Automatic Control Research Articles

Detection of Piston Ring Deficiency in The Assembly of Automotive Ball Joint and Tie Rod End Parts

In today's intensely competitive environment, businesses strive to optimize production efficiency to reduce costs, increase profitability, and ensure customer satisfaction. This focus on efficiency and quality enables businesses to operate more effectively, gain a competitive advantage in the market, and move towards sustainable growth. This study uses image processing techniques to detect missing segments in the assembly of ball joints automatically. In the automotive industry, performing quality control of critical components before assembly and detecting and classifying the defective ones is essential. Many quality control methods can be applied with existing technologies. This paper proposes an automatic real-time control based on image processing techniques to detect ball joint missing segments, a common defect in the automotive industry. In the company, operators perform defect detection by visual inspection. In this system, production continues in cases where the operator cannot detect the defect. This system aims to detect the errors made by the operator during the assembly operations and provide instant feedback. The developed system uses OpenCV library algorithms that are highly accurate in detecting defects in manual assembly processes so that missing components are removed from the production chain, and production quality is significantly improved. Accuracy is over 94% when identifying missing segments, about 30% better than traditional methods. In tests, 1200 ball joints were run through the system, resulting in 1150 defects being correctly identified and removed from the production line. Accuracy is high thanks to the application of various image processing techniques such as grayscale conversion, edge detection, and shape recognition. This also provides real-time feedback to the operator so the system can reduce detection and response time from 15 seconds to 5 seconds. This increases production speed and reduces the error rate in manual assembly processes by 20%. This paper also highlights the potential of image processing technology in manufacturing. It will contribute to improved quality control mechanisms to increase the reliability and efficiency of production lines in the automotive industry.

A novel framework of building operation algorithm for the block of technical diagnostics of aircraft’s automatic control system

This article presents the problem of designing an automatic control system that is stable against errors and failures of sensors on aircraft. The sensor system has a technical diagnostic block that ensures diagnosis and eliminates typical errors and failures. Based on the determination of the error vector, damage can occur by adding measurement elements corresponding to the measurement parameters to the control system. When there are errors or failures of the sensor elements, the state vector of the system changes and is determined by measurements. The difference between the measured vector components when there are errors, failures and when working normally is the basis of the working algorithm of the failure diagnosis block. The results demonstrate encouraging prospects for practical implementations.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM FEEDING MATERIAL KERJA OTOMAT PADA MESIN GERINDA POTONG ELEKTRO-PNEUMATIK

The electro-pneumatic cutting grinding machine at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of UNSRAT Manado is used to insert the workpiece to be cut off at this present time, it still used manually or still requires human hands to work out, this makes the cutting process require a longer time, moreover, reducing the efficiency of time. Based on this case, this research conducts sustainable production technology and designs to makes an automatic work material feeding system on an electro-pneumatic cutting grinding machine. This study aims to design, as well as create a feeding system for automatic work control materials on an electro-pneumatic cutting grinding machine. The method used in this study is the design method by designing and manufacturing directly, based on the condition of the electro-pneumatic cutting grinding machine. The manufacturing process starts from identifying working drawings and components to be used using existing tools and machines, placing online orders, and using them from the market or other components. Furthermore, a feeding system of automatic work control materials can be made on an electro-pneumatic cutting grinding machine Keywords: Design, Feeding System, Cutting Grinding Machine1.

SIMULATION OF AN AUTONOMOUS HYDROSTATIC DRIVE

The features of the application of autonomous electrohydraulic drives for power engineering are considered. The classification of linear actuators is given, the analysis of design and layout solutions of developers of autonomous steering actuators for general engineering is performed. The analysis of disadvantages is carried out and the directions of improvement of autonomous drives are presented. A scheme of an autonomous electrohydraulic drive with an automatic power control system based on the use of information from pressure, flow and displacement sensors is proposed. A mathematical model of an autonomous electrohydraulic drive with a power regulator has been developed, which makes it possible to estimate a random change in the load on the executive hydraulic motor and optimize the pump supply in accordance with the required task. The obtained research results confirm that an autonomous hydraulic drive with a power regulator is a promising technical solution that contributes to the development of high-precision power drives and controllability for general mechanical engineering.

