Authors Of Article Research Articles

Evaluating Funding for Authors Achieving High Citations vs. Online Popularity.

The Altmetric score is a validated tool that measures online attention of scientific studies. A relationship between government/industry funding for authors and their study's citations have been previously demonstrated. It is not known whether funding is related to greater online attention. We hypothesize authors publishing studies achieving greater online attention (higher Altmetric scores) receive greater monetary support from industry while authors publishing studies achieving critical acclaim (more citations) receive greater monetary support from the National Institute of Health (NIH). Top spine surgery studies between 2010 and 2021 were selected based on Altmetric scores and citation number. The Open Payments Database was accessed to evaluate industry financial relationships while the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool was accessed to evaluate NIH funding. Payments were compared between groups and analyzed with the Student t-test, analysis of variance, and chi square analysis. Alpha <0.05. There were 60 and 51 authors with payment data in the top 50 Altmetric and top 50 citation studies, respectively, with eight authors having studies in both groups. Total industry payments between groups were not markedly different. The eight authors with studies in both groups received markedly more industry payments for consulting, travel/lodging, and faculty/speaking fees. Authors with articles in both groups (50%) were significantly more likely to receive NIH support, compared with authors of the top Altmetric articles (5%; P < 0.001) and top citation articles (12%; P < 0.001). Authors receiving NIH support received significantly less industry payments compared with authors not receiving NIH support ($148,544 versus $2,159,526; P < 0.001). These findings reject our hypothesis: no notable differences for industry payments and NIH funding between authors for top Altmetric and citation studies. Authors receiving funding from industry versus the NIH are generally two distinct groups, but there is a small group supported by both. These studies achieve both critical acclaim (citations) and online popularity (Altmetric scores). Data can be available on reasonable request.

Communication between court and participants as a guarantee of achievement of goals and objectives of civil and arbitrage proceedings

In the article author analysis the influence of communication between court and participants of proceedings on achievement of goals and objectives of civil and arbitrage proceedings. Author concludes that it is reasonably to examine proceedings by means of communication theory ant using its methodology. It is justified that court is obliged to provide effective communication in the Consideration of Case and take participation in communication with participants of proceedings.

Стосунки вахманів з євреями у таборі смерті Белжець: за архівними матеріалами СБУ

The purpose of the article is to investigate the relationship between the Vakhman staff and Jews who ended up in the Belzec extermination camp, directly or indirectly: during the creation of this camp, during its main functioning, and at the time of the liquidation of this structure, using materials contained in branch archives of the SSU. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity and objectivity, induction, and deduction. The methods used should be considered the method of analysis and partially the chronological, geographical, and historical-genetic methods. The scientific novelty of the research results is attributable to the insufficient study of the problem in the previous period and to the introduction into scientific circulation and processing by the article's author of a complex of little-known archival materials. Conclusions. In the Belzec extermination camp, an established mechanism of execution was involved, in which the Vakhman staff and kapos took a direct part in all its stages. Kapos and workers from the brigades allowed the camp management to replace ordinary Vakhmans at some stages of the destruction of prisoners, the reason for which was a conflict of interests. There were different ways of killing Jews: by shooting, gassing, and physical beating. Considering the Jews as workers, we found out that they were not a homogeneous category, divided by gender – into men's and women's teams, by professional orientation – into team workers and narrowly qualified workers, by social stratum – into ordinary workers and «seniors» in the form of kapo and oberkapo. Relations between the Vakhmans and the Jews had an exclusively «functional» character. The files mentioned only one attempt at a joint action by the Vakhman staff and the prisoners against the German administration, which ended in failure. The result was the tragic end of the labor brigade, which could serve as an example and perhaps one of the reasons for the uprising in the Sobibor extermination camp. The biggest problem of studying the issue based on the archival files remains the statistical research directions and the event chronology because the evidence gives only approximate dates and data on the number of workers and those killed. Prospects for further research are possible due to the expansion of the source base by attracting new archival cases, as well as due to the method of comparative analysis of various extermination camps and an interdisciplinary approach in the study of psychological portraits of guards and prisoner-workers.

