Autologous Fat Research Articles

Clinically Relevant and Precisely Printable Live Adipose Tissue-Based Bio-Ink for Volumetric Soft Tissue Reconstruction.

Autologous fat is widely used in soft tissue reconstruction; however, significant volume reduction owing to necrosis and degradation of the transplanted adipose tissue (AT) remains a major challenge. To address this issue, a novel live AT micro-fragment-based bio-ink (ATmf bio-ink) compatible with precision 3D printing, is developed. Live AT micro-fragments of ≈280µm in size are prepared using a custom tissue micronizer and they are incorporated into a fibrinogen/gelatin mixture to create the ATmf bio-ink. AT micro-fragments exhibit high viability and preserve the heterogeneous cell population and extracellular matrix of the native AT. The developed bio-ink enables precise micropatterning and provides an excellent adipo-inductive microenvironment. AT grafts produced by co-printing the bio-ink with polycaprolactone demonstrate a 500% improvement in volume retention and a 300% increase in blood vessel infiltration in vivo compared with conventional microfat grafts. In vivo engraftment of AT grafts is further enhanced by using a stem cell-laden ATmf bio-ink. Last, it is successfully demonstrated that the bio-ink is enabled for the creation of clinically relevant and patient-specific AT grafts for patients undergoing partial mastectomy. This novel ATmf bio-ink for volumetric soft tissue reconstruction offers a pioneering solution for addressing the limitations of existing clinical techniques.

Cell-supplemented autologous fat grafting: a review from bench to bedside

Autologous fat grafting is routinely used in plastic and reconstructive surgery to improve contour deformities and appearance. However, retention of fat over time is inconsistent and unpredictable. Cell-assisted lipostransfer (CAL), the practice of using stem cell-containing portions of adipose to enrich fat grafts, has been found to be a promising area of research to increase not only the retention of volume but also increase collagen production, enhance angiogenesis, and direct the overall repair, remodeling, and regeneration of the recipient site. CAL, therefore, has a multitude of clinical applications, ranging from oncologic reconstruction following radiation to facial rejuvenation, among others. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of cell-supplemented fat transfer and discuss our understanding of cellular interactions in enriched fat grafts, techniques to improve the viability of fat, clinical translation of CAL, regulatory oversight, and future directions.

Donor variability in adipose tissue-derived stem cells: implications for the clinical efficacy of autologous fat grafting

Donor variability in adipose tissue-derived stem cells: implications for the clinical efficacy of autologous fat grafting

8550 Processing Technique Affects Aromatase Expression in Fat Grafts for Breast Reconstruction

Abstract Disclosure: S. Arbuiso: None. Y. Chen: None. N.A. Vernice: None. A. Zhang: None. I.J. Rhodes: None. C.C. Alston: None. S. Hanif: None. S. Liu: None. P. Bhardwaj: None. D. Janhofer: None. G.G. Black: None. D.M. Otterburn: None. K.A. Brown: None. Introduction: Autologous fat grafting is commonly used in breast reconstruction as it is associated with good cosmetic outcomes, high patient satisfaction, and minimal risks. Adipose tissue is known to support cancer growth via the secretion of adipokines and the modulation of estrogen levels due to aromatase expressed in adipose stromal cells. A higher body mass index (BMI) and postmenopausal status are associated with higher levels of aromatase. With novel processing techniques being developed to increase fat graft retention, there is a need to better understand how these will affect the biology of lipoaspirates for women who have previously had breast cancer. This study aims to assess how different processing techniques used in fat grafting (1) impact aromatase gene expression, (2) affect breast cancer cell proliferation, and (3) affect the cellular composition of the engrafted lipoaspirate. Methods: Patients who underwent breast reconstruction for breast cancer treatment or for prophylactic measures, and were receiving autologous fat grafting, were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial (NCT04891510). Patients were randomized to one of three processing techniques: standard decantation, active filtration, and low-pressure decantation. Conditioned media (CM) was created from each sample. Aromatase mRNA was measured in the lipoaspirate using qRT-PCR for aromatase (CYP19A1) and related to patient BMI or menopausal status. The effect of CM on the proliferation of MCF7 cells (estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line) was measured using CyQUANT. Formalin-fixed lipoaspirate samples were embedded in HistoGel and paraffin. Adipocyte diameter was measured in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections using ImageJ. Results: Aromatase mRNA levels were correlated with BMI and were higher in postmenopausal women (p≤0.05), with the standard decantation group demonstrating a stronger correlation with BMI. Samples processed via active filtration were associated with weaker correlations between aromatase gene expression and BMI and menopausal status. CM induced MCF7 cell proliferation to a similar extent to cells plated in fetal bovine serum-containing media. There was no difference in proliferation patterns between treatment groups. Upon histological assessment, adipocytes were intact, and adipocyte diameter was significantly correlated with patient BMI. Conclusion: Lipoaspirate may contain factors that promote breast cancer cell proliferation, unaffected by processing technique. Caution should be used to ensure local control of the cancer has been achieved prior to reconstruction. Our data suggest that active filtration selects for a lower percentage of adipose stromal cells, which may be beneficial for patients who previously had ER+ breast cancer. Presentation: 6/1/2024

