Autocorrelation Test Research Articles

The Link between Capital Adequacy and Financial Stability: Evidence from Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Kenya

In Kenya, financial stability of Deposit Taking (DT) Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) as evident in non-performing loans of DT SACCOS has been an issue of concern over the past few years due to evidence indication fluctuating trends. Consequently, should this continue then this sector’s contribution to financial intermediation through provision of financial services will be negatively affected. Though DT SACCOs have sought to enhance their capital adequacy, its effect on enhancement of financial stability remains an issue for further empirical investigation. In view this, the study sought to investigate the effect of capital adequacy on financial stability of DT SACCOS in Kenya. The study was anchored on agency theory. Positivist research philosophy was adopted in this study. The study adopted explanatory research design. The target population for the study comprised 160 DT SACCOs which were fully operational in the period. A census approach was used for the study. This study utilized quantitative secondary data which was obtained from the society’s financial statements and supervision reports from the savings and credit cooperatives regulatory authority. The study utilized annual panel data for the period of 2017 to 2021. Multicollinearity test, normality tests, autocorrelation test, homoscedasticity, stationarity test and model specification test were carried out prior to panel data analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis and panel regression analysis. STATA software was used for the analysis. Ethical standards and regulations were adhered to accordingly. The regression results revealed that capital adequacy had a significant negative effect on NPLs (β=-0.3249614, p-value=0.000<0.05). In view of the findings, the study recommends that regulatory authorities in Kenya should take a proactive response in establishing and enforcing robust capital adequacy standards for DT SACCOs. In addition, higher levels of capital adequacy and improved management efficiency are associated with reduced NPLs ratio among DT SACCOs in Kenya, hence improved financial stability. Keywords: Capital Adequacy, Financial Stability, Deposit Taking, Savings and Credit, Co-Operative Societies

Pengaruh Likuiditas, Profitabilitas, Solvabilitas Terhadap Harga Saham Perusahaan Otomotif Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Tahun 2016 - 2020

The automotive industry has looked quiet in recent years, this industry is not as busy as other sectors such as the property sector, mining or the financial sector. The aim of this research is to find out and analyze or provide empirical evidence regarding liquidity, profitability and solvency on automotive company share prices. Data collection in this research uses documentation techniques to obtain data. The data in this research comes from the IDX regarding company financial reports taken in 2016 - 2021. The data collection method is the classic assumption test. Prerequisite tests or classic assumptions (normality test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test), model test (ANOVA), hypothesis test (multiple linear regression analysis, partial test). Based on the results of the liquidity projection t test with a significant Current Ratio (CR) of 0.028, which means it is smaller than the normal value of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is an influence on share prices. For profitability, the projected Earning Per Share (EPR) is significant at 0.823, which means it is greater than 0.05, so it can be concluded that profitability has no significant effect on share prices. For solvency, the projected Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) has a significance of 0.032, which means it is smaller than 0.05, so it can be concluded that solvency has an effect on share prices.

Pengaruh LDR Dan DER Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Perbankan Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Pada Tahun 2017-2022

This study aims to examine the effect of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) on Return on Asset (ROA) or Bank Profitability. This study uses time series data from financial reports and annual reports of banking companies listed on the IDX. After passing the purpose sampling stage, the appropriate sample used was 10 banking companies listed on the IDX. Data analysis is carried out quantitatively by conducting classical assumption tests which include normality tests, multicollinearity tests and heteroscedasticity tests. This study also uses multiple regression and hypothesis testing. The results showed that the research data were normally distributed, based on the normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test, there were no classical assumption deviations found. This indicates that the available data has met the requirements for using multiple linear regression models. The f test results show that the LDR and DER variables simultaneously have an significant effect on ROA. The t test results show that the LDR variable no effect on ROA. DER variable has a negative and significant effect on ROA.

