Authoritative Texts Research Articles

‘Like a donkey carrying books’

AbstractThis study aims to show how intertextuality is exploited as an impoliteness resource in online reader comments on the website of a London-based pan-Arab Arabic-language daily newspaper. Analysis of 140 reader responses containing impolite references shows that readers called upon and appropriated the language and imagery of impolite and culturally salient prior texts from four sources to perform impoliteness: traditional scriptures, historical texts, poetic texts, and popular proverbs. The use and reception of these impolite intertextualities rely on familiarity with the intertextual source in question. The creative recycling of privileged authoritative texts, use of metaphorical language, invoking of gender identity, and reproducing of particular ideologies played a pivotal role in performing this intertextual impoliteness. The perception of such intertextual impoliteness is crucially influenced by culture as a “general text” (Kristeva 1980) that adds to the complexity of impoliteness when analyzed within a culture-specific context.

The OECD BEPS Multilateral Instrument and the Issue of Language

This article discusses the OECD BEPS Multilateral Instrument (MLI) in respect of its policy to implement equally authoritative English and French texts. It evaluates this choice against the background of the policies implemented in the final clauses of all existing bilateral tax treaties and proposes possible solutions to resolve the problems resulting from the MLI final clause. The global tax treaty network is modelled based on a sample of 3,358 tax treaties currently concluded.

INTERNALISASI METODE HAFALAN AL-QUR’AN DALAM TRADISI ṢALÂT TAQWIYAH AL-HIFZH (STUDI LIVING HADITS DI PONDOK PESANTREN USYAQIL QUR’AN TALANGSARI JEMBER)

Memorizing the Koran becomes a part that is not released from the guarding of Allah SWT towards the authenticity of the Qur'an. However, the method of memorizing the Koran did not receive special attention and priority in the authoritative texts of the Islamic religion even though at the same time the authoritative texts, - especially the hadith, explained a lot of small and trivial matters. But PP. Usyaqil Qur'an has one of the traditional rituals relating to memorizing the Qur'an, - which are not practiced by many memorizers of the Qur'an elsewhere. Furthermore, they rely on the tradition to the Prophet. To that end, the author will examine the traditional phenomenon ṣalat taqwiyah al-hifzh as one of the hadith phenomena which the community has lived (living hadith) in order to know the practice of the prayer tradition and to know their understanding of the foundation of the prayer. The phenomenology approach, interview method, and observation were chosen by the researcher to find out directly the implementation of the tradition based on the perspective of the research object.

A Review of the Popular and Scholarly Accounts of Donald Trump’s White Working-Class Support in the 2016 US Presidential Election

Popular and scholarly accounts of Trump’s ascendency to the presidency of the United States on the part of the American white working-class use different variables to define the sociodemographic group because there is no “working-class White” variable available in benchmark datasets for researchers to code. To address this need, the Author ran a multinomial regression to assess whether income, education and racial identity predict working-class membership among white Americans, finding that income and education are statistically significant predictors of working-class whiteness, while racial identity is not. Arriving at a robust definition of “white working-class” in light of these findings, the paper next turns to a review of the extant literature. By retrieving studies from searches of computerised databases, hand searches and authoritative texts, the review critically surmises the explanatory accounts of Trump’s victory. Discussion of the findings from the review is presented in three principal sections. The first section explains how working-class White communities, crippled by a dearth of social and geographic mobility, have been “left behind” by the political elites. The second section examines how white Americans, whose dominant group position is threatened by demographic change, voted for Trump because of resonance between his populist rhetoric and their latent “racist” attitudes. The third and final section explores the implications of a changing America for native-born whites, and how America’s increasing ethnoracial diversity is eroding relations between its dominant and nondominant groups. The Author surmises by arguing that these explanatory accounts must be understood in the context of this new empirical approximation of “working-class White”.

The Political Status of Tibet During the Ming Dynasty: An Analysis of Some Historical Evidence

This study analyses two authoritative texts and a map from the Ming and Qing eras to examine the political relationship between China and Tibet in the Ming period. It finds that in these documents Tibet was not classified as being a part of the realm governed by the Ming Empire. This casts doubt on the claim advanced by the People’s Republic of China that Tibet has been a part of China ‘since antiquity’. An important conclusion of this study is that, when taking recourse to historical texts to justify or refute territorial claims, the structure and content of the text as a whole, and not just isolated phrases or formulations, should be taken into account.