Nurse‐run program combines science, harm reduction to combat xylazine

A registered nurse and lead author of a journal article on skin wounds associated with the increasingly prevalent street drug adulterant xylazine said she was motivated to publish on this topic because of a disturbing “catch‐22” her patients experience. Among people who use drugs, the presence of these skin lesions often will shut them out of admission to an inpatient detox or rehabilitation program. At the same time, they are often denied entry to a skilled nursing facility for wound care because they are actively using.

Small businesses are not necessarily “small and medium-sized enterprises”

PurposeIn this paper, the authors review the literature on the nature of the small and medium-sized enterprise concept. The review examines the broad diversity of terms and definitions used to describe these kinds of firms in scholarly and practical settings. They relate this examination to the concept of small business for the purpose of comparison, in order to highlight differences and similarities between the concepts.Design/methodology/approachRelevant literature including articles from academia and defining documents from practical settings was identified through a scope literature review. Field data were subsequently collected via questionnaires sent to editors and authors of articles related to the theme. The data were content analyzed and the resulting codes consolidated into dimensions in accordance with the Gioia method. Chi-squared tests were applied to categorical data.FindingsThe use of the composite category “small and medium” was found to be predominant in the labeling of small businesses in scientific articles, including those in journals that specialize in small businesses, with no justifications presented for this, characterizing a widespread and consensual practice between authors and editors. In the defining documents of practical settings, however, the authors observed greater consistency and precision both in the terms used and in the delimiting values for a small business (self-employed, micro business, small business). In the sample of 27 defining documents mentioned in the articles, 25 specifically defined “small business” and 20 defined “micro business,” using indicators such as number of employees and annual turnover. The indicators delimiting values regarding the category of micro business were the same in all the documents analyzed and, regarding the category of small business, many documents used the same delimiting values.Practical implicationsRecognizing the “non-large enterprise” myth will provide a more effective posture for editors and authors to avoid using the term “small and medium,” resulting in greater precision, understanding and knowledge regarding small businesses. A better definition of a small business by academia can help public policymakers and managers of organizations that support small businesses to tailor their actions better according to the different sizes of companies. This will also lead to social gains, given the importance of small businesses in terms of job creation and countries' economies.Originality/valueThe authors identified and described the myth of the “non-large enterprise” among academics, characterized by the dichotomous view of the business universe, composed of “large enterprises” and “non-large enterprises,” the latter group being characterized by the widespread use of the term “small and medium.”

Application of blockchain technologies for creation of innovative ecosystem in higher education

The authors reveal some problems in education, which can be solved by the means of blockchain technology. Such problems as authentication of documents on education, confirmation of higher education institutions accreditation, identification of students, etc. are included. Besides, the use of blockchain technologies reduces the paper document flow, making its contribution to saving of working time, resource-saving and improvement of the ecological situation. The blockchain technology allows to create the uniform digital ecosystem for students, higher education institutions and employers, to solve the problems of reliable storage and providing information without neither any increase in the load for the stuff nor the growth of costs. The conclusions and results received by authors of article can be used by management of the highest education institutions for improvement of their work.

Innovations in forensic medicine: accuracy, evidence and effectiveness of expertises in emergencies in case of mass fatality

The article presents the main innovative methods used in forensic expert practice at the current stage, reveals the principle and algorithms of the developed software complex for registration and identification of the deceased. The proposed program automatically generates four documents, which reduces the time required for forensic expertise in the conditions of mass admission of deceased. The article's authors substantiate prospects of further application of computer technologies in forensic practice to improve organizational and methodological activities in emergencies with a large number of deceased.