New Technologies in the Treatment of Base of Thumb Osteoarthritis.

Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is prevalent and debilitating, commonly affecting the elderly and postmenopausal population. This review highlights the latest advancements in the treatment of thumb CMC OA, which historically includes a range of nonsurgical and surgical options without a consensus benchmark. We will focus on innovative and emerging technologies. Nonsurgical treatments typically comprise custom braces and corticosteroid injections. In addition, this review explores advanced approaches such as 3D printed braces, which have improved patient satisfaction, and novel intra-articular injectables such as autologous fat, optimized by ultrasonography to enhance treatment precision and outcomes. Although standard surgical treatments include trapeziectomy, with or without ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition, more recent implant arthroplasty designs show promising long-term survival. Newer interventions include patient-specific instrumentation for metacarpal osteotomies, selective joint denervation, and innovative suspensionplasty devices, all marked by their increased precision and personalized care. However, it is important to note that these novel technologies are not yet established as superior to standard treatments of thumb CMC OA.

Sciatic Nerve Transection Following Prosthetic Buttock Augmentation: First Reported Case and Review of the Literature

Abstract Gluteal augmentation is typically carried out by implant placement or autologous fat grafting. Over recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of gluteal augmentations being performed. However, as the number of procedures has increased, so too have the number of complications. We present a case of a 33-year-old female with an implant infection with concomitant sciatic nerve transection following bilateral gluteal augmentation with implants leading to a permanent foot-drop. While transient sciatica due to compression has been described as a complication of gluteal augmentation, this is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of transection. The many unusual management decisions that had to be made when faced with this rare and devastating complication are highlighted and the relevant literature on gluteal augmentation is discussed. Patients and surgeons alike need to take particular care when considering this procedure.

100 Autologous Fat Transfer Procedure Complications in the Emergency Department: A Public Health Crisis

100 Autologous Fat Transfer Procedure Complications in the Emergency Department: A Public Health Crisis

Therapeutic Efficacy of Adipose Tissue-Derived Components in Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review.

Neuropathic pain results from a defect in the somatosensory nervous system caused by a diversity of etiologies. The effect of current treat-ment with analgesics and surgery is limited. Studies report the therapeutic use of adipose tissue-derived components to treat neuropathic pain as a new treatment modality. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the therapeutic clinical efficacy of adipose tissue-derived components on neuro-pathic pain. PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and Embase databases were searched until August 2023. Clinical studies assessing neuropathic pain after autologous fat grafting or the therapeutic use of adipose tissue-derived com-ponents were included. The outcomes of interest were neuropathic pain and quality of life. In total, 433 studies were identified, of which 109 dupli-cates were removed, 324 abstracts were screened and 314 articles were excluded. In total, ten studies were included for comparison. Fat grafting and cellular stromal vascular fraction were used as treatments. Fat grafting indications were post-mastectomy pain syndrome, neuromas, post-herpetic neuropathy, neuro-pathic scar pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain. In seven studies, neuropathic pain levels decreased, and overall, quality of life did not improve. The therapeutic efficacy of adipose tissue-derived components in the treatment of neuropathic pain remains unclear due to the few performed clinical trials with small sample sizes for various indications. Larger and properly designed (randomized) controlled trials are required.