A Critical Examination of the Distinction between Interpretation and Construction

The distinction between interpretation and construction, with its roots in the law and theory of contracts, has become a central theme in contemporary debates about constitutional theory. According to the distinction, advanced and elaborated by Lawrence Solum, Keith Whittington and many others, interpretation is the process of locating the linguistic meaning of an authoritative text in a statute, in the Constitution, or in any other authoritative legal item. But at the heart of the distinction is the idea that identifying the linguistic meaning of a legal text does not answer the question of how that text should be applied to specific facts and specific legal controversies. This is construction, so it is said, and it necessarily goes beyond the process of interpretation. Although the distinction is a valuable precaution against those who would seek to claim that the application of law is entirely or mostly a question of meaning, it runs into trouble when it confronts the existence of technical legal language in the law. Interpreting such language, especially when it is constitutive or evaluative, requires recourse to legal values, legal goals, and the purposes of legal institutions, but in doing so it requires recourse to law at interpretation stage. As a result, the basic insight of the distinction between interpretation and construction – that semantic content and legal values are different, and that law enters the process only at the construction stage – is of limited value when the language at issue is legally technical.

Collaboration for Strategic Change: Examining Dialectical Tensions in an Interorganizational Change Effort

Given the increasing number of interorganizational collaborations across governmental and private sectors, this study furthers theoretical understanding of these relationships by focusing on dialectical tensions experienced in a collaborative strategic change effort. The research site was an 11-member statewide interorganizational committee working to create change across all involved organizations. Data collection included prolonged observation of meetings over 18 months and interviews with committee leaders. Analytical procedures began with a modified constant comparative analysis that guided the research toward a tension-centered approach for ongoing data collection and analysis. Results include seven dialectical tensions representing three tension types: commitment-based, process-based, and outcome-based tensions. Participants used four strategies for communicatively negotiating tensions: acknowledging, delaying, hedging, and invoking authoritative texts. This study contributes to an increasing awareness of the constitutive nature of communication in collaborations and continues to refine our understanding of dialectical tension management in group interactions.

Constructing the global constitutional canon: Between authority and criticism

The future of global law seems currently in doubt. Despite this development, and indeed partly because of it, comparative constitutional law and human rights are blossoming as academic disciplines. This makes it a good moment to ask if global constitutional law (by which I mean to refer both to comparative constitutional law and international human rights law) has a canon and whether it needs one. I argue that we do not as yet have much in the way of a canon but that we need one or, at least, a debate about one. I begin by offering a first and tentative assessment of the state of the debate and then discuss in more detail what type of canon might fit global constitutional law. I reject the more traditional, religious conception of a canon as an assembly of normatively authoritative texts as incompatible with comparative law. I argue instead that a canon of global constitutional law should fulfil three key functions: (a) serving as a disciplinary platform establishing the foundations of a shared discourse among comparative constitutionalists and human rights lawyers; (b) encouraging self-reflection by making room for different voices and criticism as well as giving us a sense of the historical development of our fields; and (c) supporting the normative agenda of human rights and democratic constitutionalism. From this, I draw four factors relevant to the canonical status of individual judicial decisions in global constitutional law. Finally, I examine the famous US decision Obergefell v Hodges as a candidate for a global canon as compared to other decisions on same-sex marriage, thus applying my previous arguments to a concrete case.

Transnational policy discourses on ‘teacher quality’: An educational connoisseurship and criticism approach

In this article, we analyse key policy documents on teacher quality produced by the OECD and the EU during the period 2005 to 2017 using an educational connoisseurship and criticism approach. The purpose of this article is to explore how Eisner’s concepts of educational connoisseurship and educational criticism can be understood and used to analyse educational policy, especially how teacher quality is discursively constructed in transnational authoritative texts on education policy. Eisner’s three aspects of criticism, description, interpretation and evaluation can be utilised in a differentiated critical approach to the analysis of transnational policy documents on education. While the critical descriptive discourse can be viewed as ‘identifying a simple relationship’ between social development and educational needs, the interpretative critical discourse can be regarded as ‘recognising the complexity’ of teachers’ tasks in changing societies and the critical evaluative discourse as ‘recognising and problematising contradictory interests’ that affect teachers’ work. We argue that the philosophical concepts of connoisseurship and criticism contribute to policy research by demonstrating that a multifaceted concept of teacher quality is needed to capture the complex nature of education.