Fast automatic docking control for electric tractors

In this study, we investigate the automatic docking of an electric tractor with a semi-trailer in narrow and long-distance scenarios. We propose an automatic docking method based on a multi-sensor fusion high-precision positioning algorithm and a multi-strategy docking control algorithm. To solve the heading-angle error of the involved camera due to mechanical errors, a compensation value in the form of angle deviation is introduced. To alleviate the increase in the camera detection error with longitudinal distance, a piecewise coordinate compensation function is proposed. Repositioning is performed using light detection and ranging (Lidar) to improve the pose-perception accuracy to the millimeter level. To avoid the interference of point clouds on the relocation accuracy of Lidar, a search-and-location method that combines both small and large neighborhoods is proposed. To achieve the desired docking success rate, a multi-strategy-adjustment control algorithm is used to enable comprehensive adjustment, including approximate control of the maximum angle based on lateral deviation and fine proportional-integral-differential (PID) control based on lateral deviation and longitudinal distance, security check cycle and premature warning mechanism, and risk avoidance control. Finally, the reliability and stability of the design scheme are verified by conducting multiple experiments involving actual vehicles.

Enhancement of frequency transient response using fuzzy-PID controller considering high penetration of doubly fed induction generators

In modern power systems, renewable-based power plant such as wind power system is integrated significantly. Among numerous types of wind power systems doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) is becoming favorable in the last few years. However, adding a wind power plant could give a new challenge to the power system, especially in frequency stability. Hence, it is important to control the frequency of the power system to be able to find its initial condition in every condition. Generally, the frequency of the power system can be controlled by using automatic generation control (AGC). AGC is used to maintain the balance between generating capacity and the load by adding integral control to the governor. However, with more and more wind power systems in the grid conventional AGC is unsuitable. Hence, it is important to have an advanced AGC based on the artificial intelligence method. This paper proposed the application of fuzzy-proportional integrator derivative (fuzzy-PID) for AGC in power systems considering the high penetration of wind power systems. From the simulation results, it is found that the proposed method can reduce the overshoot and accelerate the settling time of frequency better than using conventional AGC.

IoT-based pesticide distribution control system with photometric sensor frameworkIoT-based pesticide distribution control system with photometric sensor framework

The use of pesticides is often given under extreme conditions. The excess use of these pesticides can harm both the farmers directly and the affected environment; this is the impact of the uncontrolled use of pesticides. There is a need for a control system to control the distribution of pesticides on agricultural land. This article seeks to provide a control system design for controlling the distribution of pesticides by utilizing photometric technology integrated with the internet of things (IoT). The control system is designed automatically with a sensing system or an operating record. It is expected to be able to disseminate the correct use of pesticides to achieve production efficiency. This study provides a design of an automatic control system for pesticide distribution IoT-based. We use a photometric sensor to control the pesticide distribution. Future work can be implemented for prototype work due to smart farming to control pesticide distribution automatically.

АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПОСОБ КОНТРОЛЯ ИЗНОСА СОПЛА FDM 3D-ПРИНТЕРОВ

To automatic control the FDM 3D-printer’s nozzle wear during printing, a device has been proposed for contractually measuring the actual nozzle diameter in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.2 mm.

Development of ECG Common Mode Rejection Ratio Automatic Test System

To comprehensively meet the test requirements for the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) across different ECG-particular standards, this paper presents the design of an ECG CMRR automatic test system. The hardware component primarily consists of a test signal generation module, an automatic control network (which includes a resistance-capacitance network control module and a polarization voltage control module), and a noise level switching module. The software portion enables automatic control and user interaction. Experimental results indicate that the system is stable, reliable, and highly automated, capable of satisfying the test requirements of various ECG-particular standards, thus demonstrating a promising application prospect.

