Institutional Authority Research Articles

Behind Bars: Addressing Custodial Deaths in India’s Criminal Justice System

Torture and violence have been common since ancient times. Torture is the deliberate infliction of cruelty by individuals in positions of power on others who lack power and are vulnerable. Custodial torture is torture that takes place in police stations, prisons, or under the authority of government institutions. These actions are a serious infringement of human rights and go against Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the legal framework of custodial violence. While the idea has not been clearly defined, different laws deal with the matters of custodial torture and sexual assault. Therefore, the judiciary has taken on the burden of defining this extensive phrase. This study analyzes the judiciary's approach to combating custodial violence by examining judicial rulings to determine the judiciary's position on these matters. The author concludes the analysis by recommending legislative measures that need to be promptly put into effect to address the deficiencies noted by the judiciary.

Analysis of the Authority of the Constitutional Court in Reviewing Laws

The authority of the Constitutional Court is a separate study in this article. The authority of the Constitutional Court in accordance with the provisions of Article 24C Paragraphs (1) and (2) is to adjudicate at the first and final level to test laws against the Constitution, decide disputes over the authority of state institutions whose authority is granted by the Constitution, decide on the dissolution of political parties and decide disputes regarding the results of general elections. . Apart from that, the Constitutional Court can also give decisions to the DPR if they commit violations and also the President and Vice President who are submitted to the Constitutional Court

Displaying, Not Just Doing: Learning for Citizenship and Belonging in Australian Institutions for Incarcerated Boys, 1920–1939

ABSTRACT Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, both the Gosford Training School for Boys in New South Wales and the Westbrook Farm Home for Boys in Queensland were well-established institutions. Both were state-run facilities that ostensibly existed to incarcerate, educate and reform boys convicted of criminal offences. Gosford and Westbrook had total responsibility for the boys under their care during their periods of incarceration. They were responsible not just for the formal education of the boys within them, but also for ensuring that those boys learned how to become good citizens and valuable members of their future communities. This article focuses on how institutional and government authorities communicated and displayed techniques of reformative learning. It examines how this learning was displayed to local communities, arguing that the work of demonstrating that the boys were learning to be good citizens was an important part of institutional governance.

Implementation of Corruption Prevention in Health High Schools Makassar South Sulawesi

One of the efforts we must make to eradicate corruption is to increase the anti-corruption movement. Efforts to eradicate corruption cannot rely solely on enforcement efforts that fall under the authority of law enforcement institutions. Efforts to prevent corruption by participating in building an anti-corruption culture in society are an important factor in efforts to eradicate corruption. As an element of society, students are expected to act as agents of change and driving forces for the anti-corruption movement in society. To be able to play an active role, students need to be equipped with sufficient knowledge about the ins and outs of corruption and its eradication. Anti-corruption education is intended so that students can clearly understand the problems of corruption that are occurring and efforts to prevent them. This article explains anti-corruption education and also to find out how anti-corruption education is taught on campus. Efforts to equip students can be achieved in various ways, including: outreach activities, campaigns, seminars or lectures. Anti-corruption education for students aims to provide sufficient knowledge about the ins and outs of corruption and its eradication as well as instilling anti-corruption values. The long-term goal is to foster an anti-corruption culture among students and encourage students to play an active role in efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia.

Young Black Teachers Taking to Social Media to Shame Black Students and Parents: A Narrative Review

Social media is a group of technologies that offers people avenues to engage with one another in a virtual and digital space through their computer or smartphone (Ober & Wildman, 2015) with young black Americans consuming social media more, proportionally, than any other demographic. As such, young Black educators are increasingly availing themselves to social media as a space to communicate and share their professional experiences with other black educators, and the world. In so doing, some young black educators opt to use their social media platform, and their institutional authority to shine a negative light on their black students and parents. In this narrative review, I explore social media consumption, shaming within the educational context, and black teachers as distinct from lower income black parents and students to argue that rather than using their positions as educators to protect their students and parents, young black teachers who have achieved middle-class status and use social media to display their professional frustrations with their black students and parents, only accomplishes the shaming of those with less power and agency - the very people black teachers traditionally protected from harm.

Public Health in Private

ABSTRACT Elite women seized the public health campaign during the 1900 plague outbreak to assert political influence and advocate for sanitation reform grounded in their domestic experiences. These women advocated for their inclusion in the political sphere by valuing their domestic experiences as knowledge relevant for public health initiatives. This reframing of experience positioned them as viable citizens in the imminent Federation. Applying Laura Zanotti's concept of relational ontology, this analysis frames their actions as not simply a battle against institutional authority but as careful and strategic interactions with their era's political context, exploiting aspects of it that were beneficial to them. Their ambivalent involvement in the public health campaign illustrates a complex chapter in Australian medical history. Women used the opportunity of plague to reevaluate their experience of the home as a form of knowledge relevant to public health. At the same time, they leveraged their growing status as political subjects to oppress others.