The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume VIII: The Short Fiction ed. by Ian Small

Reviewed by: The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume VIII: The Short Fiction ed. by Ian Small John Peters (bio) The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume VIII: The Short Fiction edited by Ian Small; pp. 640. Oxford UP, 2017. $158.63 cloth. The oxford English Texts edition of The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde has now published its eighth volume (this latest being a collection of Wilde’s short fiction) and has consistently shown itself to be the definitive scholarly edition of Oscar Wilde’s works. Prior to the OET edition, Wilde’s canon was sorely in need of good textual editing, with most previous editions of Wilde’s work relying on flawed early collected editions. The OET edition has remedied this problem and consistently supplied accurate texts for scholars of Wilde’s writings. The latest volume in this series continues that trend. Unsurprisingly, given his previous editing work in this series, Ian Small has produced a careful and thoughtful edition of Oscar Wilde’s short fiction, which stands up well against previous editions. Small’s extensive introduction clearly traces the (sometimes scant) evidence that exists concerning the composition and development of Wilde’s short fiction. Small provides good support for the choices he makes in determining copy text as well as his justification for the emendations he does make to his copy texts. His decision to use the first English book editions of these works makes sense given the fact that Wilde would have made his final revisions to these versions of the stories and that Wilde typically allowed his editors to regularize his punctuation, capitalization, and similar issues. Small’s decision not to use the first book edition of “Mr. W.H.” also makes sense because of the questions surrounding its authority, something that Small argues convincingly in his introduction to the origins, composition, and publication history of this tale. I particularly like Small’s inclusion of both the original, shorter version of “Mr. W.H.” and the longer version, a version that Small has had to put together from various sources (again clearly outlined in his introduction). This task is similar to what he did previously when editing De Profundis for the Oxford English Texts edition of that work. Similarly, Small makes a good decision to include Wilde’s translation of Turgenev’s piece “A Fire at Sea.” This is one of Wilde’s lesser-known works, and its inclusion in this volume is welcome. Of course, the greatest value of this volume is its providing an authoritative version of Wilde’s various works of short fiction, something that has been lacking until now. Along with an authoritative text, the next most valuable contribution this edition makes is its extensive annotations to the stories, far more extensive than those provided in any other edition of the stories. Along with the texts, introduction, and annotations, Small includes a list of Wilde’s writings from 1885–89, an introduction to the textual editing practices he employs, and an appendix containing a translation of Wilde’s “The Birthday of the Infanta” (“L’Anniversaire de la Naissance de la Petite Princesse”). All of these will be useful to those studying Wilde’s short fiction. [End Page 293] All in all, the Oxford English Text edition of Wilde’s short fiction will be a valuable resource to readers of Wilde’s fiction for years to come, and it certainly belongs in any research library’s collection. John Peters University of North Texas John Peters john peters is a University Distinguished Research Professor at the University of North Texas. He is the author or editor of a dozen books with such publishers as Cambridge University Press, Broadview, W.W. Norton, Brill, Ohio State University Press, and Routledge. His articles have appeared in such journals as Philosophy and Literature, College Literature, Victorian Review, Studies in the Novel, Studies in Short Fiction, and English Language Notes. He has also translated the Japanese poet Takamura Kōtarō’ s book The Chieko Poems (Green Integer, 2007). Copyright © 2019 Victorian Studies of Western Canada

The Magic Combination of Family <em>and</em> Books: Jo Lighting the Way

The Magic Combination of Family and Books:Jo Lighting the Way Anne Boyd Rioux I have always regretted that I didn't encounter Little Women as girl. I was no longer a little woman but in my early twenties when I first read Louisa May Alcott's classic in a graduate course on American literary realism. As it turned out, though, Jo still helped light the way toward my possible future, as she has for so many generations of girls. Like most master's students, I still struggled to imagine life beyond the safe confines of postgraduate education. But Jo gave me hope that one day I'd manage to have the things in life that most mattered to me. The scene that most stands out from my memories of that first reading is in the final chapter, "Harvest Time." Jo has married Professor Bhaer, and they have had two sons and established a school for boys at Plumfield. I know that this scene should have been a great disappointment to me, that I should have been angry at Alcott for marrying Jo off to a stodgy, old professor, or simply for marrying her off at all. I should have cringed when Jo looked back on her earlier dreams of becoming a famous author and decided, "the life I wanted then seems selfish, lonely and cold to me now" (379). It was the next line, however, that leaped off the page at me: "I haven't given up the hope that I may write a good book yet, but I can wait, and I'm sure it will be all the better for such experiences and illustrations as these" (379; emphasis added). She then points to her sons and students, as well as to her father and husband. The idea that having a family could not only be compatible with literary ambitions but could actually enrich one's writings (particularly for women) was a revelation to me. I'd only ever heard the opposite. As I discovered in my subsequent PhD research, such an optimistic forecast has been virtually absent from women's literature. Today's women writers still struggle to reconcile their lives as mothers with their literary ambitions. The same is true, of course, for women academics. In my own life I was fortunate to finish my first book just before my daughter was born, to work on an anthology while she was young, and then to begin writing books again while she was away at school during the day (funded by grants that released me from teaching). Although it's never been easy, and I've made many sacrifices in my career because of my family, [End Page 121] I can say that my most recent book, a biography of Little Women released for the 150th anniversary, would not have been the same without the presence of my book-loving, Jo-resembling, Harry Potter–obsessed teenage daughter in my life. She informed Meg, Jo, Beth, Amy: The Story of Little Women and Why It Still Matters in so many ways and definitely made it a "better" book. [End Page 122] Anne Boyd Rioux University of New Orleans notes 1. For more on the novel's cultural and literary influence, see Rioux 115–34. 2. See [Greg], "Moby Books Illustrated Classic Editions," "Lost in the Cloud," https://lostinthecloudblog.com/2010/08/19/moby-books-illustrated-classic-editions/, accessed December 8, 2018. works cited "About the Society." Louisa May Alcott Society website, http://www.louisamayalcottsociety.org/p/about-society.html. Accessed 13 January 2019. Alcott, Louisa M. Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Edited by Anne K. Phillips and Gregory Eiselein. Norton, 2004. Google Scholar Harper, Frances E. W. Iola Leroy. 1892, Beacon, 1987. Google Scholar Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. 1861, Harvard, 1987. Google Scholar Rioux, Anne Boyd. Meg, Jo, Beth, Amy: The Story of Little Women and Why It Still Matters. Norton, 2018. Google Scholar Saxton, Martha. Louisa May Alcott: A Modern Biography. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. Google Scholar Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. "Look Before You Leap." Columbian Lady's and Gentleman's...

