Autoignition Front Research Articles

Experimental analysis of propagation regimes during the autoignition of a fully premixed methane–air mixture in the presence of temperature inhomogeneities

The present work is devoted to the study of the combustion processes of a homogeneous methane–air mixture subject to thermal stratification within a rapid compression machine (RCM). Temperature fields obtained in nonreactive conditions have been documented in a previous study and the present work aims at correlating these data with the combustion process. The analysis of chemiluminescence images enables the delineation of two propagation regimes, namely spontaneous ignition fronts and deflagrations. The first is observed for short ignition delays, as the fluid features a fairly large and homogeneous hot core zone. The second dominates the combustion process for longer ignition delays. Indeed, despite global homogenization of the temperature fields, the hottest zones are fairly narrow and surrounded by non-negligible thermal gradients, which favors the formation of deflagration. The results thus clearly show a strong correlation between the preignition temperature field and the subsequent combustion process. They are commented on in the light of recent literature. In a second part, quantitative predictions of the occurrence of autoignition fronts and deflagrations are performed by employing a criterion derived from the analysis of direct numerical simulation data (Sankaran et al., 2005). The results are in good agreement with others previously obtained through chemiluminescence imaging for early and intermediate stages of combustion. It is more difficult to reach definitive conclusions for later instants. The present work highlights the relevance but also suggests some limitations of the corresponding criterion for the analysis of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion processes at the cylinder scale. Furthermore, the quantitative data gathered within the RCM demonstrate the relevance of this device for further investigation of these fundamental issues.

Influence of autoignition delay time characteristics of different fuels on pressure waves and knock in reciprocating engines

The functional relationship of autoignition delay time with temperature and pressure is employed to derive the propagation velocities of autoignitive reaction fronts for particular reactivity gradients, once autoignition has been initiated. In the present study of a variety of premixtures, with different functional relationships, such gradients comprise fixed initial temperature gradients. The smaller is the ratio of the acoustic speed through the mixture to the localised velocity of the autoignitive front, the greater are the amplitude and frequency of the induced pressure wave. This might lead to damaging engine knock. At higher values of the ratio, the autoignition can be benign with only small over-pressures. This approach to the effects of autoignition is confirmed by its application to a variety of experimental studies involving: (i) Imposed temperature gradients in a rapid compression and expansion machine. (ii) Onset of knock in an engine with advancing spark timing. (iii) Development of autoignition at a single hot spot in an engine. (iv) Autoignition fronts initiated by several hot spots. There is much diversity in the effects that can be produced by different fuels in different ranges of temperature and pressure. Higher values of autoignitive propagation speeds lead to increasingly severe engine knock. Such effects cannot always be predicted from the Research and Motor octane numbers.

The effect of axial charge stratification and exhaust gases on combustion ‘development’ in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

A high-swirl low-compression-ratio, optically accessed engine that was able to produce a stratified charge was used to investigate the differences in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion and in the propagation of the autoignition front between a non-stratified and a stratified charge. Natural-light images were acquired using a fast camera to visualize HCCI combustion and to quantify the location of autoignition, the apparent ‘propagation speed’ of the autoignition front, and its variations between closed-valve injection timing (leading to a nearly homogeneous charge) and open-valve injection timing (leading to a strongly axially stratified charge), owing to temperature inhomogeneities that were introduced by utilizing a camshaft which allowed 40 per cent internal exhaust gas recirculation (iEGR). Experimental results show that, in the case without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and with closed-valve injection timing, autoignition started under the primary intake valve near the cylinder wall, while, in the case without EGR and with open-valve injection timing, autoignition started between the exhaust valve and the secondary intake valve, closer to the centre of the piston. With 40 per cent iEGR and closed-valve injection timing, autoignition started between the exhaust valve and the primary intake valve near the cylinder wall. These differences can be explained by the difference in the location of hot gases due to the injection timing or due to iEGR. Finally, without EGR, a ‘uniform’ autoignition front of HCCI combustion from the original sites of autoignition was observed compared with a more ‘random development’ of the autoignition front with 40 per cent iEGR. Strong local inhomogeneities (possibly a very rich mixture at a low temperature) could be present with 40 per cent iEGR.

Stabilization, propagation and instability of tribrachial triple flames

A tribrachial (or triple) flame is one kind of edge flame that can be encountered in nonpremixed mixing layers, consisting of a lean and a rich premixed flame wing together with a trailing diffusion flame all extending from a single point. The flame could play an important role on the characteristics of various flame behaviors including lifted flames in jets, flame propagation in two-dimensional mixing layers, and autoignition fronts. The structure of tribrachial flame suggests that the edge is located along the stoichiometric contour in a mixing layer due to the coexistence of all three different types of flames. Since the edge has a premixed nature, it has unique propagation characteristics. In this review, the propagation speed of tribrachial flames will be discussed for flames propagating in mixing layers, including the effects of concentration gradient, velocity gradient, and burnt gas expansion. Based on the tribrachial edge structure observed experimentally in laminar lifted flames in jets, the flame stabilization characteristics including liftoff height, reattachment, and blowout behaviors and their buoyancy-induced instability will be explained. Various effects on liftoff heights in both free and coflow jets including jet velocity, the Schmidt number of fuel, nozzle diameter, partial premixing of air to fuel, and inert dilution to fuel are discussed. Implications of edge flames in the modeling of turbulent nonpremixed flames and the stabilization of turbulent lifted flames in jets are covered.