Authoritative Parenting Research Articles

Correlation of Personality, Temperament, and Behavior of Children in the Dental Environment.

A child's temperament, influenced by inborn traits and emotional regulation, can impact their dental behavior and caries risk. Parenting styles, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, also play a significant role. Authoritative parenting tends to yield more favorable dental outcomes, while permissive parenting can lead to a higher prevalence of caries. Studying these interactions can help tailor dental interventions and address potential risks associated with caries development. Thus, the study aims to correlate parental personality, the child's temperament to dental caries, and child's behavior in a dental setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 children in the age-group of 6-9 years. The children were selected based on the selection criteria. The children were asked to fill out the parental perception questionnaire (PPQ), and the parents were asked to fill out the emotionality, activity, sociability (EAS) questionnaire to assess the parenting style and child's temperamental status. Later, the child's behavior pattern was assessed using the Frankl behavior rating scale. The children were intraorally examined for the presence of caries using the decayed, extracted, filled teeth (deft) and decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. All the data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. In this study, a total of 160 children were assessed, including 84 boys (52.3%) and 76 girls (47.5%), with an average age of 7.8 years. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's post hoc test was performed to compare the temperamental status and parenting style with the behavior of the child in the dental office. The results were statistically significant with a p-value of 0.001. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant positive correlation between Temperament E scores and def scores in children with positive behavior (p-value = 0.004). This study's findings suggest that a child's behavior in a dental office is influenced by the parent's personality, the child's temperament, and the dentist. A child's capacity to handle dental visits and their overall oral health can be notably affected by the child's temperament and parenting style. Thamilvanan S, Srinivasan D, Benedict CH, et al. Correlation of Personality, Temperament, and Behavior of Children in the Dental Environment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):907-912.

Intergenerational Pathways Linking Mothers’ Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Preschoolers’ Prosocial Behaviors

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The present study investigated the potential mediating role of maternal parenting in the intergenerational effects of maternal childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs) on prosocial behaviors of their offspring and examined whether the offspring’s sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) moderates this association using a 1-year longitudinal design. A total of 203 preschoolers (M age = 4.84, SD = 0.64, 96 girls, at T1) and their mothers participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their own CTEs and parenting toward their offspring, and offspring’s SPS and prosocial behaviors. Results indicated that maternal neglect experiences could intergenerationally directly influence their offspring’s prosocial behaviors in early childhood (β = −0.20, p = .012), as well as having an indirect influence through the mediating role of maternal authoritative parenting (indirect effect = −0.09, p = .009). Moreover, aesthetic sensitivity (AES) and low sensory threshold (LST), two subdimensions of SPS, moderated the predictive influence of authoritative parenting on preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors (AES: β = 0.17, p = .005; LST: β = 0.17, p = .006). Practice or Policy: The findings provide new evidence for understanding the intergenerational influence of different maternal CTEs on prosocial behaviors among children with different SPS and have implications for alleviating the intergenerational negative effects on children’s prosocial behaviors.

Characteristic of High-Risk Behaviours Related to Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use and their Associated Factors among Adolescents in Middle and High School

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Background:</strong> Use of narcotics, psychotropic and addictive substances (NPA) in adolescents has become one of the major social problems we are facing in society and it gives a negative impact. This study was done to determine the characteristics and factors that influence high-risk behaviour of NPA use in adolescents in middle and high school, also introducing CRAFFT questionnaire as an early screening tool for alcohol an illicit drugs use.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Quantitative study (validated questionnaire) was conducted among 514 subjects aged 12-18 years old. CRAFFT questionnaire was used to detect a high-risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs use and self-reported questionnaire used to determine the risk factors of NPA.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Most participants (19,6%) were involved in high-risk behaviour of alcohol and illicit drugs, with the majority was males (12,4%). This study showed smoking behaviour (23,8%), drinking alcohol (15,8%) and illicit drugs use (13,6%). The type of drugs being used were cannabis (52,7%), tramadol (15,2%), dextromethorphan (10,7%) and methamphetamine (6,3%). CRAFFT questionnaire has a good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α 0,73. Education level, authoritarian parenting style, unharmonious parents, peer pressure or threat, and extracurricular activities were factors that influenced high-risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drug use</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Early detection, comprehensive treatment, and intervention of risk factors of NPA use are needed. CRAFFT can be use as one of the screening tools for detection of alcohol and illicit drugs use in adolescents.</p></div>

Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15–19 years in Gujarat, India

BackgroundThe pervasive use of smartphones among adolescents has raised concerns about addiction and its impact on mental well-being. This study investigates the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its associations with socio-demographic factors, parenting styles, and mental health among Indian adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 school-going adolescents (aged 15–19) in Gujarat, India, from January to October 2023. Data was collected using validated scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with smartphone addiction.ResultsThe prevalence of smartphone addiction was 64.6%. Urban residence (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8–3.3), higher parental education (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3 for graduate fathers), longer smartphone use (AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.7–3.6 for > 3 years), and higher socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5–3.51) were associated with increased odds of addiction. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles in both parents were positively associated with smartphone addiction, while authoritative parenting was negatively associated. Smartphone addiction was strongly associated with mental health issues, particularly with severe stress (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI: 5.11–22.88, p < 0.001).ConclusionSmartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents and is significantly associated with urban living, higher socioeconomic status, non-authoritative parenting styles, and poor mental health. These findings underscore the need for digital literacy programs, parenting interventions promoting authoritative styles, and mental health support to foster healthy smartphone use among adolescents.

Analysis of the Impact of Chinese Parenting Styles on Adolescent Social Competence: From a Perspective of Family Systems Theory

The study explored the impact of Chinese parents' parenting styles on adolescents' social competence from the perspective of family systems theory. Adolescents' social competence is crucial and is related to their academic performance, peer relationships, and psychological well-being. Rapid urbanization, increased pressure on education, and the pervasive influence of technology have dramatically changed the Chinese family, creating a complex environment for adolescent development. Parenting in modern China has shifted from traditional authoritarian approaches to more diverse practices incorporating warmth, emotional support, and democratic participation. This study utilizes qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore how different parenting styles in an interconnected family system affect the development of social competence among Chinese adolescents. By examining authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles under the lens of family systems theory, the study delves into the patterns of parent-adolescent coexistence and understands the systemic impact of family dynamics on individual development. The study integrates the Chinese socio-cultural context within a constructivist perspective to explore parenting practices by analyzing existing research data, as well as family boundaries, communication patterns, emotional climate, conflict resolution styles, and parental expectations and encouragement. The aim is to identify key parenting behaviours and attitudes that promote or impede the development of adolescents' social competence and, ultimately, suggest healthier and more effective parenting practices.

Social self-efficacy sebagai mediator dampak pola asuh autoritatif dan social-emotional skills pada perilaku prososial remaja

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is a direct and indirect influence between social-emotional skills, authoritative parenting, and social self-efficacy on the prosocial behavior of high school students in the Sidoarjo Regency. This type of research uses an ex post facto quantitative research model using a survey in Sidoarjo Regency. The sampling technique used a multistage with a total of 375 respondents. The data collection method used a modification of the Adolescent social self-efficacy scale (α = 0.760), Parenting style scale (α = 0.720), Social-emotional learning competencies scale (α = 0.793), and Prosocial Tendencies Measurements (α = 0.734). The data were analyzed using a path analysis model using IBM SPSS 25 and the Sobel online calculator to validate the significance of the indirect effect. The results of this study found that both social-emotional skills, authoritative parenting, and social self-efficacy have a positive and partially significant direct influence on prosocial behavior. Furthermore, social-emotional skills and authoritative parenting are known to have an indirect influence through social self-efficacy as a mediator on the prosocial behavior of adolescent students. There is a positive and significant direct influence between authoritative parenting and social-emotional skills on prosocial behavior, and there is a significant indirect influence through social self-efficacy as a mediator variable of authoritative parenting and social-emotional skills on adolescent prosocial behavior.

Remote Parenting in Families Experiencing, or at Risk of, Homelessness: A Study Based on Grounded Theory.