Lactose Intolerance and Oral Health: A Public Health Promotional Perspective

Introduction: The percentage of individuals with lactose intolerance and milk allergy is rising in the populations world wide, with some races showing more predilection towards intolerance. It is being increasingly seen in adults, in addition to its known effects on children. Objective: To assess the potential effects of lactose intolerance on oral health. Background: Individuals affected by lactose intolerance often practise dairy-exclusion diets to avoid symptoms provoked by lactose intake. This dietary restriction results in a significant lower intake of calcium among affected subjects. Substitution of dairy products with other soy-based or lactose-free food may also have a local effect to the oral environment. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant studies which have been conducted in this area and identify areas which need further investigation. Method: The authors retrieved relevant literatures from searches of electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus), hand searches of the references of retrieved literature and authoritative texts. Terms searched included the following: lactose intolerance, oral health, milk allergy, milk, dairy, dental, teeth, lactase deficiency, lactose and tooth loss. Discussion: The effects of dietary restrictions in lactose-intolerant subjects on dental caries, periodontal diseases, osteoporosis and ridge resorption, dental fluorosis and the role of probiotics are discussed. Conclusion: The association between lactose intolerance and oral health is ambiguously defined. Till date, it appears that not many studies have been done to investigate the relationship between lactose intolerance and oral health. More studies of higher level of evidence are required to further examine and confirm the effect of lactose intolerance on oral health.

Troubles psychotiques et troubles du sommeil : revue de la littérature

Contexte La disparition de la nomenclature des troubles du sommeil dits primaires ou secondaires, rendue obsolète par le Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM-5), représente bien l’engouement académique actuel pour ce domaine de recherche. Il est de plus en plus reconnu que les troubles du sommeil sont plus que de simples conséquences d’un trouble psychiatrique et qu’ils peuvent persister malgré un traitement adéquat de la condition comorbide et même précéder ou exacerber cette dernière. Les troubles du sommeil dans les troubles psychotiques, très fréquents, sont donc devenus un sujet d’actualité, représentant une cible d’intervention jusqu’ici sous-estimée. Objectif Cet article vise à présenter l’état des connaissances actuelles sur la relation entre les troubles du sommeil et les troubles psychotiques ainsi que sur l’utilisation de la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC) pour traiter les troubles du sommeil dans ce contexte. Méthode L’article fait une recension narrative de la littérature pour décrire la relation bidirectionnelle entre la psychose et les troubles du sommeil, les corrélations cliniques et les traitements ciblant l’insomnie chez les patients psychotiques. Résultats Malgré la présence d’une relation entre les troubles du sommeil et les troubles psychotiques, les mécanismes neuronaux, hormonaux et socioculturels régissant cette relation demeurent encore incertains. Bien que l’association reliant les troubles du sommeil et les troubles psychotiques demeure à clarifier, les études démontrent qu’elle serait bidirectionnelle et peut engendrer un cercle vicieux où ces deux composantes s’aggravent mutuellement. Dans ce contexte de comorbidités, les modèles unifiés en TCC deviennent un traitement de choix, à condition d’adapter les protocoles de TCC pour insomnie (TCC-i) à une population avec trouble psychotique (TCC-ip). Conclusion Malgré la complexité de la relation entre les troubles psychotiques et ceux du sommeil, la TCC-i a été démontrée efficace pour traiter les troubles du sommeil dans une population psychotique et pourrait, dans certains cas, permettre d’alléger la symptomatologie psychotique. De futures études sur ce domaine pourraient permettre le développement de protocoles de thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour les troubles du sommeil mieux adaptés à la population avec troubles psychotiques.

