AutoAnalyzer Method Research Articles

Diabetes mellitus: incidence, prevalence, survivorship, and causes of death in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1970.

The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in residents of Rochester, Minnesota, for 25 years (1945 to 1970) were determined from available medical records. The over-all incidence rate for diabetes is 133 new cases per 100,000 population per year (age-adjusted to 1970 U.S. white population). The rate increased with age for both men and women and was higher among men over 30 years of age. The average annual incidence rates per five-year period for juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus were low and variable and showed little change. Polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria, lean habitus, loss of weight, and high levels of fasting hyperglycemia at initial diagnosis occurred more frequently in younger than in older patients. The peak incidence in 1960 through 1964 and the decrease in the following five years may be a reflection of the introduction of the AutoAnalyzer method for blood glucose in 1958. The average annual incidence rates for 1955 through 1959 and 1965 through 1969 were essentially the same. The over-all prevalence for diabetes mellitus is 1.6 per cent, with a higher rate among men than among women over 40 years of age; among school children the rate is 0.1 per cent. Survivorship in the diabetic population is lower than that in the general population. The leading cause of death was coronary heart disease, the death rate from it being higher than for the general population.

An automated flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutathione reductase assay for assessing riboflavin nutriture

An automated AutoAnalyzer method using 5:5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid is described for determining whole blood glutathione reductase (BGR) activity and for measuring in vitro activation of BGR with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). BGR activity is expressed as mumoles glutathione regenerated from oxidized glutathione per ml of whole blood (WB) or per g of hemoglobin. The stimulatory effect of FAD on BGR activity divided by the activity without FAD determined the activity coefficient (AC). We found that NADPH and oxidized glutathione assay concentrations of 0.100 mmole/liter and 0.250 mmole/liter, respectively, in 0.1 mole/liter phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, gave consistent results when WB, before assay, was diluted 20-fold. WB samples to be stored are initially diluted 10-fold with distilled water and frozen. Prior to assay, two aliquots of the sample are diluted 2-fold, one aliquot with distilled water and another with 46 mumole/liter FAD. With sample and manifold dilutions the assay FAD concentrations is 1.0 mumole/liter: assay concentrations greater than 5.0 mumole FAD/liter were shown to be inhibitory. We examined blood samples from 617 children in the age range 6 to 60 months and determined the normal AC range to be between 1.00 and 1.35. Six weaned rats (23 days of age), maintained on a riboflavin-deficient diet, showed a mean AC of 1.23, 1.54, 2.02, and 2.41 at 23, 26, 30, and 36 days of age, respectively. Six control rats maintained an AC of 1.23 +/- 0.05 (SD) during the same period.

Serum urea analysis using the Beckman BUN Analyzer.

A new instrument, the Beckman BUN Analyzer, has been produced for the estimation of urea in microvolume (0-01 ml) of serum or plasma. It requires only a simple two-point calibration for standardization and is suitable for a range of urea levels from zero to 70 mmol/l. The test procedure is simple. After the initial calibration the test sample is injected into the testing chamber and a digital result of the urea concentration is displayed. Serum urea measurements made by this method compared well with those obtained by the Technicon AutoAnalyzer method over the entire working range. The within-batch coefficient of variation of the method is 5-5%, and less at urea levels of 11 to 44 mmol/l. The between-batch coefficient of variation of the method is 6-9%, and less at urea concentrations of 10 to 47 mmol/l. The BUN Aanalyzer method is a quick and reliable alternative to conventional laboratory methods for serum or plasma urea estimation and is especially useful for urgent investigations of both adult and paediatric patients in the hospital wards and at the outpatient clinics.

