Positions Of Authority Research Articles

"It Gives You a Feeling of Pride when You Touch Her": The Role of Masculinity in Sexual Harassment of Adolescent Schoolgirls in Tanzania.

Sexual harassment or the unwanted offensive behaviours that women and girls experience is a pervasive global challenge. Yet, there is limited evidence on the lived experiences of sexual harassment from school-based settings in sub-Saharan Africa. We explore students' perceived experiences, perpetration, and drivers of sexual harassment in schools in Mwanza, Tanzania. This study employed a qualitative research design involving 30 in-depth interviews and seven focus group discussions with 30 male and 40 female secondary school pupils aged 13-19 years. Data was analysed using a thematic approach. The findings show that experiences of sexual harassment among schoolgirls were widespread. Common forms of harassment were verbal and non-verbal gestures of a sexual nature. The desire to prove one's masculinity and peer pressure were key drivers of perpetration among schoolboys. Teachers took advantage of their positions of authority to sexually harass female pupils and employed corporal punishment to those who resisted their advances. Sexual harassment had multiple negative outcomes, including schoolgirls dropping out of school and mental health issues, such as anxiety, stress and poor academic performance. Girls rarely reported sexual harassment for fear of further victimisation and stigma from others. Sexual harassment of girls is common in secondary schools in Mwanza and is mainly driven by peer pressure and the desire to prove one's masculinity. Given its harmful effects, there is a need to implement clear policies to protect girls, support confidential disclosure and reporting and to address toxic masculinity norms among young men.

Racial Discrimination against Minority Healthcare Workers in Women’s Health

The women’s sexual and reproductive healthcare sector, one of the largest employers delivering services globally, does not always commit to equality, diversity, and inclusion. There is objective, published evidence that not only care provision but also workforce treatment permits inequality and discrimination. The black and ethnic minority workforce in the women’s health specialty, compared to their white counterparts, is often treated unfavorably in appointments, is less often afforded academic development opportunities, is, at many sites, subjected to disproportionately greater disciplinary penalties, tends not have representation in positions of authority, and undertakes training in what is often perceived as a climate of fear due to racism. This problem deserves immediate action by professional bodies. They have the responsibility to remove feelings of exclusion and lack of belonging to all staff, the negative impact on wellbeing caused by unnecessary stress, and concerns over career progression among minority ethnic healthcare workforce and other workers who report discrimination. This duty is part of the societal responsibility to ensure fairness and eradicate discrimination under the equality, diversity and inclusion agenda.

Ceding ground as a strategic concession in fact-checking: Shifting practice to shift power

This article looks beyond functionalist accounts to consider how fact-checking organisations and practitioners interact with traditional and alternative sites of media power: holding and negotiating that power in their own right while interfacing collaboratively and strategically with those working in adjacent fields. Interpreted through this theoretical prism, interviews and a content analysis reveal how RMIT ABC Fact Check used its CoronaCheck project to renegotiate and renew its position of authority, and master time, during a moment of intense disruption in the media environment due to the global pandemic. With critical insights from the data as a foundation, the article argues that making strategic concessions in practice – conceptualised here as ‘ceding ground’ – can open spaces for new approaches in fact-checking.

Everyday collective leadership: teachers enhancing education and care through goal-directed joint activity

ABSTRACT Leadership conceptualized as a formal, individual position of authority has dominated the educational leadership literature. This dominance overshadows theorizing teachers’ important informal leadership. In response, this paper identifies, empirically and theoretically, that teachers’ goal-directed joint activity in team-based settings constitutes collective leadership. Rich qualitative, case study data were generated from the perspectives and practices of two teaching teams within a high-quality early childhood education center in New Zealand. Methods involved observations of teaching practice; team focus group interviews; in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews with 26 participants; and analysis of center documentation. Leadership theory and cultural-historical activity theory substantiated the analysis and interpretation. Teachers’ enactment of collective leadership in open, shared teaching spaces manifested in their joint activity when they collectively participated in, contributed to, and led goal-directed relational processes and practices with colleagues. This main finding suggests positional leaders who encourage purposeful collaboration within collegial, trusting, and empowering environments can foster teachers’ commitment to their work and one another, and their collective enactment of leadership as everyday practice. This paper culminates in an original, theorized model of teachers’ everyday collective leadership in team-based settings as an intentional, sustained, mutually-influencing, and goal-directed activity focused on enhancing the quality of education and care.