Pengaruh Pemahaman Pencatatan Akuntansi Dan Kesiapan Modal Terhadap Efesiensi Pendapatan Usaha Sembako

To determine the influence of understanding accounting and capital readiness on the efficiency of basic food business income. Quantitative is a research method that uses data in the form of numbers and the collected data is analyzed using statistical formulas. The population that will be used in this research is MSME actors, especially basic food businesses registered with the Bayung Lencir District Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises Service, totaling 100 MSME business actors. The classical assumption test is a prerequisite for multiple regression analysis, this test must be influenced so that the estimates of parameters and regression coefficients are not biased. In testing this class of assumptions, namely the normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test. Partially, accounting records have a more dominant influence than capital readiness in increasing income efficiency. This shows that understanding accounting records is very influential in increasing revenue efficiency and business sustainability, because by understanding accounting records, business actors can manage business finances and make decisions about managing their business easily.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik pada Sekolah Penggerak (Mata Pelajaran Ekonomi).

Differentiated and innovative learning is one of the challenges for sekolah penggerak to held in the learning processsaccording to the curriculum of Merdeka. This study aims to determine the effect of the Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) learning model on student's learning outcomes in market balance material. The classical assumption test technique is applied to the data and then analyzed using simple regression. The results of this study show that the Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) learning model has a significant effect on improving student's learning outcomes based on the normality test, multicollinearityytest, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test, and linearity test.

Identifying the Role of Book Tax Gap, Executive Character, and Foreign Ownership on Tax Avoidance in Manufacturing Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021

: This study aims to determine the effect of the book tax gap, executive character and foreign ownership on tax avoidance. The method of determining the sample using purposive sampling method with a population of 39 companies and 5 (five) years of observation. The type of research used is verification using explanatory survey methods. Data were tested using Eviews 8, statistical methods for testing data quality using descriptive statistics, classic assumption test with normality test, heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test and autocorrelation test then panel data regression test and hypothesis testing using t test, f test and coefficient of determination test. The results showed that the book tax gap variable and foreign ownership variable had a significant effect on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, the executive character variable has no significant effect on tax avoidance. Partial test results state that the variable book tax gap, executive character and foreign ownership simultaneously affect tax avoidance.

Pengaruh Biaya Produksi dan Biaya Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih

In the business world, effective and efficient cost management is the key to optimizing company profits. The aim of this research is to examine the effect of production and operational expenditure on profit levels at PT Bakrie Metal Industries. The sample in this research refers to the production planning budget report. The method used is a descriptive quantitative research approach, with data obtained through the process of collecting information from production budget planning reports from 2020 to 2022 at PT. Bakrie Metal Industries, a company specializing in the production of corrugated metal products and fabrication projects. The research subject involves production costs, operational costs and net profit from the period 2020 to 2022. Data analysis was carried out through a number of techniques, including normality tests, heteroscedasticity tests, multicollinearity, autocorrelation test, correlation test, multiple linear regression test, coefficient of determination test, as well as t test and F test. The analysis process uses SPSS version 22 software. The results of this research indicate that production costs have an insignificant influence on net profit, while operational costs show a significant influence on net profit. Furthermore, it was found that both production costs and operational costs had a significant impact on the level of profitability at PT Bakrie Metal Industries.

Analisis Iklan Sosial Media Tiktok, Brand Image dan Kepuasan Konsumen terhadap Minat Beli Produk COSRX

This research aims to determine the influence of the Tiktok Social Media Advertising Variables, Brand Image, Cunsumer Satisfaction on Interst in Buying COSRX Products. The method used ini descriptive qunatitative research, sampling in this study used Random Sampling with a sample size of 100 respondents. Data collection uses questionnaires. The tests in this research carried out Validity test, Rehabilitation Test, Normality Test, Linearity Test, Multicollinearity Test, Autocorrelation Test, Heteroscedasticity Test, Multiple Linear Regression Test,T Test, F Test, Determination Coefficient Test (R2). The research results of Tiktok Social Media Advertising have no and significant influence on Purchase Interest, Brand Image have no and significant influence on Purchase Interest, Cusumer Satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on Purchase Interest.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Pertumbuhan Aset Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

This research aims to examine the influence of Profitability, Leverage, Company Size, and Asset Growth as independent variables on Company Value as the dependent variable. Profitability is measured by Return On Assets, Leverage is measured by Debt Ratio, company size is measured by Ln total assets, asset growth is measured by asset growth, and company value is measured by Price to Book Value. This research is quantitative research. The sample in this research was obtained using a purposive sampling method, namely selecting samples using predetermined criteria. Based on the purposive sampling method with predetermined criteria, 105 samples were obtained from 21 property and real estate sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The analytical method used is descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption tests which include normality tests, multicollinearity tests, autocorrelation tests, heteroscedasticity tests, as well as multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing used is the coefficient of determination test (R square), F-test and test. -t which was processed using the SPSS version 26 program. The research results show that profitability has a positive and significant effect on company value, leverage has no significant effect on company value, company size has a positive and significant effect on company value, asset growth has no significant effect on company value.

