Autoimmune Thyroiditis Research Articles

Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Placenta Abruption: A Dangerous Relationship During Pregnancy

This case report explores the intricate link between subclinical hypothyroidism and placenta abruption during pregnancy, emphasising the potential risks and clinical implications, through a detailed case study of a 28-year-old woman with a history of hyperthyroidism, non-compliance, and subsequent subclinical hypothyroidism, causing placenta abruption leading to intrauterine death. The report highlights the challenges in managing thyroid disorders during pregnancy. Limited Malaysian data on this association prompts a broader discussion of international findings, suggesting a correlation between subclinical hypothyroidism and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study delves into potential mechanisms, including thyroid hormone impact on placental vascular function and the complexity added by autoimmune thyroiditis. Personalised treatments, thyroid function monitoring, and comprehensive antenatal care are emphasised for optimal pregnancy outcomes. This case underscores the need for increased awareness, proactive management, and preconception counselling to safeguard maternal and foetal well-being.

Relationship of TSH and FT3 Levels to The Incidence of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in Autoimmune Patients

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is portrayed by the presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Pathogenetic systems, a few cytokine networks have been recognized to be engaged with thyroid cells in a progression of proinflammatory impacts, like the statement of provocative parts, and a progression of imperfections in administrative Lymphocytes that control the deficiency of resistance to thyroid autoantigens, subsequently assuming an immediate part in the autoimmune cycle causing a few diligent side effects. The point of this review was to assess the connection between 36 autoimmune patients matured 14 to 52 years with responsive ANA test results. Then, Thyroid-Animate Hormone (TSH) and free Triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were analyzed utilizing the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The consequences of the review showed that the quantity of ladies was more prominent than men, 32 individuals (88.9%) and 10 individuals matured between 20-25 years. The typical TSH level was 9.65uIU/mL and the free T3 level was 1.64pg/ml. The consequences of the Spearman connection test among TSH and free T3 levels got a worth of p = 0.029 (p<0.05), implying that the connection between TSH levels and the free T3 test had an adequate relationship of - 0.364 (0.260-0.500), however was negative and not in a similar heading, so that when the levels TSH expands, fT3 levels will diminish. All in all, in autoimmune sufferers essential hypothyroidism happens, when the thyroid organ creates low Free T3, causing the deficiency of negative criticism restraint on the front pituitary, bringing about expanded creation of the TSH hormone which causes Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Immunodysregulation in immunodeficiency.

The primary immunodeficiency diseases are often accompanied by autoimmunity, autoinflammatory, or aberrant lymphoproliferation. The paradoxical nature of this association can be explained by the multiple cells and molecules involved in immune networks that interact with each other in synergistic, redundant, antagonistic, and parallel arrangements. Because progressively more immunodeficiencies are found to have a genetic etiology, in many cases, a monogenic pathology, an understanding of why immunodeficiency is really an immune dysfunction becomes evident. Understanding the role of specific genes allows us to better understand the complete nature of the inborn error of immunity (IEI); the latter is a term generally used when a clear genetic etiology can be discerned. Autoimmune cytopenias, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune liver diseases as well as lymphomas and cancers frequently accompany primary immunodeficiencies, and it is important that the practitioner be aware of this association and to expect that this is more common than not. The treatment of autoimmune or immunodysregulation in primary immunodeficiencies often involves further immunosuppression, which places the patient at even greater risk of infection. Mitigating measures to prevent such an infection should be considered as part of the treatment regimen. Treatment of immunodysregulation should be mechanism based, as much as we understand the pathways that lead to the dysfunction. Focusing on abnormalities in specific cells or molecules, e.g., cytokines, will become increasingly used to provide a targeted approach to therapy, a prelude to the success of personalized medicine in the treatment of IEIs.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome: Clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects: a Moroccan case series

Plummer Vinson syndrome (PVS) is a rare entity characterized mainly by upper dysphagia, irondeficiency anemia, and the presence of an esophageal ring on endoscopic examination. We conducted a retrospective study over a period of 18 years describing the epidemiological and clinical profile, endoscopic management and the medium and long-term evolution. A total of 96 patients were enrolled, with a median age of 41,5 years and a clear female predominance (19/77). dysphagia was present in almost all our patients (97,9%), and an anemic syndrome in half the cases (52%). Female gender was significantly associated with PVS occurrence (p=0.002). The frequency of the disease was significantly higher after the age of 30 years with a peak in frequency in the 4th decade (p<0.034). Upper endoscopy found a membranous ring located in the cervical area in all cases. 1 patient had, in addition to the plummer vinson ring, a lower esophageal membranous called Schatzki ring with a small sliding hiatal hernia. PVS was associated with other autoimmune diseases mostly represented by celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. Treatment was based on iron supplementation followed by endoscopic dilatation with Savary dilators in 91,6% (n=88) and balloons for 8,3% of cases (n=8). long-term outcome was favorable in 79.1% of patients with no clinical recurrence. 20,8% patients relapsed after a median of 29,2 months [2-72 months] requiring a second dilation. PVS was complicated by squamous cell carcinoma in 5,2% (n=5).