OEDG: Oscillation-eliminating discontinuous Galerkin method for hyperbolic conservation laws

Suppressing spurious oscillations is crucial for designing reliable high-order numerical schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws, yet it has been a challenge actively investigated over the past several decades. This paper proposes a novel, robust, and efficient oscillation-eliminating discontinuous Galerkin (OEDG) method on general meshes, motivated by the damping technique (see J. Lu, Y. Liu, and C. W. Shu [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 59 (2021), pp. 1299–1324]). The OEDG method incorporates an oscillation-eliminating (OE) procedure after each Runge–Kutta stage, and it is devised by alternately evolving the conventional semidiscrete discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme and a damping equation. A novel damping operator is carefully designed to possess both scale-invariant and evolution-invariant properties. We rigorously prove the optimal error estimates of the fully discrete OEDG method for smooth solutions of linear scalar conservation laws. This might be the first generic fully discrete error estimate for nonlinear DG schemes with an automatic oscillation control mechanism. The OEDG method exhibits many notable advantages. It effectively eliminates spurious oscillations for challenging problems spanning various scales and wave speeds, without necessitating problem-specific parameters for all the tested cases. It also obviates the need for characteristic decomposition in hyperbolic systems. Furthermore, it retains the key properties of the conventional DG method, such as local conservation, optimal convergence rates, and superconvergence. Moreover, the OEDG method maintains stability under the normal Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, even in the presence of strong shocks associated with highly stiff damping terms. The OE procedure is nonintrusive, facilitating seamless integration into existing DG codes as an independent module. Its implementation is straightforward and efficient, involving only simple multiplications of modal coefficients by scalars. The OEDG approach provides new insights into the damping mechanism for oscillation control. It reveals the role of the damping operator as a modal filter, establishing close relations between the damping technique and spectral viscosity techniques. Extensive numerical results validate the theoretical analysis and confirm the effectiveness and advantages of the OEDG method.

Unmanned Floating Object Transportation Applying Multiple Dynamic Positioning Tugboats: A Novel Cooperative Control Algorithm

Abstract To promote the automation and intelligence of marine floating object transportation, this paper proposes a cooperative consensus control algorithm for multiple unmanned dynamic positioning (DP) tugboats to transport an unactuated floating structure object using cables. The major concept of present algorithm is to implement a leader-follower formation strategy among distributed tugboats, with the aim of effectively maneuvering the object by adjusting the relative position between the virtual leader and the object in a reasonable manner. A cooperative consensus controller is integrated into the feedback controller of each tugboat local DP system in order to facilitate cooperative coordination among tugboats in a formation. A customized DP system, which incorporates the radial basis function neural network supervisor control into the DP controller design and introduces nonlinear disturbance observer into the low-frequency motion state observer design, is proposed to address cable tension disturbances, and thus, the tracking performance of the DP tugboat is improved. Full-scale nonlinear time domain simulations are performed under variable environmental conditions, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed automatic towing control scheme.

Electronic Load Device for Testing DC Power Supply

The project deals with a programmable electronic load device capable of dynamic variations of its load parameters to simulate a myriad of electrical conditions. Hence, one of the objectives of this paper is to implement, in a designed setup, variously heated loads, such as constant current, voltage, resistance, and power modes. That said, the designed system has hardware and software aspects that integrate advanced microcontroller capabilities so that high accuracy is assured through a series of test procedures on the system. The hardware design of the project encompasses choosing various resistors and relays modules (ESP32), selection of the proper power supplies, and microcontrollers. A program is being developed in the Arduino IDE that will program the microcontroller to do dynamic load control.It all began with the circuit design and resistor value choice, taking into consideration their power rating about effective heat dissipation. Dynamic loading control by the ESP32 microcontroller allows variable changes which are automatic in nature. On top of this, relay modules were used for effective switching of load and its adjustments, hence making the system flexible and responsive. The firmware developed in Arduino IDE automates control processes, which enables the smooth running of operations. In this regard, our experiments output results that show the device—a programmable electronic load mimicking load situations and providing performance information. Notably, the automated control system coupled with adjustable load capabilities increased the testing process efficiency and accuracy to a great deal. The overall effect of the programmable electronic load device is that it makes testing more professional by way of automation and provision of precise management for the test settings of the load. Its versatility also provides simulation of a wide scope of scenarios accommodating test conditions. It is designed to cater to heat regulation and power dispersion for the reliability of performance whiles in operation

Design and construction of wireless water level control system with motor protector

This research work presents the design and construction of a micro-controller-based wireless water level control system. The need to bring a solution to the problem of water shortage in various places by eliminating one of the culprit; waste of water during pumping and dispensing into overhead thanks, calls for an automated control system which puts into consideration, means of avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank. To solve this problem, circuit analysis and design, of the five main sub-circuitry units, this includes: power supply unit, logic and switching circuitry unit, relay unit, LCD display unit was carried out using ultrasonic water level sensor, AT89S51 microcontroller, LCD module relay circuitry system and a few discrete components. The design of the controller in this scenario is not just cost effective but helps in avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, by providing an improvement on existing water level control system through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank.