Proposed Standards for Alkaline Phosphatase in Pasteurized Milk Determined by an Automated Procedure

A standard of 4 μg para-nitrophenol per ml is proposed for alkaline phosphatase in pasteurized milk tested by the AutoAnalyzer method based on comparison with the modified spectrophotometric and Kay and Graham methods. Using Versatol E as a standardized alkaline phosphatase source, an equivalent standard of 2.8 BLB* units (1.88 x Bessey-Lawry-Brack International Units) is proposed. When activities are expressed in milli-Units per ml (milli-μMoles of para-nitrophenol per ml per min), a standard of 2.5 mU per ml is proposed for pasteurized milk. The precision between seven laboratories was greater when activities were expressed in μg para-nitrophenol per ml or mU per ml than in BLB* units, and when the concentration of a pooled raw milk sample (100 herds) exceeded 0.25%. All laboratories reported a 0.25% raw milk sample as pasteurized and a 0.5% raw milk sample as under-pasteurized by the three proposed standards.

Mikromethode zur Bestimmung der Glucosekonzentration mit Glucose-Dehydrogenase auf dem AutoAnalyzer

A new AutoAnalyzer method is described for the determination of glucose in 20 mul of haemolysate, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid, using glucose dehydrogenase. Without loss of precision, accuracy, sensitivity, or linearity, 900 samples may be analyzed, using the same volume of reagents normally required for the manual analysis of 75 samples. A comparison with the hexokinase method yields a correlation of 0.9978. A haemolysing solution compatible with the reagents used is described.

Quality control of serum alkaline phosphatase assays: project report and discussion of some factors affecting the assay.

The factors which affect the standardisation and quality control of serum alkaline phosphatase assays are discussed. A quality control project was designed to test the performance of seven Birmingham laboratories in the assay of sera with alkaline phosphatase activities outside the range normally tested by the National Quality Control and Wellcome schemes. The results showed that the precision of individual laboratories was satisfactory. Differences between the results of the laboratories were considerable and could be accounted for by differences in methodology. Auto-Analyzer methods employing phenyl phosphate as substrate would best be standardised by adopting the optimised reaction conditions of Buch and Buch (1939); but the borate buffer of these authors should be replaced by the carbonate-bicarbonate buffer of Moss et al. (1971). To avoid the confusion which may arise in future if alkaline phosphatases are reported in U/l irrespective of the substrate, it is suggested that some substrate--indicative nomenclature may be advisable.

The effect of desferrioxamine on the colorimetric determination of iron in human serum and plasma

The effect of a range of concentrations of desferrioxamine on a colorimetric determination of serum, or plasma, iron concentration is described. The method of iron estimation used was an autoanalyzer method using tripyridyltriazine as chromogen. There was found to be a small, reproducible diminution in the serum iron estimation in the presence of desferrioxamine. This was independent of the concentration of desferrioxamine. High serum concentrations of iron can be measured reproducibly in the presence of desferrioxamine after dilution of the serum with saline.

Uric acid estimation: a comparison of the manual uricase-UV and the phosphotungstate auto-analyzer methods

1. Uric acid estimations by the uricase-UV and the autoanalyzer colorimetric procedures were compared. 2. At all levels of serum uric acid concentration measured, results with the uricase-UV method were significantly lower than those with the phosphotungstate method. 3. The data indicate that the critical uric acid level (measured by the autoanalyzer) at which allopurinol, uricosuric, and other agents are instituted should be decreased approximately 10 per cent when determinations are done by the uricase method.

Eine Glucose-Dehydrogenase für die Glucose-Bestimmung in Körperflüssigkeiten

The isolation of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium M 1286 is outlined. Data on the specificity of the enzyme towards carbohydrates are given. A specific method for glucose determination using this enzyme was developed. Methods and results of four variants of this glucose determination are presented: End point determination in the UV range, determination with formazan as reaction product, kinetic determination in the UV range, and continuous flow analysis in the UV range (AutoAnalyzer method).

Micro method for manual analysis of true glucose in plasma without deproteinization

A sensitive micro method for the manual estimation of true glucose in 10 mul plasma by an enzymatic technique is described. Protein precipitation is avoided. The method is simple to perform, accurate and precise. Agreement with a glucose oxidase autoanalyzer method is excellent, even with haemolysed and icteric specimens.

