School Authorities Research Articles

Dyslexia: An invisible disability or different ability.

With a global dyslexia prevalence of at least 10%, significant numbers of students with dyslexia go undiagnosed and their symptoms unaddressed, but with timely intervention, 90% of dyslexic children can be educated in regular inclusive classrooms. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dyslexia among primary schoolchildren in government and private schools. A cross-sectional study on 128 primary schoolchildren attending selected government and private schools in Western Maharashtra was conducted and evaluated using the Search tool, which is a standardized study tool for screening dyslexia. Microsoft Excel and MedCalc version 3.1 were used for data entry and analysis. The prevalence of dyslexia was estimated, and differences between groups were evaluated using appropriate tests. Of the total sample size of 128 children, findings showed 10.9% of students as dyslexic, 9.3% as vulnerable, and the remaining 79.8% as non-dyslexic. Of 14 dyslexic children, 10 were found to be from government schools and the remaining four were from private schools. The high prevalence of dyslexia even in a small study sample size is a matter of concern and emphasizes the need for extensive research and initiatives, including awareness campaigns among teachers, parents, and school authorities, and the importance of detection of undiagnosed dyslexic children as early as possible and providing them with appropriate interventions.

Leadership in Islamic Boarding Schools

Leadership in Islamic boarding schools is very important because the life or death and development of an Islamic boarding school will be seen in the pattern and leadership style of a kyai. Leadership authority in Islamic boarding schools rests with a kyai. Therefore, it is very natural and normal for the role of kyai to be highly respected in the growth of Islamic boarding schools. In order to be an inspiration and role model, it is necessary to form a dynamic learning community pattern. The problem formulations include: 1) what is meant by leadership in Islamic boarding schools. 2) what leadership styles exist in Islamic boarding schools. 3) What roles are applied to a kyai. This research uses a literature analysis method obtained from several literatures. From the research results, the success or failure of an Islamic boarding school depends on the leadership style applied by the kyai themselves. Leadership factors are still determining factors in effectiveness and efficiency. Apart from that, the vision and mission also have influences and interrelated elements. The elements used as a reference are those that are adapted to Islamic law, including: 1) ethics that are in accordance with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. 2) objective leaders, 3) leaders who have high credibility, 4) responsive leaders

School Security and Safety Challenges in Nigeria: Evaluating the Existential Threats of Domestic Terrorism in the North East Region


 Abstract
 
 The ubiquity of terrorism cannot be overemphasized as it has become a global common phenomenon. Schools are easy prey of terrorist attack since they lack the maximum security apparatuses that other state institutions possess. All over the world, terrorist attacks have taken place inside and beside school premises raising serious concern for government, security experts and school authorities. The recurring events of school shootings that keep taking place in the United States of America, Beslan Russia and even in Norway have proven that no school is totally immune from attacks by insiders, criminals, terrorists and non-state actors. Consequently, schools should be protected from these threats given the public emotion, sensitivity and global concerns about places of learning. In the last decade or so, Nigeria has gone through the harrowing experiences of terrorist attacks on schools especially in the Northern part of the country and the North East in particular by Boko Haram, ISWAP and currently armed bandits. This study therefore examines this ugly menace that has defied sustainable solutions to insecurity and safety threats in Schools. The study is descriptive in nature and gathered information from materials already available and questionnaires from individuals and schools authorities.

Health risks for children exercising in an air-polluted environment can be reduced by monitoring air quality with low-cost particle sensors

A child’s body is highly sensitive to air quality, especially regarding the concentration of particulate matter (PM). Nevertheless, due to the high cost of precision instruments, measurements of PM concentrations are rarely carried out in school areas where children spend most of their daily time. This paper presents the results of PM measurements made by a validated, low-cost university air pollution measurement system operating in a rural area near schools. An assessment of children’s exposure to PM during school hours (8 a.m.–6 p.m.) at different times of the year was carried out. We show that PM10 concentrations in the air, particularly in winter, often exceeded the alert values of 50 µg m−3, posing a health risk to children, especially when children exercise outside the school building. We also calculated the rate and total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during various physical activities performed in clean and polluted air. Monitoring actual PM10 concentrations as presented in this paper, using a low cost sensors, offer school authorities and teachers an opportunity to reduce health risks for children. This can be achieved by adjusting the duration and exercise intensity of children’s outdoor physical activities according to the measured air quality.