СТИЛЬОВА ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОМОВНИХ ТЕКСТІВ ЗА ЧАСТИНАМИ МОВИ (ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ЛІНГВОСТАТИСТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ)

Вackground. The article describes an experimental linguistic and statistical study of the functional and authorial styles of the Ukrainian language, the formation of a statistical apparatus, and the application of statistical methods in establishing style-distinguishing features of Ukrainian-language media texts based on frequency dictionaries of parts of speech from the Ukrainian Language Corpus and the results of the TextAttributor 1.0 system (http://ta.mova.info). The article's authors are members of the development team of both information systems. Methods. The study used the method of modeling the stylometric structure of the text, the Student's t-test, comparative analysis of empirical data with a confidence interval for the mean square deviation, and the method of graphical representation of the stylometric model. Results. Using the automated tools of the Ukrainian Language Corpus, we calculated absolute and relative frequencies of parts of speech in Ukrainian-language texts, and the statistical behavior of parts of speech was analyzed in terms of relative frequency in functional styles (fictional prose (~ 55 million word usages); media style (~ 40 million word usages)), as well as in 8 text samples of media texts from authorial Telegram channels. The Student's t-test demonstrated that the statistical characteristics of parts of speech could serve as differential probabilities of an author's style. Additionally, the article characterizes a dynamic stylometric model implemented in the TextAttributor 1.0 system. This model attributes media texts based on 18 statistical parameters, 8 of which distinguish the part-of-speech statistical structure of the text. The obtained results indicate that the empirical statistical data of parts of speech, compared with the confidence intervals of the Ukrainian language media style, determine the individual stylistic manner of the author. Conclusions. The linguistic and statistical experiment convincingly shows that parts of speech form the statistical structure of the text, which varies depending on the functional or authorial style. The multi-parameter part-of-speech model substantiated in the study allows each examined text to determine which statistical parameters are neutral and which are differential stylometric probabilities. This model can be a benchmark for linguistic and statistical analysis of texts in other languages.

ОНЛАЙН–МЕДІАЦІЯ: ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ПИТАННЯ ДОЦІЛЬНОСТІ

This article focuses on the issue of the relevance of online mediation and identifies the problematic issues of its implementation in modern conditions. In particular, the author points out that mediation is considered to be a fairly common method of conflict resolution abroad, which is fixed at the legislative level in many countries around the world. This is because mediation has many advantages, it is a direct way to prevent legal intervention and preserve the relationship between the parties to the dispute. In Ukraine, mediation is also becoming more and more popular and the areas of its application are increasing. In addition, the experience of recent years, which have been rather difficult for Ukraine (Ukraine's military aggression by the Russian Federation, and the introduction of quarantine in Ukraine to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)), makes it necessary to developremote forms of work, negotiations, cooperation of production processes, solving organizational issues, training and providing all services in an online format ("at a distance" or "remotely"). Mediation is no exception. The author's article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of conducting mediation distantly and indicates the ways to increase the popularity of this method of dispute resolution. It is established that for science, mediation is a separate process which is an alternative to a judicial process, and the application of the mediation method is extremely relevant and requires further scientific research, in particular, regarding the application and implementation of this process in various modern areas of regulation (banking, tax, civil, housing, family, inheritance law, etc.), and the application of this method at a distance -online. It is concluded that online mediation should take place in the modern life of Ukrainian society, in which the level of public education is significantly increasing in the context of military aggression by the Russian Federation. In turn, to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of "mediation at a distance", it is necessary to legislate the features of online mediation. The methodological basis of the research is the philosophical and legal principles of social phenomena cognition, in particular, those related to raising the level of education and public knowledge about the method of meditation, which is an effective way to protect the rights of individuals (individuals and legal entities) in various areas of legal regulation. The author uses dialectical, systemic, structural, normative logical, sociological, comparative, and legal methods of cognition. Based on the study, the author proposes to improve the provisions of the current legislation on the use of online mediation.