Determination of conjugated and total bilirubin with automatic blank subtraction by means of a two-wavelength method

An auto-analyser method to determine total (conjugated + unconjugated) and conjugated bilirubin is described. This system is based on the use of a bichromatic colorimeter. The two wavelengths at which measurements are made, are 600 nm for the sample and 710 nm for the blank. The advantage of the system is that automatic blank subtraction is reliable even though peak heights are measured.

An AutoAnalyzer method for determination of extractable sulphate in plant material

A method is described for determining extractable plant sulphate in which plant material is shaken with a dilute acid mixture and decolorising charcoal, and the filtered extract is analysed for sulphate by a turbidimetric AutoAnalyzer method. The method is rapid and precise, and results agree closely with those obtained by the direct digestion/reduction/distillation method of Johnson and Nishita2. re]19730829

The effect of free mercuric ion on apparent bromide concentrations when measured by the standard autoanalyzer method for chloride

The effect of free mercuric ion on apparent bromide concentrations when measured by the standard autoanalyzer method for chloride

Evaluation of a Kit for Serum Calcium Determination

A kit for serum calcium determination (Calcium Rapid Stat Kit), based on a methyl thymol blue method, has been investigated and the results compared with those obtained from an AutoAnalyzer cresolphthalein complexone method. The kit technique is simple, requires a small amount of serum and has a better precision than the AutoAnalyzer method, with which it correlates well. The standards supplied should be checked before use.

Automated determination of silicate and carbonates in detergents

AbstractThe analysis of silicate and carbonate builders in detergents is time consuming by standard gravimetric procedures (1,2). By modifying established Technicon AutoAnalyzer methods, rapid and simple methods of analyzing these detergent builders have been achieved. Standard AutoAnalyzer modules, arranged for colorimetric analysis, are used, and 10–15 samples per hour can be handled. In the silicate analysis, an aqueous solution of the sample is reacted with ammonium molybdate in an acid medium to form silicomolybdic acid. This acid is partially reduced by ascrobic acid forming the pentavalent molybdenum blue complex. The carbonate method is based upon the evolution of carbon dioxide gas, which is reacted with a buffered phenolpthalein solution. The color intensity of the system is inversely proportional to the carbon dioxide concentration. When a blend of carbonate and bicarbonate is present in the sample, analysis before and after heating is required.

An antomated method for the quantitative assessment of low concentrations of glucose in urine.

In view of the recent work by Schersten and Fritz (1967), which indicates that the utilization of small amounts of glucose in urine by actively respiring bacteria can be used as an index of urinary tract infection, there is a need for a simple, sensitive test which detects very low concentration of urine glucose and can be applied in the analysis of large numbers of specimens. This paper describes the adaptation of a routine blood glucose autoanalyser method to the measurement of glucose in urine.

Determination of chloride in aqueous soil extracts and water samples by means of a chloride-selective electrode.

The chloride contents of water samples and soil extracts have been determined with an Orion chloride-selective electrode. The chloride content, at levels up to 100 mg l–1, is determined in a solution that is 0·5 M with respect to ammonium nitrate and 0·03 M with respect to nitric acid.Comparison of this method with a colorimetric AutoAnalyzer method showed no significant difference between the results obtained, but for water samples low in chloride (less than 3 mg l–1) the colorimetric method was more accurate.

Potentially hazardous substances in surface waters II. Cholinesterase inhibitors in Dutch surface waters

Several analytical methods were employed to determine the concentrations of cholinesterase inhibitors in several Dutch surface waters. An Auto-Analyzer method was used for screening purposes; thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for identification and quantitation of malathion, parathion, dimethoate, diazinon and carbaryl in extracts of the river Rhine.

Erroneously high results in an AutoAnalyzer method for the determination of iron on patients' sera.

Erroneously high results in an AutoAnalyzer method for the determination of iron on patients' sera.

CREATINE IN SEAWATER1

Manual and AutoAnalyzer methods for the determination of creatine in seawater are described. Data are presented for creatine and nutrient excretion of Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, and creatine found in a representative hydrostation near an anchoveta school in the Peru Current.