MAHKAMAH SYARIAH DARI ABAD KE ABAD Shariah Courts from Century to Century

This is a brief glance at the development of the Shariah Court, originally known as the Kadi Court, throughout the Malay states. The research concentrates on the period of British colonisation and the period following the country’s independence. This study takes a qualitative approach by referencing published documents. The elements, as well as document comparisons, were thoroughly analysed. Interviews with people in positions of authority were also conducted in order to gather more data. The study focuses on numerous features of the Shariah Court, including the Sultan’s power to appoint Kadi/Judges, the status of Kadi, Court buildings, Court jurisdiction, conflict of jurisdiction, Article 121 (1A) Federal Constitution, and some Shariah Court-related concerns. There are some things that have not been investigated and recorded in the description of the given with great care, but have been examined reasonably extensively. This study would help to reorganise materials on the Shariah Court that have been scattered across several publications into a single publication for the benefit of those interested in learning more about the Shariah Court, particularly academics and researchers in the field of Islamic jurisprudence.

Commodification and Objectification of Women in Shahid Nadeem’s Plays Kala Meda Bhes (Black is My Robe) and Dukhini (Woman of Sorrow)

The study explored and discussed the commodification and objectification of women in Shahid Nadeem’s plays Kala Meda Bhes (Black is My Robe) and Dukhini (Woman of Sorrow). Both the plays presented the accurate picture of deep-seated discriminatory sociocultural and patriarchal traditions where men have the position of authority and esteem whereas women are considered subordinates, submissive and weak. In his plays, Shahid Nadeem introduced a vast range of female characters in challenging circumstances where women act as puppets and men act as their masters. Men and women, are assigned different gender roles in Pakistan due to biological essentialism and social constructionism and the clash between the two, was the primary cause of women’s sufferings in a male dominated society. Women are chattels who are attained in the name of marriage to serve men throughout their lives. The male dominated social system is built upon traditional hierarchies where men have put themselves on top and women are given the lower position. The present study discussed that women are objects for exchange with a trade value and are not treated as respectable human beings. They are subjects to physical, mental, emotional and psychological violence.

Loaded but Applauded: The Relationship between Workload and Job Satisfaction among High School Teachers in Kiambu County, Kenya

Job satisfaction is an essential factor for effective performance in the teaching profession, especially where teachers have more workload. This study investigated the association between workload and job satisfaction and how they impact the relationship between teachers and their supervisors. A descriptive survey design was used, and data was collected from a random sample of 367 teachers drawn from a target population of 4,447 teachers in public secondary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. Age, gender, marital status, work experience, education level, teaching subject, number of lessons taught, and school category were explored as confounding variables. Workload questionnaire standardized Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) for educators, structured interview guide as well as focus group discussions were used while descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The study found that workload was positively related to job satisfaction with the relationship with the supervisor. Teachers in most of the workload categories were highly satisfied with the support they got from the supervisors. The study recommends training the persons in the positions of authority to enhance teachers' job satisfaction.

Levels of Ego Development and Attitudes toward Women in Authoritative Positions among Adolescent Males

Results from research conducted with 18-26 year-old male undergraduatesin 1984 and 1995-1999 suggest that they were nonacceptingof women entering authoritative positions because they viewed womenas biologically less capable than men. This pattern remained consistentacross developmental levels and suggests that perceptions of biologicaldifferences between the genders continue to create an environment inwhich women are stereotyped.Over the past 35 years, women’s roles in society have changed significantly.These changes are particularly evident in the area of employment,as more women have assumed full time jobs and careers. Despitethe increasing numbers of women in the work force, generally, thosenumbers have remained disproportionately low in upper-level administrative/managerial positions. Early research on women’s assumption ofadministrative positions reflected markedly low numbers of women inupper-level positions, especially in higher education (Clement, 1977;Irvine & Robinson, 1982). These researchers reported that male attitudestoward women in authoritative positions contributed to a negative uninvitingclimate for women who aspired to higher-level positions. Morerecent research also reinforces the assertion that gender inequity exists inhigher education (Hensel, 1991) and in upper-level management