Sea Grant Research Funding: Advancing the Scientific Discourse by Addressing Local Research Priorities

Scientific research is often supported by public funds for the public good, and there is a trend toward using public funds to support actionable science that can be integrated into policy or practice. Funding agencies can set research priorities through the focus and timing of their research calls and funding decisions. There is a need to study funding models to better understand the relationship between agency priorities and scientific discourse. We present a case study of the National Sea Grant College Program’s research funding. Sea Grant is a federally funded network of 34 state- or territory-​based programs that fund research and perform education and outreach work on coastal environmental and natural resource issues. Individual Sea Grant programs set research priorities based on local needs, often focusing on actionable science. To assess the contributions of Sea Grant-funded research, we analyzed available citations and abstracts from Web of Science and examined patterns in article authors, journals, citations, keywords, and abstracts. The study shows that Sea Grant has significantly contributed to the scientific literature while being effective on cost-per-​publication and cost-per-citation bases. The results illustrated how targeted funding can address important local issues while substantially contributing to the broader scientific literature.

Narrowing gender gap in the research on echinococcosis and editorial contribution of women in parasitology journals.

Gender equity and authorship diversity are believed to be the essential parts of building a dynamic scientific atmosphere. The purpose of the present study was to determine the status of gender equity in research on echinococcosis and the editorial diversity in major parasitology journals over the past four decades. All articles were retrieved from major databases from the years 1980, 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Journals belonging to the four quartiles of parasitology journals listed in the Journal Citation Report were selected, and the gender and region of each editorial member were identified. Among the 3583 first authors of the articles published in all selected years, 2236 (62.4%) were men, whereas 1040 (29%) were women. There was a significant increase in women's contributions as the first author, from 6.8% in 1980 to 35.8% in 2020 (P < .001). A greater gender gap was found for the senior authors, showing 2391 (66.7%) men and 837 (23.4%) women. The gender gap has been narrowed in most of the six regions of the world, particularly for the Western Pacific region, where the gender inequity had almost diminished in 2020; i.e. the man-woman ratios of the first and last authors from this region were 2.25 and 1.75 in 1980, reaching 1.04 and 0.97, in 2020, respectively. Our findings also indicated that articles authored by men received 2.5 to 3.1 times more citations than women authors. Gender distribution of the editors-in-chief, associate editors, and editorial board members across all quartiles showed that 78.7%, 69.5%, and 72.7% were men, respectively, and mostly affiliated with the European and American regions. Findings of the present study showed that gender inequity is still present and women researchers continue to be the minority in the field of parasitology, particularly in the research on echinococcosis.

Interventions for loneliness in older adults: a systematic review of reviews.

Loneliness in older persons is a major risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Before the COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented isolation and hampered programs aimed at preventing or reducing loneliness, many interventions were developed and evaluated. However, previous reviews provide limited or conflicting summaries of intervention effectiveness. This systematic review aimed to assess previous review quality and bias, as well as to summarize key findings into an overarching narrative on intervention efficacy. The authors searched nine electronic databases and indices to identify systematic reviews of interventions to reduce loneliness in older people prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; 6,925 records were found initially. Of these, 19 reviews met inclusion criteria; these encompassed 101 unique primary intervention studies that varied in research design, sample size, intervention setting, and measures of loneliness across 21 nations. While 42% of reviews had minimal risk of bias, only 8% of primary studies appraised similarly. Among the 101 unique articles reviewed, 63% of tested interventions were deemed by article author(s) as effective or partially effective. Generally, interventions that included animals, psychological therapies, and skill-building activities were more successful than interventions focused on social facilitation or health promotion. However, interventions that targeted multiple objectives aimed at reducing loneliness (e.g., improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing social opportunities, and changing maladaptive social cognition) were more effective than single-objective interventions. Future programs should incorporate multiple approaches, and these interventions should be rigorously tested.

Gender differences in research fields of bioeconomy and rural development-based on sustainable systems in Latin America and Africa regions.