The situation/risk of family homelessness presents multiple interrelated issues. It has considerable negative consequences, namely the deterioration of the family members' health and well-being, and alterations in the family's dynamics, with parents sometimes being separated from their children. The aim of this research was to understand how parenting takes place in families experiencing, or at risk of, homelessness. The conducted study falls within the qualitative paradigm, using Strauss and Corbin's version of the Grounded Theory methodology. Three main categories emerged, supported by all the participating families: "Meaning of Parenthood", "Key Events", and "Transition Circumstances". These categories were translated into facilitating/inhibiting factors, within the following dimensions: "Individual", "Family", and "Society". We were able to conclude that, in the population under study, parenting is restricted, being mostly exerted in a remote manner. Furthermore, it takes on different forms, depending on the specific homelessness situation/risk. In families at risk of homelessness, we identified "Remote Parenting with Maintained Parental Authority", as well as "Restricted Parenting", when the children still lived with their parents. On the other hand, in families experiencing homelessness, we identified "Remote Parenting with Maintained Parental Authority", "Unilateral Remote Parenting", "Interrupted Parenting", and the "Total Disruption of Parenting".

Parenting style of parents undergoing substance abuse treatment having adolescent children (12–20 years old) referring to addiction treatment clinics in Bojnurd

BackgroundConsidering the adverse effect of drug abuse on Parenting, this study was conducted to determine the parenting style of parents undergoing substance abuse treatment who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Bojnurd in 2021. MethodsThe type of cross-sectional study was descriptive-analytical. The sample size was 360 parents with adolescent children (12–20 years old) undergoing substance abuse treatment who were included in the study by simple random sampling. A two-part questionnaire, including personal characteristics questions and Bamrind's parenting style questionnaire, was used to collect information. Data analysis was done using SPSS 23 software with parametric T-test, ANOVA, and non-parametric equivalent tests of Spearman's correlation at a significance level of 0.05. ResultsThe average score of permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles was (16.15±5.92), (18±6.34) and (24.89±7.09) respectively. Men used permissive and authoritarian parenting styles significantly more than women. The people living in the village, compared to the city residents, and the people in the Turkish and Kurdish ethnicities, compared to Fars, significantly used authoritarian parenting style more. People using opioids significantly less preferred the permissive method and the authoritarian method compared to stimulant drug users and simultaneous users of stimulant and opioid drugs. ConclusionChildren of parents with substance abuse disorders are at risk of various adverse consequences, and it seems that inconsistent behavior of parents is an essential cause of this risk; therefore, the need for public education regarding Parenting, especially in addicted parents, is raised.

Impact Parenting Style on Academic Achievement, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem among University Students in Southern Punjab

This study examined the impact of different parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive—on students' emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem in South Punjab, specifically in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Utilizing a sample of 600 university students, the research employed cross-sectional data collection through questionnaires. The findings revealed that authoritative parenting significantly positively influenced emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem, whereas both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were associated with negative outcomes across these variables. Authoritarian parenting was linked to lower emotional intelligence, academic performance, and self-esteem, while permissive parenting also demonstrated detrimental effects on these aspects, though to a lesser extent. These results underscore the importance of fostering authoritative parenting practices to enhance developmental outcomes in students. The study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers to implement strategies that support effective parenting to improve students' holistic development. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and geographic specificity, suggesting a need for further research with longitudinal approaches and diverse populations.

Impact of Authoritative Parenting Style on Self-Esteem and Resilience Among Undergraduate Students

The aims of undertaking the following research have to assess the relationship between authoritative parenting and self-esteem as well as the levels of resilience among undergraduate students. According to this research, the authoritative style of parenting has a positive relation to self-esteem and resilience as two interrelated factors. For this study, a sample of 250 undergraduate students from AWKUM was used and research techniques like descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting and resilience (r = .638, p &lt; .01), as well as between authoritative parenting and self-esteem (r = .664, p &lt; .01). Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between resilience and self-esteem (r = .934, p &lt; .01). These findings highlight the importance of authoritative parenting in promoting psychological well-being among undergraduate students.

The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators.

Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.