The Influence Of Company Value On Share Price In Automotive Companies Listed On The Indonesian Stock Exchange

This study aims to determineThe Influence of Company Value on Share Prices in Automotive Companies Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. In this research, the method used is a quantitative method with classic assumption tests involving normality tests, auto correlation tests and heteroscedasticity tests. This research uses simple regression analysis with hypothesis testing consisting of a partial significant test (t statistical test) and the coefficient of determination (R-Square). The population in this study consisted of 12 companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The research sample selected based on criteria was 12 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2020-2022 so that the data used was 36 companies' financial reports. The technique used to collect data in this research is the documentation method using secondary data sources (financial reports) according to the research period. Based on the results of data research using statistical calculations through the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 29 application regarding the influence of company value on share prices in automotive companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange which was discussed in the previous chapter, the author draws the conclusion thatCompany value has a positive and significant influence on share prices in the automotive sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

The Influence Of Financial Literacy Levels On Financial Management Among Housewives In Balangdatu, Tanakeke Islands District, Takalar Regency

This research aims to determine the influence of the level of financial literacy on financial management among housewives. The method used in this research is quantitative. This research used 108 respondents with data collection techniques using the Solvin technique. The independent variable in this research is financial literacy, while the dependent variable is financial management. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire (Likert scale). The data analysis technique used is simple linear regression analysis. To strengthen the questionnaire data, validity and reliability tests were carried out. The normality test, heteroscedasticity test, and auto correlation test are used to provide certainty that the data held is unusual. Hypothesis testing in this research uses the t-test (partial) and the coefficient of determination (R). The results of this research show that financial literacy has a positive and significant influence on financial management among housewives in Balangdatu, Tanakeke Islands District, Takalar Regency.

THE IMPACT OF THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY, COMPANY SIZE, AND LEVERAGES ON TAX AVOIDANCE

The research aims to empirically test the influence of profitability, company size, and leverage on tax avoidance. The independent variables are profitability with the Net Profit Margin, firm size with the natural logarithm of total assets, leverage with debt to equity ratio and the dependent variable uses tax avoidance with the Effective Tax Rate minus the Cash Effective Tax Rate. The samples tested in the research were the substance of the property and real estate subsector listed on the IDX for the 2019 to 2021 period. There are financial reports for 17 entities, with 51 data assessed as meeting the criteria. The research method uses descriptive statistical tests, which then perform classical tests of hypotheses, including normality, heteroskedasticity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation. In addition, the hypothesis regarding the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable is tested. This test uses F-test statistics (simultaneous), T-test (partial), and coefficient of determination, which are then continued in the study using multiple regression analysis. Based on the subtest results, it was found that profitability and debt have significantly favorable effects on tax avoidance and that firm size has no effect on tax avoidance.

Determinants of financial performance of pension funds in Tanzania: The case of national social security fund

This study was set to examine the determinants of financial performance of pension funds in Tanzania. According to literature millions of the people under the globe depend on the pension funds as their principal sources of income at their retirement age. This study adopted a descriptive design to examine the determinants of financial performance of pension funds in Tanzania. The study uses regression analysis approach to examine the effect of determinants on financial performance of pension funds. Data were collected from National Social Security Fund (NSSF)’s financial statements for the period from 2005 to 2022. Different tests were employed such as normality test, heteroscedasticity test multicolliniality test and autocorrelation test in multiple regression modelling. The findings from this study revealed that investments and contribution density have a positive relationship to return on assets. However, the age of the contributors has depicted a weak and insignificant relationship to the return on assets of the pension fund under investigation. Therefore, it is recommended that the pension funds have to put more efforts on its investments as well as contribution density which are key contributors to the financial performance of pension funds in Tanzania.