Impact of Work from Home Among Women Educators During Covid-19

Objective: This study has focused on identifying the impact of work from home among women educators during COVID-19. Theoretical framework: COVID-19 had an array of impacts on businesses and individuals, and as a result of this, authorities even in the educational sectors, have implemented and developed the work-from-home concept, creating novel opportunities for women educators to manage their work daily, at the same time this approach had impacted them in managing two unique environments with different needs and schedules. Methods: Data collection has been done using the instrument called a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. The respondents were the women educators who worked from home, particularly during the global pandemic from the selected districts of Tamil Nadu namely, Vellore, Ranipet, Tirupattur and Tiruvannamalai. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS Software (Version.25) by applying percentage and independent sample t-test analysis. Results and conclusion: The study's findings indicate that the majority of the women educators in the study experienced both positive and negative impacts while working from home during the pandemic. Research, practical & social implications: This study allows the higher educational institutional authorities to assist women educators in coping with their responsibilities while working from home by providing efficient training on the usage of digital tools. Originality/value: The article delves into an extensive discussion regarding the accuracy and ground reality of positive and negative impacts of work from home concept among women educators.

The role of digitalization in today’s art: A perspective from NFT and artificial intelligenc

Digital technologies have increased our ability to process images. Artists in the past had fewer tools at their disposal to create their artworks. There is a revolution in art today thanks to development of computer technologies. Activities of artists using new technological tools that emerge with digitalization can be defined as digital art. All branches of art where art and technology combine are within the scope of digital art. The main difference between traditional art and digital art is the medium where the artwork is created. In traditional art, a musician uses a musical instrument to display his work, or a painter produces his work with canvas and brush. In digital art, this occurs using technological devices. Many applications, from digital graphic arrangements to video installations, from virtual realities to artificial intelligence applications, fall within the scope of digital art. This article's goals are to investigate how technology has affected art throughout history and to look at how digital art is created and sold. In this article, the impact of artificial intelligence on today's art and artists will be examined. NFTs, another controversial artwork of today, will be focused on and information will be given about the variants of these new technologies in today's art. Literature review and compilation were chosen as the method. According to the findings, artists who closely follow technological developments are the pioneers of the digitalization and dissemination of art. With the evolution of artificial intelligence from its first applications to the present day, artificial intelligence has now turned into a productive tool that can produce works that have never existed before, beyond being just an algorithm. In addition, it has been observed that, thanks to NFTs, digital art can escape the authority of art institutions, create its own autonomous space in a decentralized environment, and present itself as a digital asset open to everyone.

The Role of Insurance in Ensuring Product Security and Customer Trust in Online Shop Transactions Through Shopee

The aim of this research is to find out the role of insurance in e-commerce transactions via the Shopee online shop and how to prove the existence of an insurance agreement in Shopee online shop transactions. The research method used is empirical descriptive qualitative. In this research, primary data was obtained from interviews with users of the Shopee application as an online shopping medium and sampling was carried out using random sampling with 4 informants. Meanwhile, secondary data in this research was obtained from the literature. The results of this research show that the type of insurance provided between insurance companies and Certificate Authority Institutions (LOS) is liability insurance which will guarantee the safety and trust of Shopee consumers. So that the agreement must comply with the principles of loss insurance as regulated in the Commercial Code. In cases where goods are missing or damaged goods can be insured, however for long deliveries it is beyond the scope of insurance in the delivery service chosen. Because this has been regulated in the Commercial Law Law (KUHD) which is specifically regulated in Law Number 2 of 1992 concerning Insurance Business.

Investigating the citing communities around three leading health-system frameworks

Of numerous proposed frameworks for analyzing and impacting health systems, three stand out for the large number of publications that cite them and for their links to influential international institutions: Murray and Frenk (Bull World Health Organ 78:717–31, 2000) connected initially to the World Health Organization (WHO) and then to the Global Burden of Disease Project; Roberts et al. (Getting health reform right: a guide to improving performance and equity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004) sponsored by the World Bank/Harvard Flagship Program; and de Savigny and Adam (Systems thinking for health systems strengthening, WHO, 2009) linked to the WHO and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. In this paper, we examine the citation communities that form around these works to better understand the underlying logic of these citation grouping as well as the dynamics of Global Health research on health systems. We conclude that these groupings are largely independent of one another, reflecting a range of factors including the goals of each framework and the problems that it was meant to explore, the prestige and authority of institutions and individuals associated with these frameworks, and the intellectual and geographic proximity of the citing researchers to each other and to the framework authors.