Integrated Knowledge Translation in the Food and Nutrition Security for Manitoba Youth study

Abstract Background There are concerns that many children do not have healthy diets, which may be related to dietary choices as well as lack of access to healthy foods. The Food and Nutrition Security for Manitoba Youth (FANS) study examined diet, nutrition-related behaviours and food security of 1587 grade nine students in Manitoba, Canada. Results show that while one in five students were food insecure, almost all need significant dietary improvements. Engaging stakeholders through multiple communication channels is key to disseminating research outcomes to drive action for policy change. Methods Principles of integrated knowledge translation were followed, including a breadth of dissemination activities, to maximize impact of study results. These included diverse partnerships, academic and non-academic research outputs, and use of media. Results Study partners including academic co-investigators, school authorities, government agencies and non-profit organizations advocating for child nutrition contributed to study design, interpretation and dissemination. Results were published in academic journals, as well as translated into a suite of non-academic outputs including a community report, infographics (circulated on social media), and a searchable data dashboard, available through a web-based portal. This approach allows for tracking of research output downloads, which number over 500 to date. Due to active outreach to traditional media, study results received widespread attention adding to the breadth of knowledge translation methods employed. This also led to uptake by provincial health education curriculum developers. Results will also be circulated during an upcoming provincial election as part of engaging candidates around child nutrition and food security issues and policies. Conclusions This broad approach to integrated knowledge translation has resulted in extensive distribution of FANS study results and has potential to influence public health nutrition policy. Key messages • Integrated knowledge translation and a breadth of dissemination strategies in the FANS study has led to extensive distribution of research outputs and media coverage. • The FANS knowledge portal, with diverse academic and non-academic research outputs including a data dashboard, is strategic for public health nutrition promotion and advocacy.

A participatory approach to increase HPV vaccination in marginalized Roma communities in Slovakia

Abstract Background Roma living in marginalized communities are among underserved groups facing limited access to vaccination services. The RIVER-EU in Slovakia aims to identify and tailor the intervention to address health system barriers to HPV vaccination faced by people from marginalized Roma communities. Methods Following principles of participatory action research, a wide spectrum of stakeholders was engaged to discuss the transferability of promising evidence-based interventions. Interviews and focus groups aimed to assess the suitability of interventions and identify barriers and facilitators for the transfer and implementation taking contextual characteristics into account. Results Key stakeholders included community members (parents and daughters), Roma health mediators, healthcare providers, policymakers, and representatives of the municipality, school, and public health authority. The most challenging was to engage community members as they had almost no information about the HPV vaccination. Building relationships and trust with communities require intensive cooperation with field services, time and energy. Engaging primary care providers was difficult due to their restricted capacities and work overload causing their motivation to engage in time-consuming collaborative processes to be low. Successful engagement of all stakeholders required concentrated efforts and specific strategies of the research team. Conclusions Active participation of all those who will be affected by the intervention and those whose cooperation will be necessary for successful implementation requires to engage keep on board a number of stakeholders holding different opinions. Facilitating consensus about the design of tailored intervention requires intense communication and revisiting the ongoing integration of emerging ideas until the consensus is reached. It is a responsibility of a researcher to ensure that at the end of the process, all voices are heard and all needs are met.

Association of eating behavior with body mass index and waist circumference in university students

Abstract Background University students often change their eating habits in favor of snacking and intake of calorie-dense food while studying. This study aimed to examine whether the consumption of specific foods is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods This research was conducted at the University of Pristina temporarily seated in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia, from November 2018 to March 2019. In this cross-section study participants completed a socio-demographic and behavioral questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). All students were measured for body weight, height, and waist circumference. A linear regression model was adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, number of daily hours spent sitting, having chronic diseases, PSS, BAI and BDI. Results The study sample consisted of 534 students. Overall, the average BMI was 23.7 ± 4.5. The adjusted model showed that neither the number of fruit and vegetable portions nor the frequency of eating meat, fish and seafood were associated with a lower BMI. The same model confirmed that neither the number of fruit and vegetable portions per day nor the frequency of eating meat, fish and seafood were associated with a lower waist circumference. However, a regular intake of breakfast was associated with a lower waist circumference (B -1.882; 95% confidence interval -3.59, -0.17; p = 0.031). Conclusions Regular intake of breakfast is associated with a lower waist circumference among health sciences students in Northern Kosovo. Providing opportunities for breakfast intake on the school campus should be one of the main goals of the school authorities. Key messages • Regular intake of breakfast may help health sciences students have a lower waist circumference. • Prioritizing breakfast intake can be beneficial for students’ health.