Black Student-Athletes and racism pandemic: Building antiracist practices in athletics

The year 2020 was filled with injustices, fear, and uncertainty that has disproportionately affected Black communities in the United States and abroad. From the unprecedented number of deaths inflicted by COVID-19, specifically on minority groups, to the horrific murders of Black citizens by those in positions of authority and power, the world was once again reminded that racism is still alive. Black student-athletes are among those enduring trauma that has been consistent over centuries and are contending with the chronic nature of systemic racism as it pertains to being a Black athlete within the world of athletics and their respective schools. Through grounded theory, researchers captured the lived experiences of 14 Black student-athletes through qualitative interviews to ensure that sports psychology practitioners and researchers are equipped with the correct resources, knowledge, and skills, to aid in the healing of Black student-athletes although also advocating for expedited social reform and representation within the realm of education, law enforcement, politics, and mental health services. Five key domains emerged from this study including Identity Development, Perception and Expectations, Mental Health, Privilege, and Systems. The authors offer best practices within each domain in an effort to develop anti-racist practices to be implemented within athletic institutions and beyond. Lay summary: Black student-athletes are faced with systemic racism within all the worlds they live in, and as it pertains to being an athlete of color within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Black student-athletes are also coping with major life stressors and, as such, this paper gathered the lived experiences of student-athletes identifying as Black and explored how they experienced support during their tenure as student-athletes in an attempt to establish anti-racist and supportive practices within athletic communities. Implications for practice Develop strategies for athletes to understand and evaluate their identity. Integrate anti-racist practices into large systems including implicit bias training, undoing racism, and privilege education. Create tools and visuals for athletes of color, illustrating the institution’s commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion.

Christiania Whitehead, The Afterlife of St Cuthbert: Place, Texts and Ascetic Tradition, 690–1500

The cult of St Cuthbert generated the writing of numerous texts across multiple genres from the late seventh century down to the end of the Middle Ages. Established on the island of Lindisfarne in northern England following the death of the saint in 687, Cuthbert’s cult cultivated a position of authority through textual records, political alliances and landholdings until the community and its precious relics were translated away from the island: first, in a peripatetic tour of its landholdings in northern England from c.875 to the early 890s, followed by a century-long residence in Chester-Le-Street, and eventually via a final translation of the community and relics to Durham where it has remained since the 990s. These changes in Cuthbert’s community meant that its members sought to reinforce their position by writing the texts that form the focus of this new book by Christiania Whitehead. Elements of the surviving corpus can...

Exploring the Impact of Leadership Characteristics on Subordinates’ Counterproductive Work Behavior: From the Organizational Cultural Psychology Perspective

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is extremely detrimental to an organization and its stakeholders as they impact economic efficiency and damage the atmosphere within the organization. The culture and personality of leaders can affect their behavior, psychology and ability. Leaders are in a position of authority, have resources and decision-making power, and their words and actions are noticed and imitated by employees. From a leadership perspective, an effective way to avoid CWB is to seek ways to reduce in its occurrence and escalation. First, we conducted a grounded theory study on the leadership characteristics which are the antecedent variable of CWB, and the leadership characteristics were divided into three categories: psychological, behavioral, and ability. These characteristics impact subordinates’ CWB. Second, based on the conservation of resource theory, we conducted an ecological validation of the mechanism through which leadership characteristics affect subordinates’ CWB, explored the role of work resources and personal resources in it. The results indicate that all three types of leadership characteristics have a negative effect on subordinates’ CWB, among them, the mediating effect of work resources was established, and the mediating effect of personal resources was established in some cases. Therefore, different characteristics of leaders will affect the cognitive differences of subordinates to resources, and then trigger behavioral responses of subordinates. By an advantage analysis of the three leadership characteristics on subordinates’ CWB, it is found that the three leadership characteristics are of similar importance on interpersonal CWB. However, in the effect of organizational CWB, the characteristics of leadership have obvious advantages.