Tools for internationalisation and increasing institutional trust to authorities in the international contingent environment of domestic universities in the transformation conditions of the digital environment

The article describes methodological provisions on the tools’ use for internationalizing the activities of Russian universities and on increasing institutional trust among the international contingent in the context of global digitalization. The authors provide a detailed description of the digital environment use to achieve the goals of promoting Russian education on the world market and activating “soft power”. The article identifies problems in the field of universities’ digital IT infrastructure that create certain difficulties for the implementation of education in a digital environment and negatively affect the competitiveness of Russian education. The study presents methodological approaches both for preventing the possibility of the possible emergence of a sociocultural gap and intercultural dissonance, and for transmitting the presentation of the basic traditional Russian cultural humanitarian values and attitudes among foreign students, as well as for social partnership cooperation with regional authorities of the region. The developed tools in the field of forming friendly relations with foreign partners will become an element of the management system that will promote the Russian education system in international markets, form a positive image of the state and increase the level of trust in the institution of public authority. The described approaches and the practice of using the developed tools to increase institutional trust, which have been tested in the branch network of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, will form an adaptive approach to solving problems in a non-linear reality.

Driving factors behind farmers’ preferences for choosing Xinfang system as land dispute settlement body

This study offers a focused examination on Xinfang system, China’s unique mechanism particularly on its ability and efficacy in mediating land disputes between farmers and governmental bodies for social governance purposes. Based on interviews with 10 farmers, the study elucidates the system has low entry barriers and user-friendly, thus fast becoming the preferred system option when dealing with land conflicts. Xinfang facilitates direct communication between farmers and government officials, thereby in line with the sociocultural conventions of the rural populace. The study also highlights several constraints. While the Xinfang system employs a multifaceted approach to conflict resolution, including negotiation and grassroots governmental intervention, it lacks legislative power and institutional authority that are required for effective management of more complex or multi-stakeholder land disputes. The study advocates for a comprehensive reassessment and subsequent reform of the Xinfang system, focusing particularly on its mechanisms and procedures for dispute resolution. Such reforms are not merely instrumental for the more robust safeguarding of farmers’ land rights, but also for enhancing the overall integrity and public trust in China’s legal and administrative frameworks.

Institutions of public authority: adaptation to changing conditions of functioning (all-russian scientific conference with international participation)

On June 14, 2023 at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Science the All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation “Institutes of public authority: adaptation to changing conditions of functioning” was held. Representatives of the leading Russian scientific and educational institutions, as well as researchers from Belarus and Uzbekistan discussed a wide range of problems related to the understanding of public authority and justification of its types, the specifics of implementation of the principle of separation of powers and interaction of various branches and levels of public authority in the modern conditions, ensuring the independence of the judiciary and implementation of constitutional review, as well as the interaction of public authorities with the population and civil society institutions. Particular attention was paid to the impact of information technology on the activities of public authorities.

Ottoman Lakes and Fluid Landscapes: Environing, Wetlands and Conservation in the Marmara Lake Basin, Circa 1550–1900

The study of Ottoman lakes and wetlands from the perspective of management and conservation is an emerging field. Scholars have explored Ottoman strategies for managing agricultural and extractive landscapes, yet detailed investigation of socio-political responses to dynamic wetlands, particularly during periods of drastic climate shifts, requires deeper investigation. Our research on wetlands and lakes moves from the purview of waqf s (pious foundations) to the emergence of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA). By examining the shifting perspectives of institutional authority and community responses to it from the early modern period to the nineteenth century, we discuss the complexities of wetland management in the Marmara Lake Basin within the sancak of Saruhan (contemporary Manisa) in western Anatolia. We argue that intimate knowledge of this specific ecosystem played a critical role in mitigating attempts at reclamation and land grabbing and ultimately in developing legal structures of and policies for Ottoman conservation strategies. We situate our discussion within the paradigm of environing made possible by detailed longue-durée archival narratives; these micro-histories afford a dynamic perspective into non-linear responses to ecological and political changes and provide a local lens into the scalar impacts of human agency.

The Role of the Ombudsman in Promoting Good Governance in Malawi: A View from Public Accountability

In Malawi, the Ombudsman is one of the governance institutions that provide oversight over other public agencies. A plethora of institutions addressing governmental accountability not only has direct implications on the separation of powers, but also raises important questions about their institutional authority, role and place in the governance mechanism. The present study endeavours to determine and contextualise the scope, role, functions and challenges of the Ombudsman institution in promoting good governance, specifically public accountability. The study adopted the mixed method of research. Using data from documents, 40 questionnaires and 6 interviews, the study finds that even though the institution faces challenges including poor funding, a lacking mandate and poor accessibility, it plays a huge role in promoting public accountability through its investigations and recommendations. The study recommends that the Ombudsman find ways to get stable funding, improve its visibility, remit, accessibility as well as relations with other oversight actors.