Hypothyroïdie : diagnostic et suivi chez l’adulte

AbstractHypothyroïdism is a deficiency of thyroid hormones with variable clinical manifestations, sometimes with a goiter that may require an ultrasound scanning. It results mainly from primary thyroid dysfunction secondary to autoimmune or drug-induced thyroiditis, and sometimes to iodine deficiency. Less frequently, hypothyroidism can be central in the context of pituitary insufficiency. Bio­logical diagnosis of peripheral hypothyroidism is based on an elevated serum TSH (norms: 0.4-4 mIU/L excluding pregnancy and the elderly). A TSH of between 4-10 mIU/L will be checked at six weeks. To any TSH above 10 mIU/L or any TSH confirmed between 4-10 mIU/L, fT4 assay allows the distinction between proven hypothyroidism (decreased fT4) and sub-clinical hypothyroidism (normal T4L). The etiological diagnosis relies on anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (ATPO) assay completed by anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (ATG) assay if negative, and 24-hours ioduria if necessary. L-thyroxine supplementation is systematic only in cases of proven hypothyroidism and assessed by monitoring the TSH at six weeks, then spacing the monitoring as soon as the TSH has stabilized. In all the other situations, a simple control of TSH assay is recommended at one year. A T4L dosage will be added in case of unstable TSH.

Thyroid antibody positivity is associated with impaired fertility, altered placental morphology, and reduced male fetal survival in a rodent model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Thyroid antibody positivity is associated with impaired fertility, altered placental morphology, and reduced male fetal survival in a rodent model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Alterations in gut microbiome in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation

Alterations in gut microbiome in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation

Maternal autoimmune disease and offspring risk of haematological malignancies: a case–control study

Autoimmune diseases are known to be associated with an increased risk of cancer. Whether maternal immune dysregulation can have an impact on the development of haematological malignancies in offspring remains uncertain. Therefore, we explored the association between offspring risk of haematological malignancies and maternal autoimmune disease using a real-world nationwide population-based study. In this case-control study, we identified 2172 children with haematological malignancies between 2004 and 2019 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance program and compared them with population-based controls without haematologic malignancies, who were matched with each individual at a ratio of 1:4. The medical information of the autoimmune mothers were obtained from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for haematologic malignancy in offspring. Furthermore, subgroup and stratified analyses were conducted. Among the rheumatologic diseases in our study, Crohn's disease was the most common disease both in the haematological malignancy group (1.1%) and the control group (0.9%). In multivariable analysis, the odds ratio for haematological malignancy in offspring with maternal autoimmune diseases was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.58). The overall risk of haematologic malignancy was not significantly higher when adjusted for specific risk factors, including neonatal age, maternal age, family income, urbanization, maternal occupation, birth weight, or maternal comorbidity, except for prematurity. When comparing different autoimmune diseases among haematological malignancies and the control group, maternal psoriatic arthritis/psoriasis had the highest adjusted overall risk for haematological malignancies (adjusted OR 2.11, CI 0.89-5), followed by ankylosing spondylitis (adjusted OR 1.45, CI 0.7-3), autoimmune thyroiditis (OR 1.26, CI 0.57-2.81), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 1.21, CI 0.48-3.02), Crohn's disease (OR 1.19, CI 0.75-1.9), and Sjogren's syndrome (OR 1.18, CI 0.65-2.15), but no significance was reached in these analyses. Multivariable analysis of risk factors associated with haematological malignancy subtypes was done. It showed no associations between maternal autoimmune disease and childhood haematological malignancies. We found no significant relationship between maternal autoimmune disease and childhood haematological malignancies. The influence of maternal immune dysregulation on the next generation with respect to haematological malignancies development may be limited. There was no funding source for this study.