ITestimonia: una prima metodologia esegetica (cristiana) sulla Scrittura giudaica

The study intends to focus on the criteria developed by J.R. Harris regarding the Testimonies, that is, biblical passages collected with messianic and anti- Jewish aims. In the context of the Hellenistic culture, where different collections of passages are drawn from authoritative and ancient texts, and in the oracular mentality, the first Christians wanted to give voice to the divine Scripture in order to announce Christ “according to the Scriptures”. Harris’s inquiry, accepted with both reservations and enthusiasm, remains valid and continues to question the exegetical and theological methodology used by the early Christians, with which they developed the first Christology and the first form of Christian apologetics.

Continuing Carolingian Reform in the late Ninth Century: The Paenitentiale Trecense

Continuing Carolingian Reform in the late Ninth Century:The Paenitentiale Trecense Rob Meens, Lenneke van Raaij, and Carine van Rhijn In the Carolingian kingdoms penance was an important aspect of life.1 Penitential principals and procedures were heavily debated in ecclesiastical councils and penitential rituals functioned as a focus for political discussions and actions on the highest level, as the two cases in which Louis the Pious did public penance clearly demonstrate. The importance of the theme of penance was such that historians refer to Louis's reign as 'the penitential state'.2 The Carolingian era also saw a bustling activity in the composition of penitential handbooks that were meant to instruct confessors on how to deal with sinners in a new way. These new Carolingian creations were far from homogeneous, but they all display a clear interest in the authorities providing legitimization for the rulings they offer to the confessor on how to deal with his confessing subjects. In the year 813 the council of Chalonsur-Saône ruled that: 'we should repudiate and eliminate totally those booklets they call penitentials, of which the errors are as certain as the authors are uncertain'.3 This canon can be seen as a token that the authority of penitential rulings was a matter of great concern, although the council of Chalon-sur-Saône represented only one voice in a choir of polyphone singers, and other councils adopted different positions on this matter.4 As a result of these concerns [End Page 17] influential scholars such as Halitgar of Cambrai and Hrabanus Maurus composed new penitential handbooks for the clergy, that should live up to the expectations as they were expressed in reforming circles. Canonical collections such as the Collectio Dacheriana (ca. 800) also provided a range of rulings that proved a valuable tool for judging penitents.5 At the council of Tours in 813 the bishops decided that to remedy the situation in which the great variety of penitential decisions hampered proper penitential judgments, an episcopal assembly should meet at the sacred palace to decide what would be the right penitential book to be used in the empire. This proposition did not come to fruition. No decision was ever pronounced on the proper penitential book to be prescribed throughout the empire. A number of penitentials were composed, however, that responded to the criticism of the Carolingian bishops. Yet, they all came up with different conclusions. Although grounded in a number of authoritative basic texts, variety was still the rule. One manuscript, now kept in Troyes, Médiathèque de Troyes Champagne Métropole 1979, contains no less than three penitential books that in their own way tried to respond to the episcopal criticism of penitential books. This codex contains book one of the penitential of Halitgar of Cambrai, which was composed at the behest of Archbishop Ebo of Reims. Ebo had invited the bishop of Cambrai to compose a text in order to remedy a situation 'in which the judgments of the penitents were confused, diverse and contradictory in the little works that our priests use and which are not founded on anyone's authority'.6 Ebo clearly subscribed to the criticisms formulated in Chalon-sur-Saône regarding penitential books and regarded the sayings of the fathers and the judgments of the canons as the proper foundation for penitential judgments. Furthermore, the Troyes manuscript contains the so-called penitential of Pseudo-Theodore. This text, composed in the north-eastern regions of the Frankish empire, possibly [End Page 18] somewhere in the area between Reims and Mainz in the second quarter of the ninth century, clearly dates from a region and a period in which the criticism of penitential books was well-known. It has therefore sometimes been included among the group penitential books inspired by new Carolingian thinking about penance, although this is not so evident from its text or the choices of source material.7 A third penitential book included in the Troyes manuscript was already observed by Raymund Kottje when he studied the manuscript tradition of Halitgar's penitential, but it has hitherto never been edited or analysed.8 In this contribution we will offer an analysis...