Automatic Control of Bottle Contents and Separation of Empty Bottles In The Packaging Process Using Programmable Logic Controller Siemens S7-1200

Filling liquid into bottles with the same volume is an important part of product packaging. All packaged bottles must be filled per a product's provisions. A device is needed to control the contents of the bottles from a certain distance or from outside the bottles by moving on the conveyor track. So that the bottles can be automatically filling the same volume continues to the packaging process. To be able to control the contents of the bottle automatically and properly may need a tool and a control program. This research was carried out to be able to control the contents of transparent bottles, using a Siemens S7-1200 PLC, so that a system for controlling bottle contents quickly and precisely, which helps the production process run smoothly. The main components used in this research were the Siemens S7-1200 Programmable Logic Controller, Omron E3S-DB sensor, and pneumatic cylinder. The result showed the Control Module Program 1 successfully detected empty bottles and rejected them properly. Control module program 2 successfully moves the pneumatic cylinder to move the cylinder continuously until the stop button was pressed. The module 3 programs succeeded in moving the cylinder, which was limited to only 10 repeated movements until it stopped.

The Time Course of Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Walking in People With Parkinson’s Disease

Background Walking abnormalities in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by a shift in locomotor control from healthy automaticity to compensatory, executive control, mainly located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although PFC activity during walking increases in people with PD, the time course of PFC activity during walking and its relationship to clinical or gait characteristics is unknown. Objective To identify the time course of PFC activity during walking in people with PD. To investigate whether clinical or gait variables would explain the PFC activity changes. Methods Thirty-eight people with PD tested OFF medication wore a portable, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system to record relative PFC activity while walking. Wearable inertial sensors recorded spatiotemporal gait characteristics. Based on the PFC activity (fNIRS) in the late phase of the walking task (final 40 seconds), compared to the early phase (initial 40 seconds), participants were separated into 2 groups: reduced or sustained PFC activity. Results People with PD who reduced PFC activity during walking had less impaired gait (eg, faster gait speed) than those who had a sustained increase in PFC activity (P < .05). Cognitive set-shifting ability explained 18% of the PFC activation in the group with a sustained increase in PFC activity (P = .033). Conclusions The time course of reduction in PFC activity corresponds to less impaired gait performance in people with PD, while a sustained increase in PFC activity is related to worse cognitive flexibility. Reduction in PFC activity while walking may indicate a less impaired, automatic control of walking.

Bilingual Teaching Practice and Research on Principles of Automatic Control Course

With the accelerating process of economic globalization, China’s requirements for various types of talent are also increasing. There is a demand for engineering talents to have bilingual abilities. Implementing bilingual teaching for engineering students has become a major point of teaching reform in universities and a major measure to cultivate bilingual talents in engineering. This article will focus on the course Principles of Automatic Control, explain the significance of bilingual teaching, analyze the current difficulties faced by bilingual teaching in this course and propose corresponding countermeasures. The aim is to explore relevant teaching strategies, construct high-quality bilingual teaching classrooms for this course, cultivate high-quality bilingual scientific and technological talents for the country and promote rapid economic development in China.

A method for predicting needle insertion deflection in soft tissue based on cutting force identification

The deflection modeling during the insertion of bevel-tipped flexible needles into soft tissues is crucial for robot-assisted flexible needle insertion into specific target locations within the human body during percutaneous biopsy surgery. This paper proposes a mechanical model based on cutting force identification to predict the deflection of flexible needles in soft tissues. Unlike other models, this method does not require measuring Young’s modulus ( E ) and Poisson’s ratio ( ν ) of tissues, which require complex hardware to obtain. In the model, the needle puncture process is discretized into a series of uniform-depth puncture steps. The needle is simplified as a cantilever beam supported by a series of virtual springs, and the influence of tissue stiffness on needle deformation is represented by the spring stiffness coefficient of the virtual spring. By theoretical modeling and experimental parameter identification of cutting force, the spring stiffness coefficients are obtained, thereby modeling the deflection of the needle. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, the predicted model results were compared with the deflection of the puncture experiment in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel samples, and the average maximum error range predicted by the model was between 0.606 ± 0.167 mm and 1.005 ± 0.174 mm, which showed that the model can successfully predict the deflection of the needle. This work will contribute to the design of automatic control strategies for needles.