Using bibliometric analysis of large-scale publication data is a simple approach to exploring gender-related trends, especially gender equality in academic publishing. The aim of this study is to investigate gender trends in the fields of bio-economy and rural development sciences in two under develop regions as Latin America and Africa. This study examines gender differences in these fields in order to: (1) recognize the contribution of female researchers in bioeconomy and rural development, (2) explore the relational structure of gender aspects in academic publications, (3) identify trends in female authorship in these scientific research fields over time, and finally (4) identify gender potentials for women to become more visible in these fields of study. To achieve these objectives, we used bibliometric tools to analyses 1891 publication records in bioeconomy and rural development. After cleaning the database of full names of authors of academic publications relevant to the field studies, we performed a series of statistical analyses in R and SPSS software, such as Lotkas distribution, network analysis, co-authorship analysis and spatial distribution of authors in the study. The results show that the number of male authors is almost three times higher than the number of female authors, suggesting that women are under-represented in the fields studied. Men occupy the most important position of authorship in scientific articles; publications with corresponding male authors were found in 1389 out of 1891 publications related to the bio-economy and rural development. In terms of geographical regions, publications with female authors were more prevalent in European and North American areas, with a small exception in some developing countries such as Argentina and South Africa. In terms of research networks, from the total number of authors evaluated, only 23% are female authors on the map of research influence. This indicates that there is a significant gap to be filled in the promotion of scholarly impact through the sharing of knowledge and expertise among authors.

Соотношение проектов статей, предусматривающих составы преступлений в сфере незаконного оборота и применения оружия, основанного на новых физических принципах, с действующим уголовным законодательством

The purpose of the study is to conduct a criminal law analysis of Articles 355 and Articles 356 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provide for liability for the circulation and use of weapons of mass destruction, to identify the features of their norms, as well as the relationship with the draft articles, which include the elements of crimes in the field of illicit trafficking and use of weapons based on new physical principles. The author of the scientific article used general and private scientific methods: the analysis of the norms of national and international legislation prohibiting the circulation of weapons of mass destruction, as well as the scientific approaches of scientists in the field of international humanitarian law, public international law and comparative law have also been studied. The main results of the work consist in the fact that the author of the study proved the fundamental difference between the elements of crimes provided for in Articles 355 and 356 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, establishing criminal liability for the circulation and use of weapons of mass destruction and the elements of crimes provided for in draft Articles 222.3. and 222.4. of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the prohibition of illegal trafficking and use of weapons based on new physical principles. The necessity of their differentiation and, accordingly, the expediency of criminalizing criminal acts committed with the use of weapon based on new physical principles is justified. The results of scientific research were tested during the International Scientific Readings “Law. Bar. Notary”, organized by the Russian Academy of Lawyers and Notaries on April 19, 2023, as well as within the framework of the 3rd International Scientific Student Conference “Current Problems of International Law in the context of challenges to maintaining peace and security”, organized by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) The Russian Foreign Ministry on April 25, 2023 and other scientific and practical events. The proposals formulated in the study can be used in the legislative process, as well as in establishing criminal liability in the law enforcement practice of existing criminal law norms.

Bleeding Stubs and the Evolution of African Writing: Navigating Standard English and Uncertain Linguistic Futures