A Mandate Fulfilled (1965–2017): The Writings of Herman Melville

A Mandate Fulfilled (1965–2017): The Writings of Herman Melville Hershel Parker On 27 October 2017, I could have lined up paperbacks of the fifteen volumes of The Writings of Herman Melville. After 13 February 2018, I could have lined up all the hardbacks on my upside-down mantel above the door to my study, this way: Click for larger view View full resolution I have tried to fake two more spines for lost volumes that Melville completed, The Isle of the Cross (to go between Pierre and some of the short stories, ideally, or the next book, Israel Potter) and Poems (between The Confidence-Man and Battle-Pieces). Here is my rough seventeen-volume array: Click for larger view View full resolution [End Page 14] Why start off this way? Because few people who love Melville have come round to visualizing anything close to the trajectory of his literary career as he lived it, the career in which he tried to publish two lost volumes, The Isle of the Cross and Poems. The final section of my Historical Note to Published Poems was “The Trajectory of Melville’s Literary Career.” As I said in the Billy Budd volume (13, but the last of the fifteen to be published), “A major purpose of this Historical Note is to reveal more of the trajectory of Melville’s career by providing clearer glimpses of some of the arcs that have been unknown.” This forum gives me the opportunity to emphasize how much remains to be absorbed, even after we have found so much, and to acknowledge that much more will be discovered. In the early summer of 1965, the Office of Education in the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare gave General Editor Harrison Hayford, Associate General Editor Hershel Parker, and Bibliographical Editor G. Thomas Tanselle a mandate to produce fifteen volumes of The Writings of Herman Melville, headquartered at Northwestern University and the Newberry Library (abbreviated NN). In addition to an authoritative text accompanied by textual and bibliographical evidence, the volumes were to include Historical Notes on such things as accounts of the composition, publication, reception, and later critical history of a book, most to be written by professors from other universities who had published on Melville. As it turned out, Melville’s works did not present as many complicated textual situations as did some books in other editions of American writers undertaken about the same time. W. W. Greg’s “Rationale of Copy-Text” seemed to work well, although it was applied a little too arbitrarily once or twice (as in White-Jacket). Starting in 1964 Hayford and I had collated the American Moby-Dick against the English The Whale for the Norton Critical Edition (NCE), finding that some words in the English edition were Melville’s corrections of mistakes in the American text (where his handwriting was mis-copied) and a few were his additions. Making multiple collations was necessary, for if a collator blinked a dazzling Melville word in the English edition might go undetected. This is an American passage: “Nor, will the tragic dramatist who would depict mortal indomitableness in its fullest sweep and direct swing, ever forget a hint, incidentally so important in his art, as the one now alluded to.” Melville’s correction in the English edition, “direst swing,” ranks in significance with the correction he pointed out to Sophia Hawthorne in his essay on Mosses—not “same madness of vital truth” but “sane madness.” For the 1967 NCE of Moby-Dick (which later flowed into the NN), Hayford and I made textual decisions on the basis of collations of the two early editions, aware all the while that Melville’s handwriting was regularly [End Page 15] misconstrued, even by his wife and sisters. In his contributions to the Literary World, we had Melville’s manuscript with which to correct the printed text, and in the “Extracts” in Moby-Dick, we saw in working on the NCE and in the still more comprehensive checking of Melville’s sources for the 1988 NN edition (done with Tanselle’s help) unsettling evidence of how many misreadings must have been in his books where no...