Calcium-Phosphorus Metabolism in Females with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism

Thyroid dysfunction is frequently associated with disturbances of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Previous studies on bone and mineral metabolism in women with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and hypothyroidism have conflicting results. The aim of the present work was to study the parameters of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in women with newly diagnosed autoimmune hypothyroidism and to compare them with those of the control group of healthy women. The study included 64 women with newly diagnosed autoimmune hypothyroidism. A comparison was made with the data of 75 age-, BMI- and menopausal state-matched healthy women. FT3, FT4, TSH, TPO-Ab, TG-Ab, total and ionized serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25(OH) vitamin D were studied. Total and ionized calcium were lower in hypothyroid women in the absence of statistically significant difference compared to the controls. Intergroup analysis revealed no differences in serum phosphorus and 25(OH)D levels. Serum magnesium and PTH were significantly higher in hypothyroid group. These results coincide with some of the studies that examine the parameters of bone and mineral metabolism in hypothyroidism. Bone turnover is suppressed due to impaired mobilization of calcium from the bone, leading to decreased serum calcium levels and elevated PTH. We found a significant effect of thyroid hormones on magnesium homeostasis. The study did not find differences in vitamin D status between the groups. The observed inverse correlation between 25(OH)D and TgAb supports the concept of pathogenic relationship between vitamin D and the development of AIT.

Evaluation of thyroid hormones in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background and objective: Increased blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and lack of insulin are a hallmark of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is a chronic autoimmune illness results from the destruction of pancreatic beta –cells. The most common causes of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are autoimmune diseases Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, respectively. Because type 1 diabetes includes autoimmunity as a pathophysiological trigger, it is not uncommon to investigate patients with both diabetes and thyroid problems. The aim of the study is to evaluate serum thyroid hormones in patients with type1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In this study 104 participants were included, 52 patients with type1 diabetes, and 52 healthy individuals. Blood samples were taken, and serum thyroid hormones levels were measured and the results of cases and controls were analyzed and compared using SPSS program. Results: It was found that the levels of T4 among non- diabetic participants were higher than those of diabetic patients. (P <0.001). There is a negative correlation between BMI and fasting blood glucose in T1 diabetic patients according to regression test it has been shown that any increase in the FBG leads to decrease in the BMI. Conclusion: The present study shows that type 1 diabetes mellitus may affect thyroid gland and thyroid hormone levels, that may result in thyroid dysfunction.

CORRELATION OF BODY MASS INDEX, AGE, IMMUNO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE THYROID PANEL WITH INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDERS AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION

The purpose of the study – to find out the correlations between the intestinal microbiotaand age, anthropometric indicators according to body mass index, immuno- biochemicalindicators of the thyroid panel in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders andthyroid dysfunction.Material and methods. The study included 89 patients with carbohydrate metabolismdisorders (type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, obesity) and thyroid dysfunction(autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease). Anthropometric indicators of height and weight; laboratory determination of immuno- biochemical parametersof carbohydrate metabolism and thyroid hormone were determined. To analyze thecomposition of the intestinal microbiota, fecal samples were taken and the quantitativeand qualitative composition was calculated using the principle of PCR sequencing.Statistical methods of comparison and correlation of variables were used.Results. In patients, several significant correlations were found between the gutmicrobiota and the parameters studied. A negative correlation was found between bodymass index and Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli and a positive correlationbetween body mass index and some opportunistic pathogens. Thus, with Shigella spp.and Staphylococcus aureus, there is a direct weak reliable relationship, while an inversereliable relationship with Helicobacter pylory. Interesting correlations were foundwith a tendency to confidence with Salmonella spp. and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicrondirect weak and a tendency to a plausible feedback between BMI and Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii and Candida spp. Bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes were inverselycorrelated with fT3 levels. Representatives of the phylum Bacteroidetes found a directcorrelation with fT3, TgAb. Clostridium perfringens was directly correlated with levelsof fT3, fT4, TRAb, TgAb, and Fusobacterium nucleatum was directly correlated withTPOAb. Interestingly, Candida spp. showed an inverse correlation with TPOAb, whileamong this genus of fungi, only Candida krusei was characterized by the appearanceof a correlation as a direct relationship with TRAb. Helicobacter pylory was directlycorrelated with TRAb and TgAb.Conclusions. 1. There are direct and inverse correlations between individualrepresentatives of the intestinal microbiota and body mass index. 2. Establishedcorrelations between individual representatives of the intestinal microbiome and thelevel of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies indicate the ability of the microbiometo influence the functional state of the thyroid gland through the mediation of the immunesystem.