Several African novels and short stories have been analysed linguistically. The authors of those analytical articles found that some of the stories employed the linguistic style set by the authors Chinua Achebe and Flora Nwapa. A major characteristic of this writing style is the use of African English or a blend with standard English. Language evolves regionally, so for this article, standard English refers to any English used by the VOA, BBC, British Royal Family, or even Brits in a pub, including UK and US slang relevant to the novel’s setting. It excludes English spoken by learners. The researcher considers this definition broad and lenient. African English refers to varieties of the English language spoken and written across Africa, often influenced by local languages and cultures, resulting in unique expressions and idiomatic usage. It encompasses different forms, including Nigerian English, Kenyan English and South African English, reflecting the diverse linguistic landscape of the continent. African literary researchers often show a strong interest in novels written in African English because these works reflect the linguistic diversity, cultural identity, and lived experiences of African communities. Nevertheless, many African authors write in Standard English. The academic discussion reveals that the debate on language choice in African literature is ongoing. This paper provides an overview of the English styles used by African authors and highlights the uncertainty regarding the future of African literature due to a lack of credible sources on current trends. The paper then analyses the style of African works in standard English alongside African English. For the purposes of this article, the researcher chooses Donald Besong’s Bleeding Stubs, which has not been analysed previously, to represent standard English works. The selection of Bleeding Stubs is based on its brevity, recent publication, and its setting in Cameroon—a country with limited representation in fiction. The paper concludes that the preferred language style for African authors remains fluid. Finally, it recommends fostering improved reading habits on the continent, encouraging greater engagement with the global reading community. This would lead to better career progression in various fields, create more internationally marketable writers, and enable them to use their incomes to support the development of African languages, reducing the reliance on English for expressing African pride.

Utilization of landfill gas from municipal solid waste by co-combustion with hydrogen

Currently, the problem of utilization of landfill gas (LFG) released in landfills and municipal solid waste landfills is becoming increasingly urgent. This is due to environmental pollution and, as a consequence, the level of increase in the incidence of the population. The article provides an overview of currently existing methods of landfill gas utilization. The authors of the present article have conducted research on the utilization of landfill gas from a municipal solid waste landfill by cocombustion with hydrogen. Some experimental data were obtained on the influence of various factors on the stable combustion of a gas mixture. The advantage of the proposed method are discussed, including its potential to reduce air pollution by greenhouse gas, as well as the creation of additional energy sources, and effective utilization of LFG from municipal solid waste landfills.

К затянувшейся дискуссии об отмене кровной мести князьями Ярославичами

Since the publication in the late 18th century of the Advanced Edition of the Russian Truth (Justice), or Prostrannaya Pravda, almost all historians began to write about the abrogation of the the bloody revenge by the princes Yaroslavichs, referring to the content of the Article 2. For a long time, they ignored the fact that Pravda of Yaroslavichs (the Second Part of the Brief Edition of the Russian Truth, or Kratkaya Pravda) does not mention about this important reform of the sons of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The attempt to resolve the contradiction between the two editions of the the Russian Pravda led to the emergence in 1860 of hypothesis about two congresses of the princes Yaroslavichs. The title of the Article 19 of Kratkaya Pravda mentions the first congress of the Yaroslavichs, and Article 2 of Prostrannaya Pravda refers to the second congress, at which the princes abolished the bloody revenge. After 1860 the majority of prerevolutionary and Soviet historians supported this hypothesis. Some writers wrote about only one congress, but they left also that the sons of Yaroslav abolished the vendetta. The information about the abrogation of the bloody revenge has become familiar in the general studies on the history of Ancient Rus’ and the history of the Russian law. In the 20th century only some historians (for example, V.O. Kliuchevskiy, N.A. Maksimejko) dared to suggest that the words about the abrogation of the bloody revenge is subjective and perhaps a misconception of the originator of Prostrannaya Pravda. The author of this journal article joins to this opinion. He believes that the originator of Prostrannaya Pravda made wrong conclusions from the content of the articles of Kratkаya Pravda. The vendetta has not been canceled. Unlike many historians of the 19th–20th centuries, the originator of Prostrannaya Pravda did not know about the second congress of the Yaroslavichs. He had the text of the entire Kratkаya Pravda. He read the Article 1 in it, the title by the Article 19 of Kratkaya Pravda with the mention of the congress of the princes Yaroslavichs, the following articles about the double payment (vira) for the murder of the prince's retainers, and decided that the Yaroslavichs had canceled the bloody revenge. This was the subjective opinion of the compiler of the Lengthy Truth, who most likely lived in the 13th century. Expressed more than 100 years ago by N.A. Maksimeyko and sympathetically accepted in 1940–1947 by B.A. Romanov, the hypothesis was unfairly forgotten by Soviet and modern Russian historians. All of the above compels to doubt the opinion about Prostrannaya Pravda as the official legislation of Old Rus’.