The Mediating Role of Social Interaction Between Parenting Style and Academic Achievement Among University Students

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of parenting styles in social interaction and academic achievements among university students, with a specific focus on the mediating role of social interaction. Additionally, the study examines the impact of demographic variables such as gender on these relationships. A sample of 250 students (156 females and 94 males) age group 19 to 30 was selected by random sampling method from Government College University Faisalabad. In study the Parenting Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) with 30 items to assess parenting styles and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) with 24 items to measure social interactions are used to collect the data.Correlational analysis run to measure the relationship of parenting behavior, social interaction and academic achievements. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships among various parenting styles, academic and social interaction scales. Authoritative parenting emerged as the most beneficial style positively influencing both social interaction and academic achievement.Authoritarian parenting, while showing some positive correlation with social interaction, did not demonstrate a significant positive impact on academic achievement. This suggests that while the structured and disciplined environment created by authoritarian parents may foster certain social skills, it might also create an environment that restricts creativity, critical thinking, and the intrinsic motivation needed for academic success. To see the mediating role of social interaction, run the regression analysis. Analysis suggests that while parenting style significantly predicts social interaction, social interaction does not appear to mediate the relationship of parenting style and academic performance. To measure out the gender differences,run independent samples t-test that analysis suggests both males and females have similar levels of social interaction skills and there is no significant difference in PAQ scores between males and females (t = 0.589, p = .498). This indicates that there are no significant effects of parenting styles on gender differences.

Parenting Styles and Youth’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: Does Self-Control Matter?

The externalizing and internalizing behaviors of children and youth have been the object of extensive criminological research, mainly due to the potentially harmful impact on these individuals' future development and adjustment. The current study aimed to explore the influence of parenting styles on the emergence of children and youth’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors and to understand the influence of self-control in this relationship. Following a quantitative self-report approach and using a sample of 472 Portuguese middle-school children, this study found that the children’s sex, low self-control, and authoritative parenting style significantly predicted externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The data also revealed that children's age and the permissive parenting style significantly predicted externalizing but not internalizing behaviors and that the authoritarian parenting style significantly predicted internalizing behaviors. Low self-control partially mediated the relationship between parenting styles and externalizing and internalizing behaviors in most tested models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Studi Deskriptif Gambaran Pola Asuh Pada Pelaku Pedophilia

Sexual violence is a phenomenon that often occurs in the world and in Indonesia. Data showed that victims of sexual crimes are dominated by the 13-17 age group, while perpetrators are dominated by the 25-44 age group. In this case, adults who commit sexual crimes against children are called pedophiles. This study aims to determine the type of parenting that is most highly applied to pedophilia perpetrators. This research uses descriptive quantitative methods. The research was conducted on inmates of correctional institutions with child protection cases. The results showed that the subjects in this study received permissive and authoritarian parenting types in the high category, while democratic parenting was in the low category. It can be concluded that permissive and authoritarian parenting are the types of parenting most often applied to pedophilia offenders.

Behind the Sadness of Teen Girls: A Retrospective Survey Analysis Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis of 2021

(1) Background: Adolescent girls have increasingly faced mental health challenges. We examined prevalence trends and associated risk factors for depression among adolescent girls. (2) Methods: Data for girls aged 12 to 17 years (N = 4346) from the 2021 cross-sectional National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed. Factors associated with depression were examined using multiple regression analysis. (3) Results: Rates of severe depression were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) in older girls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.63, 1.61), those who did not have authoritative parents (AOR: 3.40), and those with negative school experiences (AOR: 4.03). Black and Asian/Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders were less likely to report severe depression than white girls. As previously reported, non-white girls were significantly less likely to receive treatment for depression (p &lt; 0.05). Parents’ characteristics and school experiences had no effect on the likelihood of receiving mental health treatment. (4) Conclusions: Depression has become increasingly common among American adolescent girls, who are now three times as likely as adolescent boys to have had recent experiences with depression. Our results show that family structure, parenting style, and negative school experiences significantly contribute to the rate of depression and that treatment disparities exist with regard to race and ethnicity. The results of our research could be valuable for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and educators in developing specific preventative initiatives and support networks that effectively address these unique challenges.