Volumetric evaluation of autologous fat transfer for total breast reconstruction

BackgroundReconstructive surgeons have shifted from correcting contour irregularities using autologous fat transfer (AFT) toward reconstructing full breasts. Although many studies have researched the volumetric aspects of AFT, some outcomes such as volume retention and viability, as well as possible confounders for graft survival, remain unclear. This study aimed to answer these questions. MethodsPost-mastectomy women of the multicenter prospective BREAST-trial were randomized to either AFT breast reconstruction or implant-based reconstruction (IBR). Volumes were assessed using the Vectra 3D imaging system and compared at 12 months postoperative. Volume retention was defined as the augmented volume divided by the lipofilling volume. Significant confounders for graft survival were identified using multivariable regression analysis. ResultsA total of 148 patients (75 AFT, 73 IBR) were included in the final analyses. Postoperative volumes differed significantly at 12 months in favor of the IBR group (83.8ml, p<0.001). For AFT patients, graft survival did not decrease between 6 and 12 months, with a mean graft survival of 37.1% at 12 months. Significant confounders for graft survival included chest circumference (β=1.107, p=0.001), comorbidities (β =28.567, p=0.002), age (β =-0.514, p=0.007) and total lipofilling (β =-0.028, p<0.001). ConclusionPlastic surgeons can reconstruct voluminous breasts post-mastectomy using only AFT, these breast volumes stabilize at six months and VECTRA 3D is reliable for breast volume measurement. About a third of the grafted fat was calculated to survive postoperative and reconstructive surgeons should be aware not to transfer too much fat in one session.

A Novel Laboratory-Based Strategy for Single Adipocyte and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Extraction for Transplantation: An Experimental Research.

Autologous fat grafting is widely used in plastic surgery. However, its main limitation is the low survival rate of fat grafts after transplantation. Transplantation of single adipocytes in combination with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) could largely preserve the activity of the fat and improve graft survival. To verify the long-term survival rate of single adipocyte graft in vivo and its viable fat morphology for future fat grafting. Healthy adipose tissue was harvested and disassociated using fat dissociation solution, the Single-cell Suspension Preparation System (SSPS) was used to obtain a mixture of single adipocytes, ADSCs and stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and the structure of single adipocytes was verified by cell mask red and DAPI double staining. Nine male Balb/c nude mice were used, and three different graft volumes were established (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2ml). For each mouse, four sites were selected for transplantation, one for macrofat and the other three for single adipocytes, and different transplant volumes 30, 60 and 90days after transplantation. In each period, 3mice were selected to measure the volume of fat graft. Double staining with cell mask red and DAPI confirmed that the nucleus was identified intracellularly, which also indicated that the adipocytes in the single-cell suspension were structurally complete. When evaluating the transplantation, the groups with a volume of 0.05 ml and 0.2ml performed better in the single-cell fat group in all transplantation periods, the group with a volume of 0.1ml performed better in the single-cell group in the 30- and 60-day transplantation, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). In this study, the SSPS was used to obtain a new transplant material containing single adipocytes and ADSCs by enzymatic hydrolysis of adipose tissue and converted into single cells. It effectively improved the survival rate of fat grafting and the long-term effect of transplantation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Modified blepharoplasty combined with autologous fat transplantation into the orbital septum for the correction of dermatochalasis and sunken eyelids