Повесть А. Чехова «Чёрный монах» как объект композиторской рефлексии (на примере одноимённой оперы А. Курбатова)

The article examines Anton Chekhov’s literary heritage in the musical interpretation by Russian composers. The main material for study was formed by Chekhov’s novelette written in his late period and its opera version created by the young Russian composer Alexei Kurbatov. The enigmatic circumstances of the creation and the musical qualities of the short story served as the occasion for research by numerous literature and music scholars. A special place in this category is taken up by Nikolai Fortunatov’s scholarly work Muzykal'nost' chekhovskoi prozy [The Musical Qualities of Chekhov’s Prose], in which the researcher interprets the structure of the novelette as that of a sonata form. The authors of the present article examine Kurbatov’s operatic text making use of the method of a comparative literary-musical analysis and show how the structure of the opera, its musical themes and characterization of the images correlate with the hidden musical form of Chekhov’s prose. This is also aided by the genre chosen by the composer — a literary opera that preserves the original text and the outline of the plot.

КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СПЕЦИФИКА ЖАНРА НАУЧНОЙ СТАТЬИ: КАТЕГОРИЯ АВТОРИТЕТНОСТИ

. Recent studies of various discourse types, including the scientific one, show that in communication process the authority of the participants is one of the important communicative categories realized with a set of linguistic and graphic means. They can have some specifics in the texts belonging to the same genre but different linguistic cultures. The purpose of our study is to identify the most typical lexical and grammatical means (markers) used to realize the category of authority in scientific articles genre in the English and Russian linguistic cultures. The objects of the study were three groups of markers: the authority of general scientific facts and theories; the authority of top experts in a particular field and the authority of the author of a scientific article. The research material included a number of articles in Russian and English in the field of pedagogy, management and energy. The analysis revealed significant differences in the quantity of these markers depending on the scientific field and the particular language culture, as well as a direct correlation with the quantitative use of graphic markers of the category (tables, graphs, etc.). In addition, some differences were observed in the choice of language means, particularly, the lexical and grammatical content of speech clichés, as well as some differences in syntactic patterns of the means. Theoretical importance of the analysis proves the need to study and systematize language tools used to realize the main communicative parameters of a scientific text. The practical results can be used to develop recommendations for academic writing.

Як помічник стає героєм, і як це впливає на текст: фентезійна трилогія Р. Гобб «Асасин»

The article analyzes the central character of Robin Hobb’s «Assassin» (originally titled trilogy «Farseer») Fitz Chivalry, according to morphological and functional characteristics, is identified in the monomyth structure of a fantasy text as an assistant / a friend. Introduced by Robin Hobb as a hero, he partially retains his assistant functions, while also being realized as a hero. Among the features that are preserved, the following stand out: a dramatic background and unique superhuman abilities. He is also realized as a defender, but this function is limited: he is not a typical warrior hero, therefore, he is not fearless, he naturally fears for his life. At the same time, there are characteristics, that are not fully realized by the character in the story. The character is not included in the struggle for the throne, does not seek power, is realized mainly in the service of the others and is not the one who directly defeats Evil. These structural changes in the character naturally lead to certain changes in the artistic concept of the «Assassin» fantasy trilogy by Robin Hobb. The author of the scientific article emphasizes that there are changes in the narrative perspective (the motive of self-search is emphasized, not two in a row: self-identification and struggle for power), structure of its key motifs (the importance of the power struggle for the characters is significantly reduced), and the way the hero, who defeats Evil, is interpreted, among other things.