Coauthoring collaborative strategy when voices are many and authority is ambiguous

In interorganizational teams, processes are more complex and structures less clear than in intraorganizational settings. Different perspectives come together and authoritative positions are often ambiguous, which makes establishing what to do problematic. We adopt a ventriloquial analytical lens and pose the question: How exactly do interorganizational team members build a collaborative strategy under these conditions, in their situated interactions? Our findings show how many different voices (individual, organizational, team, and other) shape members’ strategy-making and reveal these voices’ performative authoritative effects: Members established their team’s strategy and produced the needed authority to do so through three coauthoring practices, namely, the proposition, appropriation, and expropriation of voices. When members switched between the practices and different voices, these voices were either woven together or moved apart. We sketch a conceptualization of strategy as a relational assemblage and develop a process model of strategy-coauthoring to illuminate these dynamics.

Low Vision: Attitude towards the Use of Prescribed Glasses

This is a paper written on low vision and the attitude of people towards those using prescribed glasses. The main objective of the paper is to a ddress the issue of stigma associated with the use of prescribed glasses in relation to people with low vision, including the effects the stigma has on personal, behavioral as well as psychological aspects of individuals affected. The paper is a product of desk research work, where relevant authoritative positions on low vision and the use of prescribed medical glasses were expressed for analysis and interpretation. The paper is about an extrapolation on the attitudes of people towards the use rs of prescribed medical glasses for improvement on the vision power of those persons that have low vision or suffering from the danger of losing their sights. It is concluded from the extrapolation that acceptance of glasses for the correction of vision among people is not encouraging, particularly when children are concerned. This is due to the lingering misconception in the minds of individuals regarding use of glasses and its users. Initiation of support groups, mass media and provision of information about vision problems in school health curriculum would go a long way in dispelling the misconceptions and distorted beliefs about use of glasses.

Leading When the Boss is Present: How Leadership Structure Schemas Affect Leadership Behavior

We examine how leadership structure schemas (LSS) – mental models of how leadership is most effectively structured in groups – interact with formal authority to influence individuals’ leadership behavior and perceptions of others who lead. Across two experiments and a field study, we find that for individuals without formal authority, holding a more shared LSS (relative to a more hierarchical LSS) is positively associated with leadership behavior. However, this effect reverses for individuals in authority positions. Additionally, individuals who engage in leadership behavior are seen as higher in interpersonal warmth by observers who hold a more shared rather than a more hierarchical LSS.

Perspectives on Mass Media and Governmental Measures during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic in a Romanian Sample of Healthcare Practitioners.

Objective: Along with the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic around the globe, a proliferation of mass media information exposed the population to an infodemic with various implications documented worldwide. The present study analyzed Romanian healthcare practitioners’ (HCPs) appraisal of COVID-19 mass media information and governmental measures throughout 2020, ranking vaccination priorities and moral values. Methods: 97 HCP completed a cross-sectional survey with items referring to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Results: Findings were consistent with other studies, indicating an overall negative appraisal of mass media information, which predicted anxiety and relaxation difficulties. Unlike other studies, our sample reported a moderate level of satisfaction with official measures in 2020, which was not related to their view on mass media information. The ranking of population categories in the vaccination order showed similarities with the governmental vaccination program in 2021. Despite placing freedom third after health and love in the hierarchy of values, HCPs showed a high tendency of limiting individual liberty for the common good. Conclusions: Results showed a dissociation between the overall negative appraisal of mass media information and the satisfaction with governmental measures in 2020. Romanian HCPs shared a secular perspective on moral values and assumed an authoritarian position.

Challenging gender norms: women’s leadership, political authority, and autonomy

PurposeIn patriarchal settings, cultural barriers continue to influence women’s participation in positions of leadership and political authority. This paper aims to explore these findings in light of the theoretical concepts of “hegemonic masculinity” and “patriarchy,” which explain gender disparities in the occupancy of political power and leadership positions in Qatar.Design/methodology/approachData from original face-to-face national surveys conducted among subjects in Qatar were used, including 1,611 completed household interviews.FindingsThe findings were consistent with the prevailing patriarchal beliefs present in Qatari society and Arab Gulf States. The analysis showed that there was greater significant support for men holding key leadership and authority positions than women. Individual-level factors were found to have a significant association with attitudes favoring women. Compared to respondents who had never attended school, those who had completed secondary school and those who had partaken in higher education favored having women in leadership roles.Practical implicationsAs a means to fix the gender imbalance within the occupancy of positions of political power in Qatar, this study recommends putting substantial efforts into increasing the number of interventions underpinning gender equality through social awareness programs that may improve the public’s perceptions. Furthermore, gender-equitable affirmative actions are needed to promote the inclusion of women in power and increase their presence in leadership roles.Originality/valueThis study is among the very few that have theoretically and empirically addressed the issue of women’s authority and involvement in key leadership roles in the context of Qatar.