The influence of environmental diplomacy, economic determinants and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation: Empirical evidence of G20 countries.

This study examines how various environmental and economic variables contribute to environmental degradation. Industrialization, trade openness, and foreign direct investment are among the variables, as are environmental diplomacy, environmental diplomacy secure, and renewable energy consumption. Therefore, the data covers the years 1991-2020, and our sample includes all 19 countries and two groups (the European Union and the African Union). The research used the Pesaran CD test to determine cross-section dependency, CIPS and CADF test to determine stationarity, the Wald test for hetrodcedasasticity and the Wooldridge test for autocorrelation; therefore, VIF for multicollinearity, Durbin and Hausman to analyze the endogeneity. It also employed Westerlund's cointegration test to ensure cross-sectional dependence, Wald test for group-wise heteroscedasticity, Wooldridge test for autocorrelation, VIF for multicollinearity, and Durbin and Hausman for endogeneity. The two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to estimate the results and confirm the relationship between independent variables (Industrialization, trade openness, FDI, environmental diplomacy, secure environmental diplomacy, and renewable energy) and dependent variables (Environmental Degradation) in G20 countries. Therefore, Industrialization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, ecological diplomacy, and renewable energy consumption significantly impact ecological degradation. Environmental diplomacy is crucial to combat degradation and stimulate global collaboration. G20 nations enact strict environmental restrictions to tackle climate change and encourage economic growth.

Exploring Travel Mobility in Integrated Usage of Dockless Bike-Sharing and the Metro Based on Multisource Data

Dockless bike-sharing (DBS) is a green and flexible travel mode, which has been considered as an effective way to address the first-and-last mile problem. A two-level process is developed to identify the integrated DBS–metro trips. Then, DBS trip data, metro passenger data, socioeconomic data, and built environment data in Shanghai are used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of integrated trips and the correlations between the integrated trips and the explanatory variables. Next, multicollinearity tests and autocorrelation tests are conducted to select the best explanatory variables. Finally, a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model is adopted to examine the determinants of integrated trips over space and time. The results show that the integrated trips account for 16.8% of total DBS trips and that departure-transfer trips are greater than arrival-transfer trips. Moreover, the integrated trips are concentrated in the central area of the city. In terms of impact factors, it is found that GDP, government count, and restaurant count are negatively correlated with the number of integrated trips, while house price, entropy of land use, transfer accessibility index, and metro passenger flow show positive relationships. In addition, the results show that the GTWR model outperforms the OLS model and the GWR model.

Random walk tests for the MENA stock returns

Purpose — The current study seeks to understand whether individual stock returns exhibit random movement and are not dependent (efficient at weak form) on fourteen out of sixteen actively traded Arab stock markets in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, based on the size of the market value.Method — Various non-parametric methods, including autocorrelation test, variance ratio test, Phillips-Perron unit root test, and runs test, are used to assess the random walk hypothesis for daily data following the Covid-19 vaccination program. This analysis covers the period from January 3, 2021, to March 28, 2023.Result — The study results present evidence that all individual stock returns deviate from random walk behavior. However, only Kuwait, Jordan, and Palestine stock returns follow the random walk based on the run test results at a significance level of 10%. Therefore, it can be concluded that all stock returns are inefficient at the weak-form, suggesting that investors have opportunities for unexpected gains.Practical implications — The findings of this study suggest that investors in the MENA region may have opportunities for unexpected gains, as individual stock returns deviate from random walk behavior, highlighting the importance of considering market dynamics and employing informed investment strategies. Additionally, policymakers could benefit from understanding the inefficiencies in stock returns to implement measures that promote market stability and efficiency.

Remittances, Debt Service Payments and Economic Growth in Nigeria

The study investigates the intricate relationship between the effects of remittances (REMIT) and debt service payments (DSP) on economic growth (RGDP) as well as other key variables, external reserve (ER), foreign direct investment (FDI), and external debt (EXTD) on economic growth (RGDP) in Nigeria from 1995 to 2021. Various statistical techniques, such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) tests and ARDL, were used. The result indicates the existence of a positive correlation between RGDP and FDI; DSP and ER exhibit a moderate negative correlation, while REMIT and DSP show a strong negative correlation. ER and REMIT indicate a correlation, while EXTD and ER indicate a negative correlation. All variables are I(1) and the ARDL Bound test for co-integration indicates that a long-run relationship exists between dependent and independent variables. ARDL estimation shows that only the coefficient of external debt is significant. The R2 shows that 84% of the variation in RGDP is explained by the independent variables. The test for autocorrelation (DW = 2.33) indicates no autocorrelation in the error term.
 This study recommends that policymakers should implement measures to attract and retain foreign investments, given the positive impact of FDI on RGDP, and Policymakers should explore strategies to channel remittances into productive sectors, such as investments in infrastructure, education, and small-scale enterprises.

PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS DAN SOLVABILITAS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PADA PT INDOFOOD CBP SUKSES MAKMUR TBK. PERIODE 2013-2022

. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of liquidity and solvency on profitability at PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. period 2013–2022. This type of research uses the Associative Quantitative method. The research method used in this research uses statistical tests which include multiple linear regression tests and classical assumptions. In the classic SPSS assumptions used by researchers, namely normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity tests. Partially the author uses the t test, while simultaneously the author uses the F test which is then continued by using the coefficient of determination test. Based on the results of the t test research, it states that Liquidity as proxied by Current Ratio has a negative and significant effect on Profitability as proxied by Return On Assets with t calculated as tcount < ttable, namely |-5.189| > t table 2.364 with a significance level of 0.001 <0.05. And for Sovitability which is proxied by Debt to Asset Ratio, it partially has a negative and significant influence on Profitability which is proxied by Return On Assets because the calculated t value > t table is -19.438 > t table 2.364 with a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05. For the F test, the Fcount value was 197.526> 4.46 with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, which means that there is a significant influence simultaneously between Liquidity which is proxied by the Current Ratio and solvency which is proxied by the Debt to Asset Ratio on Provitability which is proxied by Return On Assets in PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. The resulting coefficient of determination was 98.3% while the remaining 1.7% was the influence of other factors not examined in the author's research.

Empirical Analysis of Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria (1981-2022)

This study examined the impact of human capital development on poverty reduction in Nigeria covering the period 1981-20222. Data for the research were annual times series data on total education expenditures, total health expenditures, and inflation extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2020 and poverty rate, out-of-pocket expenditures, and human development index collected from World Development indicators. The methodology adopted in the study is linear regression with the application of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. Other diagnostic tests which include unit-root test, autocorrelation, and normality test were carried out in the study. The major findings of the study were that total education expenditures (TOEDXP) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria, total health expenditures (TOHEXP) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria, and out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria. It is therefore the recommendation of the study that the government should also increase its expenditure on health and education. It is a fact that health is wealth and therefore, there is a need to provide a good environment, health facilities, an increased rate of doctor to patient ratio, health workers motivation and increased remuneration amongst others and also government should increase its expenditure on education as this would improve the standard of living of the citizens.

Çin'in Ekonomik Gelişiminde Dış Ticaret ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Yaklaşım

China achieved rapid economic development as a result of the reforms implemented in 1978. It is widely believed that foreign direct investments and foreign trade, which increased alongside these reforms, had a significant impact on this rapid economic progress. Consequently, this study sought to examine the effectiveness of foreign direct investments and foreign trade in facilitating China's rapid economic growth between 1978 and 2016, utilizing the SVAR method. Within the scope of the study, three variables were utilized: the growth rate, the ratio of foreign direct investments in GDP, and the ratio of foreign trade volume in GDP. In the initial part of the study, the growth process, foreign direct investments, and foreign trade of China were evaluated using graphical representations. In the following section, in the empirical part, initially crisis periods were incorporated into the model as a dummy variable in order to prevent crisis periods to affecting the results. Following this, unit root tests were conducted, and it was concluded that the series were non-stationary at the level but became stationary after taking their first differences. Therefore, in this study, the first differences of the series were utilized for analysis. In the subsequent part, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity tests were applied to the model. The results of these tests indicated that the model is suitable for evaluation. Consequently, in the next part, the study proceeded to evaluate the impulse-response functions and variance decomposition results of the model. As a result of these analyses, it was concluded that both foreign direct investments and foreign trade, but especially foreign direct investments, have a significant impact on China's economic growth.