BackgroundPeriorbital aging typically manifests with dermatochalasis and depression of the upper eyelid. Blepharoplasty is a popular choice for addressing upper eyelid skin laxity but is not suitable for sunken eyelids. This study introduces an innovative approach for periorbital rejuvenation by addressing dermatochalasis and sunken upper eyelids concurrently in aging Asian women. MethodThe study involved 45 patients with upper eyelid dermatochalasis accompanied by moderate to severe depression. Subbrow blepharoplasty was performed in conjunction with upper eyelid granular fat grafting in the orbital septum for these patients. Preoperative measurements of the depth and volume of the upper eyelid depression were taken and the surgical outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months postoperatively using the GAIS score and the Antera 3D camera. ResultThe average depth of the upper eyelid depression before surgery was 6.501±1.473mm, and the average volume was 0.579±0.144 cm3. There were significant improvements in the depth and volume of the depression at 3 and 6 months after surgery compared to the preoperative measurements. The GAIS scores were also improved and postoperative outcomes were deemed satisfactory. ConclusionFor patients with dermatochalasis accompanied by moderate to severe upper eyelid depression, a standard blepharoplasty was unable to improve the sunken eyelid. This novel technique combines autologous granular fat injection into the orbital septum and blepharoplasty to effectively address periorbital aging, thereby promoting facial rejuvenation.

A full-face contouring using micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique in Vietnamese population

IntroductionMicro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique is applied to accurately deliver small fat parcels to multiple fat layers in varied facial sites. Our study presented surgical and clinical outcomes of the MAFT-gun technique for full face contouring. MethodsFrom 01/2021 to 06/2023, 31 healthy participants undergoing fat grafting by MAFT-gun technique for volumization of their full face at our hospital were included. Data on fat volume grafted in different facial sites, complications, and satisfaction rate (%) were collected and analyzed. ResultsThe fat volumes grafted over the left and right cheek were 10.3 ± 0.31ml and 10.2 ± 0.30ml. The forehead and temples demanded lower fat volume by 9.8 ± 0.23ml and 4.5 ± 0.21ml. A small fat volume was required for the nasolabial fold, the tear trough, and the infraorbital areas, by 2.2 ± 0.11ml, 1.9 ± 0.10ml, and 1.4 ± 0.11ml. The fat volumes for the nasolabial fold and the tear trough were significantly different between young and old people. No complications including infection, necrosis, or vascular injury were noted. At the end of the follow-up, 26 patients (83.9%) expressed their satisfaction after the procedure. ConclusionThe MAFT-gun technique is safe and effective for full-face autologous fat grafting. Commercial closed-system processors could be an effective alternative to centrifugation for fat processing. The procedure contributed to the improvement of facial hollowness and brought a more attractive and satisfied appearance to people even after 12 months postoperatively.

Effect of cephalosporin injection postoperative after cell assisted lipografting in fat survival and improving post burn scar quality

Scars have always been an issue, and the majority of treatments have failed to address them adequately. The biggest obstacle that plastic surgeons still face is finding an effective procedure that works for all skin types in the long run. In a non-invasive way, external volume expansion (EVE) devices use suction to mechanically stretch and stimulate tissues. Different studies have proposed various mechanisms for how stretch releases the skin, including mechanical action on individual cells, inflammation, ischemia, and soluble mediators that promote cell proliferation, adipogenesis, and most crucially, vascular remodeling. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a product made from autologous blood that is concentrated in plasma volume and contains an abundance of platelets, growth factors, and chemo/cytokines. The contents of the alpha and dense granules in PRP have the ability to provide a high concentration of growth factors to the tissues that need them. Autologous fat grafting, initially described by Neuber in 1893 and subsequently improved by Coleman, is a relatively new alternative to scar tissue removal. It is believed that autologous fat grafting improves skin quality by increasing dermal thickness and volume via stimulating the neosynthesis of collagen fibers. It is still unclear what impact autologous fat grafting has on scar tissue, despite its growing popularity in the medical field, and the use of postoperative cephalosporin is very essential for guarding against infection and losing of fat. Critics have cast doubt on its usefulness due to the fact that survival rates can range from 30% to 80% , the infection rate and loss of fat

Algorithm postmastectomy breast reconstruction secondary to breast cancer in a reference center in Mexico City