Enhancing psychological well-being of school teachers in India: role of energy management, thriving, and stress.

The psychological well-being of school teachers is a growing concern in the post-pandemic era. Many initiatives are undertaken by individual school authorities and government agencies to address this issue. In this study, we examine the impact of energy management, thriving, and stress on the psychological well-being of school teachers in India. Data was collected from 356 school teachers in Rajasthan, India, through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. These teachers were working both in rural and urban areas. The relationship among energy management, thriving, stress, and psychological well-being was analyzed using hierarchical regression. The findings suggest that energy management positively impacts psychological well-being. A mediating effect of thriving and stress on the relationship between energy management and psychological well-being was also found. The results support that psychological well-being can be enhanced by investing in managing school teachers' energy levels. These results contribute to our theoretical and practical understanding of factors that can enhance the psychological well-being of school teachers and improve the quality of education. Institutes may design and implement interventions on energy management to enhance the psychological well-being of school teachers.

School Authority Supports and Teacher’s Continuous Intention to Use Virtual Learning Platforms: A Multi-Group Analysis

The transformation of schools toward educational excellence involves the intervention of school authorities. In line with the Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (PPPM) 2013-2025, the Frog VLE platforms were implemented in Malaysia as a mega-investment to connect over 10,000 elementary and secondary schools, covering over 5 million students, 500 000 teachers, and 4.5 million parents nationwide.Despite this development, usage of this platform is still quite low. In this regard, a multi-group analysis was conducted to evaluate the school authority's support in determining teachers' continued intention to use VLE platforms in primary schools. A mix of methods was used for this study. In the northern area of peninsular Malaysia, 96,748 teachers are overseeing a total of 7,418 schools. Consequently, more than 384 teachers should be included in the sample size for this study (Krejcie& Morgan, 1970) and (Salkind, 2010). For data collection, simple random sampling was applied. Based on the determined sample size, 85 schools were carefully chosen using the random calculator. From every school, ten teachers were picked as respondents. This generated 850 of the sample (85*10 = 850). Seven hundred nineteen were returned or about 84.0% response rate out of 850 distributed questionnaires. Analysis was carriedout through PLS-SEM measurement and structural analyses as well as the Multi-Group Analysis (PLS-MGA). The results showed high school authority support at mean = 3.82 and standard deviation = 0.29. The findings also found a significant correlation between the support of school leaders and the willingness of Islamic education teachers at r = 0.37. Hence, it is recommended that school leaders increase the encouragement level through motivation, monitoring and activating the Islamic Education teachers to use Frog VLE frequently so that this application will be consistent and expanded.

Influence of Gender Norms on Education Participation among Secondary School Girls in Homa Bay County

Several studies in sub-Saharan Africa have looked at the impact of gender norms on the education of girls. Nevertheless, on a national level, limited studies have attempted to directly investigate the girls’ views and their experiences of these norms. Therefore, this study is intended to investigate the influence of gender norms on the education participation of secondary school girls in Homa Bay County (HBC). The study adopted a concurrent transformative research design, majorly quantitative with an embedded qualitative bit. The population of interest comprised all secondary school girls in HBC. Purposive sampling was applied to limit the sample population to the three sub-counties of Rachwonyo South, Rachwonyo East, and Ndhiwa. Solvin’s formula was used to arrive at a sample size of 393. Respondents were selected using a proportionate stratified sampling method. Additionally, one guidance/counselling teacher, one principal, and one area education director from the participating schools were purposefully included in the study to provide complementary qualitative data. Data from female students was collected by means of questionnaires. Interview schedules were used to collect data from the other participants. The validity of the test was established through expert input and the adaptation of tests used in similar studies. Instrument reliability was confirmed by a test-retest test that returned a correlation coefficient of 0.766. The quantitative data was coded and analysed using SPSS version 24.0. Linear regression was run between education participation and gender norms, and the outcome was an equation model. Qualitative data provided evaluative references in the discussion. The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable was found to be statistically significant (t = 1.295, p <.001). The study found that the gender norms of most secondary school girls in Homa Bay County are disposed to unquestioning submissiveness to men and over-involvement in domestic chores. The study recommends that school authorities use parental gatherings to create awareness that focuses girls’ attention on career development. Interventions to improve girls’ education participation will benefit from these findings. Similar studies are needed to establish the plausibility of generalizing the findings beyond Homa Bay County.