Protecting Children’s Image Rights as Parental Authority

Protecting Children’s Image Rights as Parental Authority

A Preschool based intervention to reduce Early Childhood Caries in a District of Sri Lanka: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is prevalent among preschool children. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention to modify family-level determinants of caries (i.e. maternal parenting style, oral health-related self-efficacy and oral health-related knowledge) via preschool teachers, to improve the child level determinants of ECC (dietary sugar consumption, oral hygiene pattern, dental attendance pattern). Quasi-experimental study. Preschools in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. Preschoolers and their mothers/caregivers. Delivered via preschool teachers to 200 children and their caregivers. Maternal parenting style, oral health related self-efficacy and oral health related knowledge, parentally reported dietary sugar consumption, oral hygiene pattern, dental attendance pattern and ECC. Maternal oral health related knowledge, authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and oral health related self-efficacy, maternally reported sugar consumption, sweetened drink consumption, tooth brushing frequency, dental visiting during the past six months and receipt of treatment better in the intervention group than the control group post-intervention. The intervention shows potential in modifying family level determinants of ECC.

Online positive parenting programme for promoting parenting competencies and skills: randomised controlled trial

Positive parenting programmes (PPP), albeit effective, are not readily accessible to the general public, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 103 healthy caregiver-child dyads, we investigated the effectiveness of online PPP on parenting sense of competencies (primary outcome), parenting styles and behavioural concerns of children aged 3–6 years (secondary outcomes) between 2 blinded, parallel groups. After block of 4 randomisations, intervention group (n = 52) attended live, group-based, internet delivered PPP while both intervention and active control group (n = 51) received weekly general education via communication application. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 8 and 14 weeks. Most parents from both groups had high education and household income. From the intervention group, 87.5% of the parents attended live sessions while 8.6% subsequently watched recorded sessions. At 14 weeks, the intervention group reported higher sense of competence (Wald 9.63, p = 0.008); both groups reported using more authoritative parenting style (Wald 15.52, p ≤ 0.001) from Generalised Estimating Equations model. Compared to baseline, both groups had significant reduction of children’s emotional problems at 14 weeks (mean change: Intervention = − 0.44, p = 0.033; Control = − 0.30, p = 0.046) and behavioural problems over time (Wald 7.07, p = 0.029). Online PPP offered an easily accessible, primary preventive measure to mitigate behavioural concerns and improve parental competency. Clinical Trial Registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/); TCTR20201030001 on 30/10/2020.

Parent-adolescent discrepancies in perceived parental warmth and authoritarian parenting and early adolescents’ depressive symptoms

This study investigated discrepancies in parents’ and early adolescents’ perceptions of parental warmth and authoritarian parenting about early adolescents’ depressive symptoms, including the mediating effect of parent-adolescent communication. The sample comprised of 2,443 Chinese early adolescents (Mage = 12.64 years, SD=0.23 years; 50.6 % boys) and their parents. Data analysis used latent difference score modeling and structural equation modeling. Parents perceived more parental warmth and authoritarian parenting than did adolescents. Perceived discrepancies in parental warmth and authoritarian parenting between parents and adolescents predicted early adolescent depressive symptoms via the mediating role of parent-adolescent communication. The findings provide new perspectives on interventions for adolescent depressive symptoms.

Perceived parenting styles and bonding among adolescents with mental illness: Okasha Institute of Psychiatry experience

BackgroundWorldwide, at least 10% of adolescents have a documented mental illness, which is a leading source of morbidity, mortality, and functional impairment. Among individuals aged between 10 and 24 years, psychiatric disorders account for 45% of all years lived with disability. Parenting discipline styles are fundamental in shaping adolescents’ emotional integrity, cognitive capabilities, and behavioral patterns.To compare parenting styles and parental bonding dimensions in adolescents with different psychiatric disorders versus a group of healthy adolescents matched for age and sex.Patients and methodsA case–control study conducted at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospitals, involved 50 participants of adolescents diagnosed with variable psychiatric disorders and 50 matched healthy controls.ResultsAuthoritarian parenting style was evident in mentally ill adolescents, while authoritative parenting style was prevalent in healthy controls. In terms of parental bonding, mentally ill adolescents experienced a low level of care and a high level of overprotection from both parents.ConclusionThe results of the study demonstrated that parenting styles may serve as predictors and predisposing factors for psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders perceived both parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative. They also received a low level of care and a high level of overprotection from both parents.