Cove

Cove Hannah Comer (bio) COVE, the Central Online Victorian Educator, originally constituted in 2016, is a scholar-driven, open-access platform, maintained and supported by the North American Victorian Studies Association (NAVSA), the British Association for Victorian Studies (BAVS), and the Australasian Victorian Studies Association (AVSA), as well as by a number of independent institutions including Purdue, Texas Christian University, the University of Delaware, Ryerson University, Carleton University, the University of Alberta–Birkbeck, the University of Exeter, Queen Mary University of London, and the University of Birmingham. COVE is designed to support and publish all Victorian materials that are considered important for the understanding of the period and to support teaching through innovative tools and the publication of material that can be used creatively. COVE publishes peer-reviewed material, provides tools to guide Victorian research and pedagogy, and advocates interest in the humanities. The platform cultivates and explores the possibilities of digital technologies, opening up new ways of understanding the period through editions of various Victorian works (see https://editions.covecollective.org/content/about-cove). Current COVE poetry editions, among others, include Christina Rossetti’s “Goblin Market” (1862), Oscar Wilde’s “The Harlot’s House” (1885 Wilde’s “The Harlot’s House” (1904), Elizabeth Barratt Browning’s “On a Portrait of Wordsworth by B. R. Haydon” (1842) and Rossetti’s “In An Artist’s Studio” (1856 “In An Artist’s Studio” (1896). The digital edition of Rossetti’s “Goblin Market” (https://editions.covecollective.org/edition/goblin-market) is the work of a team of eight current Rossetti scholars: Antony Harrison, Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, Mary Arseneau, Alison Chapman, Margaret Linley, Emma Mason, and Richard Menke. This edition aims to provide an authoritative text with critical commentary that explores the linguistic, textual, historical, cultural, and interpretative aspects of the poem. It features both a biographical introduction to Rossetti and an editorial introduction to the text. The biographical introduction outlines Rossetti’s life and work, her involvement within the Pre-Raphaelite circle, and the formative influences on her visual and poetic imagination. Both introductions trace the reception of Rossetti’s work, from after her death to current critical interest and research, acknowledging her position as an important Victorian poet. The editorial introduction lists the other important editions of the poem printed since 1862. It features editions such as the volume with accompanying illustrations by her [End Page 455] brother Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Rebecca Crump’s three-volume variorum edition, The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti (1979–1990). This edition also incorporates the notes supplied by Christina Rossetti’s brother William Michael Rossetti and thus reconsiders his role as the editor of both her and D. G. Rossetti’s poetical works. The annotations and commentary for the poem encompass the various approaches to “Goblin Market,” using categorical (such as linguistic, textual, historical) and color-coded tags to show the variants in the text and provide biographical and cultural information about Rossetti and the Victorian era. The interpretive tag displays further information about Rossetti’s poetic techniques or influences, visual and musical responses to the poem, and the critical reception of Rossetti’s poem. Each color-coded tag shows the annotator’s name and the category or categories under which he or she falls. Wilde’s “The Harlot’s House” (https://editions.covecollective.org/edition/harlots-house), edited and annotated by Dennis Denisoff, Regenia Gagnier, Natalie Houston, Jamil Mustafa, Diana Maltz, Stefano Evangelista, and Dominique Gracia, is an edition that reconsiders “The Harlot’s House” as an example of a theater poem. The introduction to the text gives a brief overview of Wilde’s formative years and his involvement in the Aesthetic Movement and primarily focuses on his work as a poet as well as his theatrical work and interests. In the introduction, Denisoff and Gagnier explore the social issues and contexts, particularly prostitution, that inform Wilde’s poem. It features a list of primary, critical, and visual works cited. This edition establishes the poem’s editorial history from its original publication in the 1885 Dramatic Review and two privately printed versions of the text in 1904 and 1905 and fosters a virtual and scholarly community through which the poem can be kept on...

Introduction: A Special Issue on Editing Ulysses

Introduction:A Special Issue on Editing Ulysses Charles Rossman James Joyce's Ulysses was plagued from the outset by hundreds of printing errors. The 1922 first edition, published in Paris by Sylvia Beach through her bookstore "Shakespeare and Company," contained an insert apologizing "for typographical errors unavoidable in the exceptional circumstances." During the course of eleven printings and two editions between 1922 and 1930, Shakespeare and Company attempted to correct their errors without achieving a reliable text. Subsequent editions by other publishers fared little better. Random House, for example, mistakenly set its first American edition in 1934 from an exceedingly corrupt (and cleverly disguised) pirated version. Although Random House tried to make things right by completely resetting the text of Ulysses for their 1961 reprinting, specialists agree that the 1961 edition is marred by hundreds, perhaps thousands, of errors. From 1922 to 1961, then, most efforts to establish a correct text of Ulysses appear to have added as many mistakes as they eliminated. In 1977, Hans Walter Gabler, a German scholar who had done post-doctoral work under Fredson Bowers at Virginia, undertook to establish an authoritative text of Ulysses. Financially supported by a $300,000 grant from the German government and encouraged by the trustees of the James Joyce estate, who welcomed a substantially changed text of Ulysses as an opportunity to extend the soon-to-expire copyright, Gabler and his assistants worked at re-editing Ulysses for seven years. Their new, computer-generated Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition was published by Garland Publishing on June 16 ("Bloomsday") 1984. The new Ulysses was not, however, merely a corrected reading text. It was a three-volume critical edition with a genetic display of the history of the text's composition on the left-hand pages, the established reading text on the right-hand pages, and some two hundred pages of textual apparatus. Moreover, in preparing his edition Gabler eschewed orthodox methods of "copytext editing," which probably would have yielded a corrected version of either the 1922 first edition or the 1961 Random House edition. [End Page 98] Instead of correcting an existing edition, Gabler undertook a complete, genetic reconstruction of Joyce's text from the existing manuscript materials. Beginning with the so-called Rosenbach manuscript, which is the fullest extant version of the early text in Joyce's own hand, Gabler traced the processes of Joyce's subsequent deletion, revision, and expansion. The result was a wholly new version of Ulysses that differed in some 5,000 details from the version that Joyce himself saw through the press in 1922, and in nearly as many for the 1961 Random House edition. Because of the magnitude and importance of the editing task, Gabler's bold editorial theories, and the novel (at the time) application of computer technology to the humanities, the Gabler Ulysses captured extraordinary attention even as work-in-progress. Upon publication, it achieved instant success in the popular press, with front-page coverage in the New York Times, a major review in Time magazine, and wide coverage in numerous lesser journals. Like the commentary in the popular press, most of the early academic reviews glowed with admiration for Gabler's achievement. The new Ulysses did not receive its first sustained and serious critical scrutiny until John Kidd presented a paper, "Errors of Execution in the 1984 Ulysses," at the Society for Textual Scholarship in New York City in April, 1985. There, Kidd ignited a controversy that has raged for five years. Gabler, Kidd, and a host of other commentators have battled in the pages of The New York Review of Books and the Times Literary Supplement; Kidd has published a 175-page monograph in the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America (1989) attacking the new Ulysses; a hard-cover volume called Assessing the 1984 ULYSSES appeared in 1986; and two international conferences—one in Monaco in 1985, another in Miami in February 1989—have been devoted to its evaluation. Most recently, Philip Gaskell and Clive Hart, two distinguished scholars who are cited on the edition's title page as members of its Academic Advisory Committee (along with Richard Ellmann) have published Ulysses: A Review of Three Texts...