Urogenital Schistosomiasis among School Children in Anambra North Senatorial District, Nigeria

Schistosomiasis though neglected is a disease of public health importance which could lead to serious health challenges even in children. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors of Urogenital Schistosomiasis among School Children in Anambra North Senatorial District, Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study which applied the simple random sampling technique and included a total of 396 school children from 4 schools. Consent was obtained from parents and school authorities. Ages of individuals sampled ranged from 6-20 years. Structured questionnaires were administered to determine risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. A total of 210 females and 186 males were sampled. Urine samples were collected in 20ml universal bottles. Urinalysis and microscopy were done for each sample. Egg intensity was grouped into light infection (<50 eggs/10ml) and heavy infection (>50 eggs/10ml). Urinalysis test showed that none of the participants had glucose, ketones, nitrate, or protein in their urine. Haematuria was detected in 4(1.01%) school children. The overall prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 9.1%. Onitsha North LGAhad the highest prevalence of 20.8%, Ogbaru LGA had 8.4% prevalence, while Anambra East LGA had 5.9% prevalence. Twenty-six females (12.4%) and 10 males (5.4%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs via microscopy. Prevalence of S. haematobium was highest in individuals between ages 11-15 (13.88%). Age group 6-10 had the highest egg intensity rate (50%) followed by 16-20years (37.5%) and 11-15 years (10%). The risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in this study included proximity to stream, lack of good potable water, swimming, bathing, washing, and carrying out certain day-to-day activities at the S. haematobium infected water source. Females visited the stream more than males however, this was not statistically significant (P>0.05). This study has shown the presence of urogenital schistosomiasis among school children in Anambra North Senatorial District.

Street Hawking and Truancy as Predictor of Academic Performance Amongst Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria

The paper examined street hawking as predictor of truancy among secondary school students in Ondo State, Nigeria. The population of the study comprised all the secondary school teachers. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 200 teachers. The instrument for data collection was self-constructed questionnaire titled “Street Hawking and Truancy” on four-point Likert scale. Pearson product movement correlation was used to determine the correlation coefficient which was 0.76. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The hypotheses were tested using analysis. The result indicated that there was a significant relationship between street hawking and truancy amongst secondary school students. The result also showed that there was a significant relationship between street hawking and academic performance of secondary school students, and finally the result revealed that there was a significant relationship between street hawking and academic performance of secondary school students. The study concluded that there was a positive relationship between street hawking, truancy and academic performance due to so many factors such as inability to pay school fee, unauthorized extra fees being charged by school authorities, poor socio-economic status of the students. The study recommended amongst others that the state’s constituted law enforcement agents should further intensify efforts towards apprehending any student found roaming about the streets during official school hours.

Professional formation in initial education from the perspective of the pedagogy of love

It is proposed to strengthen the teaching performance of the Initial Education teachers of the Pujilí Occident C10 Educational Circuit, through the use of strategies from the Pedagogy of Love. This research had a qualitative - quantitative approach, at an explanatory level, in addition the technique of focus group. On the other hand, the quantitative study was applied in the execution of structured interviews aimed at school authorities and teachers, as well as the analysis carried out when comparing the results of the pre-test and the post-test. In the study, the teachers’ lack of knowledge about this teaching modality was determined and therefore the proposal “Educating with Love” was designed, framed in workshops that provide them with the necessary knowledge to apply them in classes, with activities for socio-affective development. of the students, additionally a digital instruction manual was designed to carry out future workshops.