Two Sides of the Coin: Women, Men, and the Politics of Sexual Harassment

ABSTRACT History tells us that elected leaders who are tainted by scandal often pay a political price for their behavior. In the past few years, such allegations of sexual harassment have engulfed a large number of political (as well as entertainment, business, and even academic) figures. Many were forced to resign their positions, while others chose to end their campaigns for election or reelection. While the great majority of harassment victims are women, there are a few instances where the sex roles have been reversed – and with more women running for and winning public office (and thereby gaining positions of power and authority), it is possible that we will see more such role reversals in the future. Our study uses data from an internet-based survey of registered voters to examine citizens’ attitudes about sexual harassment and the extent to which those attitudes shape their reactions when allegations of harassment are made against a fictional member of Congress. With an innovative experimental design, we will examine whether reactions vary with (a) either the target’s or the voter’s gender or (b) the former’s response to the allegations of sexual misconduct made against him/her (denial, apology, counterframe).

For a 'beautiful' religion without 'buzz': Hinduism, Facebook, gender, and status in La Reunion

ABSTRACT The ways in which some Hindu women use Facebook in the French overseas department of La Reunion suggest an intrinsic relationship between religion and media, not only in the sense of religious mediation, but also as mediation between their aspirations and achievements in terms of religious knowledge, gender roles, and social status. While their Facebook interactions need to be considered in continuation with their offline aspirations, the young women reported in this article use Facebook to create an alternative space to claim positions of authority. In contrast to the temple context and its strictly gendered access and tasks, they can, to a certain extent, bypass notions of ritual (im)purity and male domination on Facebook and take important roles in the selected dissemination and display of religious knowledge.

Children's Perspectives on Fairness and Inclusivity in the Classroom.

School represents an important context for children's social, moral, and identity development. Research indicates that supportive teacher-student relationships are significantly related to positive student academic achievement. Unfortunately, teacher bias as well as peer exclusion based on group identity (gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality) pervade many school contexts. The presence of these biases in the classroom is negatively related to students' academic development, especially for children who are minoritized and marginalized. Very little research has connected teacher bias and children's reasoning about bias and inequalities in the classroom context. The classroom is a complex environment in which to examine children's social and moral reasoning about bias, given teachers' position of authority which often includes power, status, and prestige. We propose that understanding both teacher bias and peer intergroup exclusion are essential for promoting more fair classrooms. This paper reviews foundational theory as well as the social reasoning developmental model as a framework for studying how children think about fairness and bias in the classroom context. We then discuss current research on children's social-cognitive and moral capacities, particularly in the contexts of societal inequality and social inclusion or exclusion. Finally, this article proposes new directions for research to promote fairness and inclusivity in schools and suggests how these new lines of research might inform school-based interventions.

MÚLTIPLAS LENTES DE ESTUDO E ABORDAGEM DA LIDERANÇA

Abstract This article discusses the multiple forms of studying and approaching leadership with a particular interest in recent theoretical and empirical studies from Brazilian scholarship on the topic. The article reviews what we denote as the three main lenses of leadership: individual leader(ship), followership, and collective leadership. The article's typology epitomises the essential view of each lens and its historical treatment. We use this discussion about the three lenses to analyse the scientific literature on leadership in Brazilian scientific journals from 2016 to 2021. The systematic literature review of 32 articles reveals emphasis on the first lens, the focus on individual leaders, normally those in positions of authority, and the idea that leadership is a vertical and hierarchical activity rather than a collectivistic phenomenon. The article concludes by highlighting opportunities for empirical inquiry into more contemporary collective leadership research in Brazilian organisations.