Annaeus Cornutus et la tradition allégorique stoïcienne : signification, sources et impact

The Roman Stoic Cornutus, who lived in the age of Nero, is the heir of an ancient and rich Stoic allegorical tradition applied to all aspects of traditional religion: literary myths, cultic epithets and attributes, and even iconographical representations of deities. Allegoresis (allegorical exegesis) was applied in antiquity to culturally and religiously authoritative texts. It was mainly practiced by “pagan” philosophers like Stoics and Middle and Neoplatonists and by philosophically minded Hellenistic Jewish and Christian exegetes, who read Scripture allegorically.Cornutus offers an excellent example of mythological allegoresis in his handbook of Greek theology. For each divinity, from Ouranos to Hades, Cornutus provides an allegorico-etymological interpretation of its names and epithets, its attributes, aspects of its myths and rituals, etc. Physical allegory (Zeus represents the ether, Hera the air, etc.) is prevalent, although there are also examples of ethical and historical exegeses. Special attention is demanded by Cornutus’ programmatic assertion—analysed below—that “The ancients were not people of no account, but they were also able to understand the nature of the cosmos and had the ability to philosophise on it by means of symbols and enigmata” (35). The ancient were nothing less than philosophers, since they were endowed with the understanding of the cosmos, of what exists. What they expressed allegorically are philosophical truths. Philosophical allegoresis interprets their expressions and finds philosophical tenets therein. Cornutus was strongly influenced by Chrysippus, Apollodorus of Athens, and Crates of Mallus, while Seneca, who was a Stoic but no allegorist, probably polemicised with Cornutus.Stoic allegoresis, as practiced by the Stoics Cornutus and Chaeremon roughly at the same time, later influenced not only the so-called Middle Platonists, but also the Christian Platonist Origen. Origen seems to have applied allegoresis not only to the Bible, like Philo and Clement before him, but also to Plato’s dialogues and myths. All these allegorisers aimed at finding deeper meanings and philosophical truths in traditional accounts, thereby rescuing them from accusations of superficiality or impiety. The goal was to find in ancient poets and other expressions of traditional religion, as well as in Scripture, meanings “worthy of the divine.” Remarkable structural similarities between the Stoic allegorical tradition inherited by Cornutus and Origen’s allegoresis will be pointed out.

Il re nella "Kādambarī". Regalità, Fato e Fortuna nella "Kādambarī" di Bāṇa

After some observations about the importance attributed to the king in the most authoritative texts of Brahmanic tradition, this essay illustrates the role of the sovereign in Kādambarī , the famous novel by Bā ṇ a. The king embodies the force that permeates and sustains the whole world. He is the first principle of the universe and thus the axis mundi. Extremely problematic is the relationship betweenindividual value and “fate” (karman), to which the very sovereign is subject, although he himself is defined as the “source of fortune”. The king’s value depends on his firm dedication to Dharma and on his ability to lead all creatures to consciousness of their own sacredness. The protagonists of this novel are linked by religious merit, the only element that can change fate.