial bank loans failed to enhance both aspects of welfare at all times. Hence, we have provided relevant policy options that would ensure the maximization of households’ well‐being in these countries and other emerging economies.

Biometric ATM Authentication System

As technology progresses, traditional authentication methods like Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) and passwords are becoming more prone to security breaches. To address this issue, biometric-based authentication systems are being seen as a reliable solution to boost security in different areas, such as Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). This study delves into the deployment, advantages, obstacles, and future potential of a biometric-based ATM system. By examining current research, real-life examples, and technological innovations, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the efficiency and viability of biometric authentication in ATM systems. Key Words: Enhanced Security, Authentication, Efficiency, Reliability

Digital Financial Services (DFS) And Productivity of Indian Banking Sector - Empirical Evidence Using Malmquist Productivity Index and Panel Data Regression

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on the productivity of banking sector in India. Theoretical framework: This research considered various digital banking services offered by bank and how it affects the actual bank performance in terms of productivity, by adopting a two-stage model i.e., Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) and panel data regression. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical study was based on eight-year balanced panel data from 2012 to 2020. The sample of the study consists of forty-four commercial banks from India. This study is completely based on secondary data collected from the website of the database of the Indian economy and the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI). To achieve the research goals, a two-stage approach has been used. Initially, Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) was employed to estimate the total factor productivity changes. In the second phase, panel regression analyses were used to study the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFS) on bank productivity. Findings: The findings show that the Digital Financial Services (DFS) variables such as mobile banking, online banking, Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and Point of Sale (POS) transactions are significantly improved the productivity of the Indian banking industry. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study addresses the issues such as identifications of factors affecting the productivity of banks including Digital Financial Services (DFS). In the world of digital revolution, it analyses whether bank can retain, continue and enhance their performance by offering modern product and services to their customers. Originality/Value: This article has conducted extensive analyses of Digital Financial Services (DFS) and banks' productivity. The authors also provide suggestions for the policymakers for the future implementation of digital banking services.

The Influence of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Infrastructure on the Volume of Card-Based Non-Cash Financial Transactions in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. This is a quantitative study. Data analysis in this research employs multiple regression with a fixed-effect model. The study utilizes panel data of longitudinal type, consisting of data on Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards and credit cards, and non-cash financial transaction volume based on cards across 33 provinces in Indonesia as cross-sectional data, spanning a period of three (3) years from 2019 to 2021 as time-series data. Secondary data for this research were obtained from the Bank of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Financial Services Authority. The research findings conclude that Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards, and credit cards simultaneously had a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions as shown by the F-test results. While partially as shown by the result of the t-test. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet do not have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions. Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) and ATM/debit cards and credit cards have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions.

The Influence of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Infrastructure on the Volume of Card-Based Non-Cash Financial Transactions in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. This is a quantitative study. Data analysis in this research employs multiple regression with a fixed-effect model. The study utilizes panel data of longitudinal type, consisting of data on Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards and credit cards, and non-cash financial transaction volume based on cards across 33 provinces in Indonesia as cross-sectional data, spanning a period of three (3) years from 2019 to 2021 as time-series data. Secondary data for this research were obtained from the Bank of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Financial Services Authority. The research findings conclude that Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), ATM/debit cards, and credit cards simultaneously had a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions as shown by the F-test results. While partially as shown by the result of the t-test. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Villages/Subdistricts Served by Internet do not have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions. Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) and ATM/debit cards and credit cards have a significant influence on the volume of card-based non-cash financial transactions.

ATM CRIME PREVENTION USING WIRELESS SENSORS

Security and safety are a necessity for automated teller machines (ATM). The ATM security system is implemented using the Internet of things (IoT) and GPS (global positioning system). The main idea of this project is to develop an ATM surveillance and security system. In this project, when any physical attack against the ATM takes place, then information about the attack is sent using IoT and also alerts the surrounding area using a buzzer, at the same time the entire data from the sensors is sent to the developed mobile application and puts alert message to the bank officials. The officials who have control over the mobile application can control the Door through their mobile to lock from their location remotely. To prevent the escape of the thief chloroform connected to the controller through relay can also be sprayed inside the ATM by the officials remotely from their place using the mobile app. The Camera (ESP32) is used for live video coverage and to monitor the activity inside the ATM. The Camera will not only record the activity but also, transmit will live video taken inside the ATM and the ATM location as latitude and longitude are tracked using GPS. The system is connected to the Blynk mobile application. The sensor and GPS data are read by the microcontroller and these data are sent to the Blynk application. With the help of the Blynk application, the official who has access to it can control the relays and the respective devices connected to the relay to turn it ON or OFF.

How do digital financial inclusion, ICT diffusion, and education affect energy security risk in top energy-consuming countries?

Energy security has become a crucial issue as the world economy depends more and more on energy supplies. In the context of the top energy-consuming nations, this research examines the connection between digital financial inclusion, information and communication technology (ICT), education, and energy security risk from 2011 to 2022. To that end, the study applies the two-stage least squares and system generalized method of moments estimation techniques. According to our study's findings, digital financial inclusion and associated factors, including automatic teller machines, bank branches, debit cards, and electronic payments, mitigate energy security risks. The energy security risks are also reduced due to ICT, education, gross domestic product, and renewable energy production. However, carbon emissions increase energy security risks. These findings suggest that policymakers in top energy-consuming economies should focus on the digital inclusiveness of the financial sector, ICT diffusion, and human capital to increase the opportunities for investment in the energy sector to mitigate energy security risks.

Financial technology and economic growth nexus in the East African community states

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the causation linking financial technology to economic growth in the East African Community states from 1997 to 2019.Design/methodology/approachAutoregressive distributed lag is used. Gross domestic product per capita proxies economic growth, automated teller machines, point of sale, debit card ownership and mobile banking measure financial technology.FindingsThe results unveil a significant relationship between financial technology and economic growth. The findings show bidirectional causality between automated teller machine and economic growth, with unidirectional causation from economic growth to point of sales and internet banking, mobile banking and government effectiveness to economic growth. The error correction term is negatively significant, demonstrating a long-term convergence between Fintech measures and economic growth.Research limitations/implicationsThe governments should effectively enact and implement policies that protect investments in financial technologies to boost economic growth in the East African Community countries. The government should reduce taxes on financial technology equipment and related services. The use of automated teller machine, debit card ownership and internet banking should be encouraged through cashless transactions. Financial institutions should adopt cashless operation policies to encourage the use of financial technologies.Originality/valueResearch results on the bond between financial technology and economic growth are not conclusive. These studies demonstrate that technological innovations are double edged-swords, with both positive and negative sides. The results are conflicting; some reveal positive relationships, while others show negative links. Hence, research is required to fill the lacuna.