Association of thyroid autoantibodies with aggressive characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer: a case-control study

PurposeAlthough the potential association between autoimmune thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been acknowledged, whether the clinicopathological features of PTC will be affected by thyroid autoantibodies remains unknown.Patients and methodsWe conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of thyroid autoantibodies with clinicopathological characteristics of PTC in 15,305 patients (including 11,465 females and 3,840 males) from 3 medical centers in the central province of China. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were performed to analyze the association of thyroid autoantibodies with clinicopathological features of PTC.ResultsIn total, out of the 15,305 patients enrolled in this study, 10,087 (65.9%) had negative thyroid autoantibodies, while 5,218(34.1%) tested positive thyroid autoantibodies. Among these individuals, 1,530(10.0%) showed positivity for TPOAb only, 1,247(8.2%) for TGAb only and a further 2,441(15.9%) exhibited dual positivity for both TPOAb and TGAb combined. Thyroid autoantibodies level demonstrated significant correlations with certain aggressive features in PTC. Specifically, TGAb level displayed a direct correlation to an increased likelihood of multifocality, bilateral tumor, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, as well as more than five affected lymph nodes. However, TPOAb level exhibited an inverse association with the risk associated with extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and more than five affected lymph nodes.ConclusionElevated level of TGAb were positively correlated with the risk of aggressive features in PTC, while high level of TPOAb were inversely associated with the risk of extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis.

MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF POLARIZATION MAPS OF ELLIPTICITY OF MICROSCOPIC IMAGES OF BLOOD SMEARS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID GLAND PATHOLOGY

Among the numerous biomedical diagnostic applications of the soft matter structure,Mueller- matrix polarimetry of the optical anisotropy of biological tissues occupies animportant place. Various Mueller- matrix polarimetry systems have been developed toimplement the diagnostic tasks.The aim of the study – to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of themultifractal processing method of polarization ellipticity maps of digital microscopicimages of supramolecular protein networks of polycrystalline blood smears in orderto determine new objective criteria (markers) of digital laser histological differentialdiagnosis of the thyroid gland pathology.Material and methods. Four observation groups were formed: 1. Control group – healthydonors (51 people). 2. Patients with nodular goiter (51 patients). 3. Patients with autoimmunethyroiditis (51 patients). 4. Patients with papillary cancer (51 patients). A comparative analysisof the effectiveness of the statistical and multifractal processing methods of polarizationellipticity maps of digital microscopic images of supramolecular protein networks ofpolycrystalline blood smears was carried out in order to determine new objective criteria(markers) of digital laser histological differential diagnosis of the thyroid pathology. Results. A comprehensive statistical and multifractal analysis of polarization ellipticitymaps of experimental blood samples of donors and patients with nodular goiter,autoimmune thyroiditis, and papillary cancer was performed. Objective statistical andmultifractal markers for differential diagnosis of the thyroid gland pathology weredetermined. An excellent level (~96 %-98 %) of the balanced accuracy of the multifractalanalysis method of polarization maps of blood for minimally invasive differentiation ofpathological conditions has been demonstrated.Conclusions. 1. The most optimal statistical markers of the method of mapping ellipticitymaps of polarization of digital microscopic images of blood smears were found to bethe most optimal, and a good diagnostic capacity of diagnosis (~87.3 %-88.3 %) anda satisfactory level (~78.4 %-81.4 %) of differentiation of thyroid pathology wereestablished. 2. Multifractal markers of the mapping ellipticity maps method of polarizationof digital microscopic images of blood smears were found to be the most optimal and anexcellent level (~96 %-98 %) of the balanced accuracy of differential diagnosis of thethyroid gland pathologies was established.

A national randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial of LT4/lT3 combination therapy in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism: T3-4-hypo trial

A national randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial of LT4/lT3 combination therapy in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism: T3-4-hypo trial

Identification of a stat3 mutation, P.THR716MET in two cases of very early-onset autoimmune hypothyroidism

Identification of a stat3 mutation, P.THR716MET in two cases of very early-onset autoimmune hypothyroidism

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and onset of graves' hyperthyroidism followed by seroconversion to autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case report

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and onset of graves' hyperthyroidism followed by seroconversion to autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case report

Autoimmune hypothyroidism incidence in a large population-based study in northeastern italy

Autoimmune hypothyroidism incidence in a large population-based study in northeastern italy

A comorbidity of ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, takayasu’s arteritis and silent thyroiditis: an extensive Case-based review