Design and implementation of a novel didactic strategy using learning styles for teaching control theory

This paper explains the design and implementation of a novel didactic strategy based on learning styles for teaching automatic control theory in engineering. Traditional research on engineering education has worked to develop teaching methodologies, educational resources, and assessment tasks without considering the learning styles of the students. However, it is important to consider the learning styles of students to increase the number of useful tools that aid students in understanding abstract ideas and difficult concepts. To demonstrate that it is possible to design excellent courses of automatic control by using class activities concerning the learning styles of students. The proposal includes knowing the learning styles of students that enable professors to design appropriate didactic strategies based on the student needs. The proposed didactic strategy is appropriate and enhances the understanding of difficult concepts related to automatic control.

DeepQC: A deep learning system for automatic quality control of in-situ soil moisture sensor time series data

Amidst changing climate, real-time soil moisture monitoring is vital for the development of in-season decision support tools to help farmers manage weather-related risks in agriculture. Precision Sustainable Agriculture (PSA) recently established a real-time soil moisture monitoring network across the central, Midwest, and eastern U.S., but continuous field-scale sensor observations often come with data gaps and anomalies. To maintain the data quality and continuity needed for developing decision tools, a quality control system is necessary.The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) introduced the Flagit module for anomaly detection in soil moisture time series observations. However, under certain conditions, Flagit's threshold and spectral based quality control approaches may underperform in identifying anomalies. Recently, deep learning methods have been successfully applied to detect time series anomalies in time series data in various disciplines. However, their use in agriculture for anomaly detection in time series datasets has not been yet investigated. This study focuses on developing a Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, referred to as DeepQC, to identify anomalies in soil moisture time series data. Manual flagged PSA observations were used for training, validation, and testing the model, following an 80:10:10 split. The study then compared the DeepQC and Flagit-based estimates to assess their relative performance.Flagit correctly flagged 95.8 % of the correct observations and 50.3 % of the anomaly observations, indicating its limitations in identifying anomalies, particularly at sites consists of more than 30 % anomalies. On the other hand, the DeepQC correctly flagged 89.8 % of the correct observations and 99.5 % of the anomalies, with overall accuracy of 95.6 %, in significantly less time, demonstrating its superiority over Flagit approach. Importantly, the performance of the DeepQC remained consistent regardless of the number of anomalies in site observations. Given the promising results obtained with the DeepQC, future studies will focus on implementing and finetuning this model on national and global soil moisture networks.

Design of Automatic Flood Control System in Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The construction of Yogyakarta International Airport has resulted in land use changes and increased the topography in the area by up to 9 m, which has led to potential flooding. A spatial analysis was conducted on the flow direction after the airport's construction, specifically in the West Carik watershed. It was discovered that the flow direction was uncertain and trapped upstream of the airport. A polder system with automation is proposed as a solution to the drainage problem. An automation system is designed for pump operation with the objective of improving efficiency. The system is expected to reduce the volume of water in the polder by reducing human involvement and providing ease in monitoring. The results of hydrological analysis with a 50-year return period flood resulted in a design flood discharge of 11.73 m3/s. The polder has a storage capacity of 63,312 m3, a depth of 4 m, and a surface area of 1.58 ha. It requires a total pump capacity of 8.4 m3/s, consisting of three pump units, with one unit having a capacity of 1.8 m3/s and two units with 3.3 m3/s. One additional pump with a capacity of 3.3 m3/s is also planned as a backup pump. The pump automation system simulation employs an Arduino UNO as the controller, water level sensor, and relay. This system successfully fulfills the desired operational system for the pump. In the actual implementation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is required as the controller, with water level sensors, relays, and contactors as inputs and outputs.