Єпархія української греко-католицької церкви в Канаді та її участь в організації побуту для українських переселенців на початку ХХ століття

Background. Migration of Ukrainians to Canada at the beginning of the 20th century – a complex and multifaceted page in the history of Ukrainian emigration. In its scope, it covered various social strata, which exported Ukrainian culture, traditions, and the church beyond ethnic territories. The church, in particular, occupied a special place in the life of the diaspora, turning into an authoritative institution. In particular, the article talks about the role of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the organization of assistance to Ukrainian resettlement in Canada. Methods. For a comprehensive view of the role of the diocese of the UGCC in Canada, its mentoring programs for Ukrainian immigrants, the principle of systematicity, analytical understanding, and chronological sequence was applied, which was used for a step-by-step analysis of the work of the diocese of the UGCC in Canada with Ukrainian immigrants. Results. The article presents the beginnings of the work of the diocese of the UGCC in Canada with Ukrainian emigrants in the first decade of its creation. In particular, the main emphasis is placed on the activities of the first Greek-Catholic bishop Nikita Budka, who was the first to create mentoring programs at the diocesan level for the faithful of the UGCC. The work reveals a wide range of challenges faced by both emigrants and the church. Were demonstrated the integrity of the social service of the UGCC, the role of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi in the organization of the Ukrainian diaspora, etc. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of a wide range of special sources, the key vectors of the activities of the Greek Catholic Diocese of the UGCC in Canada, primarily its head Nikita Budka, have been identified.

Disaster Management and Conflict Resolution: a Case Study National Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management, South Sudan

This research attempt to expose the Humanitarian agencies activities in South Sudan with coordination of concern authority in government institutions. The consideration include historical development of humanitarian organizations after their establishment, in the end of Second World War (11). The study explained the definition of what Humanitarian agencies means? By early writers, as that groups and institutions which are entirely or largely independent from governmental which worked for humanitarian. On the other hand the study defined disaster as event resulting in loss of life, and great human suffering and distress, and large- scale material damage; while conflict resolutions is defined as the process that, two or more parties use to find a cordial solution to a problem of the conflict. The study articulate the objectives, Methods, policies plans, conflict resolution and roles of Humanitarian agencies in disaster management, Also the research has explained formation and organization structure of the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and disaster Management. in South Sudan. In addition of articulation for Humanitarian Crises including Images of flooding and drought; difficulties facing Humanitarian organizations work and possible solution is considered. Moreover the research has explained the data analysis, discussion and finding which indicate that all the respondents agreed about the important of Humanitarian agencies work in helping disadvantage communities, lastly but not least the researcher has posted Viewpoints and suggestion as way forwards.

Visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for determining the prevalence of computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional smart-survey-based study.

The American Optometric Association defines computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, as "a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use". We aimed to create a well-structured, valid, and reliable questionnaire to determine the prevalence of CVS, and to analyze the visual, ocular surface, and extraocular sequelae of CVS using a novel and smart self-assessment questionnaire. This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart. Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS. The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.

Загадка Елены Гнесиной

The article is timed to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Elena Gnesina, the founder of several educational institutions (three music schools, three colleges and Gnesin Russian Academy of Music), embodying the system of effective training of musicians. Considering the circumstances of her life and times it’s not easy to imagine how the offspring of a big Jewish family could grow into such an influential personality: her ideas are still alive and lie in the basis of professional music education. The paper is a short summary of Elena Gnesin’s special talent that had been a combination of musical, pedagogical and organizational gift next to none. The author is giving an answer to obvious enigma of Elena Gnesin’s biography: how could she be at the same time an outstanding pianist, an innovative teacher and impressively great top manager who made impossible things possible. Her educational company under her personal guidance lived through almost a century of historical turbulence in Russia from the last tsar to 1970-s and could remain an authoritative institution near the renowned Moscow Conservatory.

Analysis of Financial Performance Measurement Models for Zakat Institutions

This research aims to identify and analyze the financial performance measurement model of zakat institutions. This research uses qualitative methods, a literature study approach, and descriptive analysis. The data source comes from Google Scholar. Literature data was obtained by searching for keywords on Google and the publish or perist application. The research results show that there are five performance measurement models in Zakat financial institutions consisting of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Zakat Management Organization Ratio (OPZ), Indonesian Magnificence of Zakat (IMZ), International Standard of Zakat Management (ISZM), and Balance Scorecard. The research results also found that each measurement model has its characteristics with different measurement methods. Zakat supervisory authority institutions and researchers can use five performance measurement models in Zakat financial institutions.