Introduction and Importance: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition characterized by continuous inflammation of the rectum and colon. Its clinical complications extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract to involve multiple systems, including musculoskeletal, hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, and ocular manifestations. Takayasu arteritis and ankylosing spondylitis are two autoimmune inflammatory disorders that have previously been reported as coexisting conditions associated with ulcerative colitis. is an autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the thyroid gland causing the release of thyroid hormones and is considered a variant form of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Case presentation: We report a case of a 32-year-old Caucasian man with a 3-year history of ulcerative colitis who presented to our clinic in 2015, complaining of chronic lower back pain that alleviates with exercise but does not relieve with rest. Based on our physical exam findings and lab results, ankylosing spondylitis was diagnosed using Assessment of Spondylarthritis International Society and New York criteria. Computerized tomography angiography was performed and demonstrated stenosis in multiple arteries. These findings satisfied the American College of Rheumatology criteria for Takayasu’s disease. After the Infliximab was started, the patient had significant symptomatic improvement. Clinical Discussion: The use of biological therapy plays a key role in the treatment of many autoimmune illnesses. Our patient was considered resistant and nonresponsive to treatment; thus, biological therapy was indicated, and infliximab was administered, resulting in a significant clinical improvement and remission of all illnesses. Conclusion: We aim to report a rare coexistence of Ulcerative Colitis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Takayasu’s Arteritis and Silent Thyroiditis. And we believe this can aid in diagnosing and management of rare diseases.

Genetically predicted circulating concentrations of micronutrients and risk of autoimmune thyroiditis: a Mendelian randomized study.

Micronutrients play pivotal roles in modulating various aspects of the immune response. However, the existing literature on the association between micronutrients and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) remains limited and contentious. To address this gap, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate potential links between genetically predicted concentrations of six micronutrients (Copper (Cu), Iron (Ir), Calcium (Ca), Vitamin D (VD), Vitamin C (VC), Zinc (Zn)) and the risk of AIT. Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European descent, we employed MR methodologies to elucidate the interplay between micronutrients and AIT. Three distinct MR techniques were employed: Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, and Weighted Median Estimator (WME). Additionally, we evaluated outcome heterogeneity using Cochran's Q statistic and assessed pleiotropy using the MR-Egger intercept. IVW analysis revealed no substantial evidence supporting a significant impact of genetically predicted micronutrient concentrations on AIT risk (Cu: OR = 0.918, P = 0.875; Ir: OR = 0.653, P = 0.264; Ca: OR = 0.964, P = 0.906; VD: OR = 0.717, P = 0.378; VC: OR = 0.986, P = 0.875; Zn: OR = 0.789, P = 0.539). Cochran's Q test for IVW indicated no notable heterogeneity. Moreover, the MR-Egger intercept method suggested the presence of horizontal pleiotropy between serum VC levels and AIT (MR-Egger intercept = -0.037, p = 0.026), while no such pleiotropy was observed for other micronutrients. Our MR analysis does not support a causal relationship between genetically predicted concentrations of six micronutrients (Cu, Ir, Ca, VD, VC, and Zn) and the risk of AIT.

Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Fine Particulate Matter and the Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders: A National Cross-Sectional Study in China.

Background: Exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women and neonates, but it is not known if this association occurs in the general population. We aimed to determine the association of prolonged exposure to PM2.5 with the prevalence of thyroid disorders among adults in China. Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional study of thyroid disorders, iodine status, and diabetes status was carried out in all 31 provinces across China from 2015 to 2017. In total, 73,900 adults aged 18 years and older were included. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, thyrotropin, and thyroid antibodies and the urine iodine concentration were measured. The environmental concentration of PM2.5 for each participant's residential address at a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km was estimated. Results: The average long-term exposure to PM2.5 at residential addresses was 66.41 μg/m3, ranging from 17.58 μg/m3 to 120.40 μg/m3. Compared with that of individuals with lower exposure levels, the prevalence of thyroid diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis and subclinical hypothyroidism was greater in those with PM2.5 concentrations within the third quartile range (60.18 to 73.78 μg/m3). Compared with those in the first quartile (17.58 to 46.38 μg/m3), participants in the highest PM2.5 quartile (73.78 to 120.40 μg/m3) presented an increased risk of overt hypothyroidism (OR 1.23 [CI 0.94-1.61]), subclinical hypothyroidism (1.10 [1.01-1.21]), autoimmune thyroiditis (1.09 [1.00-1.18]), and thyroglobulin antibody positivity (1.17 [1.07-1.29]). However, there was no association between PM2.5 exposure and overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, or thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity (p > 0.05). Each 10 μg/m³ increase in the PM2.5 concentration was associated with an increased risk of overt hypothyroidism (OR 1.05 [1.00-1.11]), subclinical hypothyroidism (1.02 [1.00-1.03]), and thyroglobulin antibody positivity (1.02 [1.00-1.04]). Furthermore, a nearly linear exposure-response relationship was observed between long-term PM2.5 exposure and thyroglobulin antibody positivity. Conclusions: PM2.5 exposure was associated with thyroid disorders among Chinese adults. A dose-response relationship between PM2.5 exposure and autoimmune thyroiditis, as well as thyroglobulin antibody positivity, was also observed.