Background: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction represents a challenge for the plastic surgeon. Contemporary techniques offer numerous options, the reconstructive procedure performed depends on the individual profile of each patient, but will also be influenced by the surgeon's preoperative analysis of their individualized risk profile. Methods: Descriptive, longitudinal, and retrospective study. The reconstructed patients with breast cancer sequelae in the period from May 2023 to May 2024 were included. Based on the review of the literature and the experience of our center, a proposal for a breast reconstruction algorithm was formulated to standardize the ideal surgical treatment according to the case. Results: 119 patients were reconstructed using the algorithm to decide the ideal surgical management. Breast reconstruction was performed in 3 stages: the first stage [1st BRS] (119 patients) consisted of a tissue expander, breast implant ± acellular dermal matrix or autologous pedicled flaps after the mastectomy; in the 2nd BRS (68 patients) the expander was replaced with an implant with or without contralateral symmetrization; and finally in the 3rd BRS (18 patients), the reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex ± neurotization, autologous fat transfer and scar remodeling was performed. Conclusions: The algorithm proposed in this paper provides a guide for making decisions about ideal surgical management according to the clinical characteristics of each subgroup of patients to be reconstructed, improving results by making them reliable and predictable, which positively impacts patient's quality of life.

Trends in Injectable Biomaterials for Vocal Fold Regeneration and Long-Term Augmentation.

Human vocal folds (VF), a pair of small, soft tissues in the larynx, have a layered mucosal structure with unique mechanical strength to support high-level tissue deformation by phonation. Severe pathological changes to VF have causes including surgery, trauma, age-related atrophy, and radiation, and lead to partial or complete communication loss and difficulty in breathing and swallowing. VF glottal insufficiency requires injectable VF biomaterials such as hyaluronan, calcium hydroxyapatite, and autologous fat to augment VF functions. Although these biomaterials provide an effective short-term solution, significant variations in patient response and requirements of repeat reinjection remain notable challenges in clinical practice. Tissue engineering strategies have been actively explored in the search of an injectable biomaterial that possesses the capacity to match native tissue's material properties while promoting permanent tissue regeneration. This review aims to assess the current status of biomaterial development in VF tissue engineering. The focus will be on examining state-of-the-art techniques including modification with bioactive molecules, cell encapsulation, composite materials, as well as, in situ crosslinking with click chemistry. We will discuss potential opportunities that can further leverage these engineering techniques in the advancement of VF injectable biomaterials.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Breast Augmentation: Surgical Techniques, Outcomes and Future Directions.

Breast augmentation remains a highly sought-after cosmetic surgery, with various techniques available to enhance breast size using implants or fat transfer. This systematic review, spanning studies from 2003 to 2024 and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, evaluates the outcomes of different surgical approaches concerning scar quality, postoperative pain, patient satisfaction, and complications. The periareolar technique emerges as a favorable option, offering minimal postoperative pain, high patient satisfaction, and precise surgical control with subtle scarring. Transumbilical breast augmentation (TUBA) is noted for its scar-free approach, resulting in low pain and high satisfaction, though it requires specialized training and cannot use prefilled implants. The review highlights the varying complication rates across techniques: modern silicone implants, while safer than earlier injectable materials, still face risks such as rupture and capsular contracture. Autologous fat grafting is generally safer but can lead to issues like erythema and abscesses. The use of effective acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is linked to higher rates of seroma and infection compared to non-ADM procedures, although sterile human ADM shows a lower risk profile. The study underscores the importance of personalized surgical planning to optimize outcomes, as each technique offers distinct benefits and challenges. The findings suggest that future research should aim to refine these techniques and address their associated complications to further enhance patient satisfaction and surgical outcomes in breast augmentation.

The Landscape of Research on Autologous Fat Grafting for Breast Reconstruction

The Landscape of Research on Autologous Fat Grafting for Breast Reconstruction

Improving the Retention Rate of Fat Grafting by Botulinum Toxin A: A Randomized, Self-controlled, Clinical Trial.

Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) can enhance the efficacy of fat grafting. However, most studies conducted animal experiments, lacked objective clinical data, or were non-randomized controlled trials. Thus, objective evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of BTX-A is still elusive. A randomized, self-controlled trial (2020-2022) on 16 patients who underwent bilateral autogenous fat breast augmentation was performed with each patient receiving autologous fat graft and BTX-A on one side and fat graft and equal volume of saline on the other side. All patients were followed. The effects of BTX-A were evaluated objectively by comparing the remaining bilateral fat graft volumes obtained through digital three-dimensional reconstruction. The improvement of each breast appearance and complication were assessed by the physician and patients who were blinded to the treatment. The outcome of fat breast augmentation was evident for both sides at follow-up with no evidence of fat embolism, vascular/nervous injury, infection, and prolonged bruising. The analysis of the three-dimensional reconstruction data and assessments from both physicians and patients showed significant differences in the fat graft retention volume between the BTX-A side and the control side. No significant difference was found in the incidence of complications between the two sides. Autogenous fat breast augmentation is safe and effective. This study shows that BTX-A can significantly improve the retention rate of fat transplantation, but cannot reduce complications. Trial registration This study was registered prior to patient enrollment (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:ChiCTR2100054878). This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Role of Matrix Stiffness And Viscosity on Lipid Phenotype And Fat Lineage Potential.

Autologous fat transfer is a common procedure that patients undergo to rejuvenate large soft tissue defects. However, these surgeries are complicated by limited tissue sources, donor-site morbidity, and necrosis. While the biofabrication of fat tissue can serve as a clinical option for reconstructive surgery, the influence of matrix mechanics, specifically stiffness and viscosity, on adipogenesis requires further elucidation. Additionally, the effects of these mechanical parameters on metabolic and thermogenic fat potential haveyet to be investigated. In this study, gelatinmethacryloyl (GelMA) polymers with varying degrees of methacrylation (DoM) were fabricated to create matrices with different stiffnesses and viscosities. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were then encapsulated in mechanically tunable GelMA and underwent adipogenesis to investigate the effects of matrix mechanics on lipid phenotype and fat potential. Mechanical testing confirmed that GelMA stiffness was regulated by DoM and weight composition, whereas viscosity was determined by the latter. Further work revealed that while lipid phenotype became more enriched as matrix stiffness and viscosity declined, the potential toward metabolic and thermogenic fat appeared to be more viscous dependent rather than stiffness dependent. In addition, fatty acid binding protein 4 and uncoupling protein 1 gene expression exhibited viscous-dependent behavior despite comparable levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. However, despite the superior role of viscosity, lipid quantity and mitochondrial abundance demonstrated stiffness-dependent behavior. Overall, this work revealed that matrix viscosity played a more superior role than stiffness in driving adipogenesis and distinguishing between metabolic and thermogenic fat potential. Ultimately, this differentiation in fat production is important for engineering ideal adipose tissue for large soft tissue defects.

SP6.6 - Examining the Immunomodulatory Effects of Fibrosis Induced by Radiation Using Adipose-derived Stem Cells

Abstract Background and Introduction Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a complication of radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer. RIF is characterised by the formation of fibrous tissue and is associated with significant morbidity. Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a promising approach for treating RIF, and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) have been identified as key contributors to this therapeutic effect. Method The experimental group included subjecting human-derived fibroblasts (iHDF) to radiation, whereas the control group remained radiation-free. Both groups were then treated with ADSC-controlled medium and co-cultured with ADSC. The amounts of important immunomodulators produced by iHDF cells were then collected and evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Co-cultured iHDF samples demonstrated a slight reduction in CCL2 concentrations compared to untreated iHDF samples (p = 0.0006). The iHDF co-culture samples exhibit a marginal elevation in CCL3 levels compared to the untreated iHDF samples (p = 0.0247). The co-culture samples of iHDF demonstrate a substantial and measurable elevation in IL-8 levels compared to the untreated iHDF samples (p = 0.027). The expression of Col1A1 is decreased in iHDF samples in comparison to control groups. Discussion CCL2 is implicated in the recruitment of ADSCs to specific locations. The elevated production of IL-8 in ADSC samples is associated with the pro-angiogenic characteristics of ADSC secretions, which promote healing in fibrotic tissue. Conclusion ADSCs were shown to possess anti-fibrotic properties via stimulating pro-angiogenic factors. However, experimental data indicates a concomitant elevation in pro-inflammatory factors. Further research is needed to explore the in-vivo effects of ADSC.