Evaluation of the incidence and risk factors of ocular disorder in primary school children: a cross-section analysis

Background: School health is an essential part of any public health program. Poor vision in childhood can affect school performance and affect children later in life. Pupils can be affected by various eye diseases such as refractive errors, strabismus, color blindness, eyelid problems and cataracts. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and risk factors of eye diseases in children aged 6-12 years. Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study selected children aged 6-12 years from December 2018 to March 2019 from 09 primary schools in the Kanpur district. The institutional ethical clearance and appropriate permissions from the school authorities were obtained through the medical officer of Kalyanpur PHC and consent 51 from parents. Results: A total of 2,100 students from 09 different schools, 1,070 boys and 1,030 girls, were tested. The most common eye diseases are myopic astigmatism with 16.6% (348 people), myopic astigmatism with 78.2% (272 people), 192 were against the rule astigmatisms, 80 were with the rule astigmatism astigmatisms, followed by simple myopic with 15.2% (53 people) and hypermetropic astigmatism with 1.7% (6 people). The next most common disease is allergic disease with 1.6% (34). The 1.4% (30) of children have strabismus. Blindness 0.26% (5), colour blindness 0.2% (4); eyelid and adnexal disease 0.13% (3) and cataract 0.03% (1) Conclusions: Eye diseases in school-aged children can be easily detected by regular eye examinations; this research shows that vision deficiency is likely to be affected.

Influence of Sexual Attitudes on the Education Participation of Secondary School Girls in Homa Bay County, Kenya

Secondary schooling for girls is associated with much vulnerability. Sexual research is sometimes curtailed by religious and cultural taboos that consider it inappropriate. Given that girls’ education participation continues to experience setbacks that have a sexual bearing, research breaching these taboos is justified. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sexual attitudes on the education participation of secondary school girls in Homa Bay County (HBC). The study adopted a Concurrent Transformative research design- majorly quantitative with an embedded qualitative bit. The study took place in Homa Bay County. The targeted population was all secondary school girls in HBC. Solvin’s formula was used to arrive at a sample size of 393. Respondents were chosen by proportionate stratified sampling method. Additionally, one guidance/counselling teacher, one principal and one area education director from the participating schools were purposefully included in the study to provide complementary qualitative data. Data from female students was collected by means of questionnaires while interview schedules were used to collect data from the rest of the participants. The validity of the test was established through expert input and adaption of tests used in similar studies. A pilot study was conducted to ensure instrument efficiency. Instrument reliability was confirmed by a test-retest test that returned a correlation coefficient of 0.786. The quantitative data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Linear regression was run between education participation and gender norms and the outcome was an equation model. Qualitative data provided evaluative references in the discussion. The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable was found to be statistically significant (t= 29.576, p <.001). Data evidence against the null hypothesis validated the alternative hypothesis. The study found that the sexual attitudes of the majority of the girls in Homa Bay County were inclined towards sexual gratification. The study data revealed that this behaviour undermined girls’ education participation. The study recommends that school authorities promote the formation of girls’ sexual sobriety peer teams (SSPT) that meet regularly to unpack the potential risks of romantic relationships on their educational participation. Interventions to improve girls’ education participation will benefit from these findings. More similar studies are needed to gauge the plausibility of generalizing these findings.

Activity-Based, Students’ Centered, Experiment and Improvisation (ASEI): For Strengthening Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) In North Eastern Nigeria

This paper was designed to investigate Activity – Based, Students’ Centered, Experiment and Improvisation through Plan, Do, See and Improve (PDSI) as a panacea to Strengthening Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) in Upper Basic Schools of north eastern Nigeria. The study adopted Ex Post Facto research design which was conducted the entire North – Eastern States in Nigeria. A total of 993 mathematics and science teachers was considered as the population of the study. The study further employed a non-probability purposive sampling where the researchers select 103 mathematics and science teachers who have attended the SMASE training only. The study was guided by two (2) research questions and one (1) null hypothesis where questionnaire served as an instrument for data collection. The result revealed that when teachers go through the SMASE training there would be a gradual change and finally will lead to appreciating the role of SMASE training, thereby leading to a significant improvement in their teaching and learning process which have been seen not only their students’ participation in class but also on their performance especially at the JSCE examinations. It therefore recommended that teachers should be encouraged to adopt ASEI/PDSI as an approach to SMASE, school based training (SBT) should be encourage and to become a routine in every school so that ASEI/PDSI principles will be easily assimilated, Government and school authorities should device a means of compulsory adoption and implementation of ASEI/PDSI principles and its principles in all teaching and learning

Academic Performance in NECO English Language and Biology in a Selected Secondary School in Surulere Local Government, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

National Examination Council is the final qualifying examinations that must be taken by Senior Secondary School Students at the end of their secondary school education. Success in the examinations is mandatory as it provide the basic prerequisite and qualification to gain admission into institution of higher learning. The main objective of this study is to analyze the performances of students of a selected Senior Secondary School in Surulere local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria in two subjects which are Biology and English Language. The study analyzes the result for the period of eight (8) years. The total numbers of enrolment for the two subjects within the year 2014-2021 were gathered from the school record with the consent of the school authority. Also the NECO results were retrieved for the period of eight years and analyzed using Pearson product Correlation Coefficient. It was discovered that there was a significant positive relationship between the student’s performances in NECO Biology and NECO English Language. The average performance in Biology at credit level was 79.04% while in English language it was 78.99%. The study therefore recommends adequate supply of teaching and learning materials to the schools, employment of more qualified Biology and English language teachers, adequate and seasonal release of grants to the schools for seminars and workshop while the teachers should be ready to discharge their duties as required by their professions.

Effects Of Truancy Behaviour on Academic Performance of Secondary Schools Students in Ndokwa Ea

This study investigated effects of truancy behaviour on academic performance of secondary schools students in Ndokwa East L. G . A of Delta State. Two (2) research questions and two (2) null hypothesis was raised to guide the study. The study adopted correlational research design. The population of this study comprised all the SS1 and SS11 students of the 12 public secondary schools in Ndokwa East L.G.A of Delta State which are about 1,151 students in 2022/2023 session. The researchers used random sampling procedure to select six (6) schools from the 12 schools, and selected 77 students from the six (6) schools, that is SS1 is 40 while SS11is 37 student. Instruments use for this study was truancy Behaviour scale (TBS) while students academics performance was collected from the school. Truancy behaviour variables has 87.87% content validity while its construct validity was ranged from .35 and .89. The reliability index for truancy baheviour scale is alpha=.96 P ? 0.5 level of significance. Regression Analysis was use to answer both research questions and hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The result showed that there is a relationship between Truancy behaviour and academics performance and also there is no significant relationship between Truancy behaviour and academic performance among secondary school students in delta state based on their gender . Based on the findings, recommendations were made that the school Authorities should give special recognition/award to well-behaved students as a mark of encouragement, teachers should make learning attractive for the students, also the school counselors, teachers and parents should try to counsel the students with truant behaviour to understand that they can perform well in academic activities if they take learning seriously.

Teacher's Perspectives About Tobacco Consumption and Its Prevention Among Students From Western Maharashtra, India: A Qualitative Study.

Background Teachers are role models for students and influential members of society. They are capable of influencing social norms related to tobacco control among students. This background study was planned to understand teachers' opinions and views about factors influencing tobacco use and prevention strategies being used. Methodology We conducted qualitative research on teacher's opinions about tobacco use among students. We chose focus group discussion as our data collection method, as we wanted to observe their personal views on social norms. We involved 70 high school teachers in our study from the Akola district. The data collected from the teachers were organized into various themes interrelated to the objectives. Results The majority of teachers mentioned that the reason for tobacco consumption among children was peer pressure, from observations of older individuals in society, and from TV serials. Some teachers suggested that proper counseling and telling them about the harmful effects of tobacco are useful for prevention. Tobacco's harmful effects and its prevention strategies were not included in the standard curricula of students, which is one of the key barriers. Conclusions There is a need to implement school-based tobacco prevention education programs to reduce the early onset of smoking among students. School authorities must implement the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply, and Distribution) Act, 2003 effectively with the help of the police to prohibit tobacco use among teachers and students.

PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM EKSTRAKURIKULER DALAM MENINGKATKAN MINAT DAN BAKAT SISWA

Extracurricular activities are one of the student development activities. Extracurricular activities are activities carried out by students outside of class learning hours. Extracurricular activities are divided into mandatory extracurricular activities and optional extracurricular activities, which are followed by students who are interested in these activities.
 This paper aims to (1) reveal the development of extracurricular curriculum (2) Know how the extracurricular curriculum in increasing students' interests and talents.
 Extracurricular curriculum development is a program or design of educational activities held outside of class hours held by the school authorities to shape the character of students in supporting the achievement of educational goals. In other words, the extracurricular curriculum is part of the education unit curriculum developed by each educational institution tailored to the needs of the school.
 Meanwhile, schools can function as a medium for developing and fostering children's interests and talents properly, so that they do not merely present abstract and scholastic knowledge.