Authority Figures Research Articles

Emotions and individual characteristics on the perception of disruptive behaviours in parents of children with Down syndrome

Objectives Parents of children with Down syndrome face particular challenges. For example, children with Down syndrome often experience behavioural problems. Disruptive behaviours are conducts that frequently results in conflict with peers, family, and authority figures. Family behaviours and emotions significantly influence children’s behaviour. Parents could deal with their children’s disruptive behaviors through emotional intelligence techniques. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognise, understand, and manage emotions. This study examines the relationship between parents’ emotional intelligence and their perception of their children’s disruptive behaviours in Down syndrome. Methods A sample of 53 parents (40 mothers, M age = 48.11, SD age = 4.62) of children with Down syndrome (M age = 9.58 SD age = 1.93) was formed. Parents answered validated scales about their children’s emotional intelligence and disruptive behaviors. These variables were compared according to the gender of parents and children, and their correlations were analyzed. Results Findings indicate that mothers exhibited higher levels of emotional intelligence than fathers, and that the perception of disruptive behaviors was negatively associated with the emotional intelligence of parents and children’s age (r ≥ 0.27). Conclusions These results highlight the importance of early acquisition of socio-emotional skills and adaptive behaviours to manage daily stressors.

The role of humans in the future of medicine: Completing the cycle

<p>The progression of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reshaped our understanding of intelligence, consciousness, and the human condition, challenging long-held assumptions about the mind and its relationship with machines. Starting with Alan Turing’s Imitation Game, the narrative of assessment of AI has continually evolved. This historical context underlines the importance of moving beyond mere facts to confront philosophical questions about AI’s role and limitations, especially in its capacity for consciousness and emotional resonance. In healthcare, the evolution of AI reflects a transformative cycle. Historically, medicine began as an empathic endeavor, where caregivers provided comfort amid limited knowledge. Over centuries, advancements in science elevated physicians to authoritative figures, creating a paternalistic doctor-patient dynamic. Today, with the advent of AI and technologies like the metaverse, healthcare knowledge is becoming democratized. Patients can increasingly access AI-driven diagnostics and interactions, creating a potential era of “<em>algorithmic paternalism</em>” where machines dominate the knowledge hierarchy. Looking to the future, as AI assumes cognitive and diagnostic responsibilities, the human aspect of medicine will gain renewed importance. Physicians will return to their foundational role as empathic caregivers, focusing on human connection and emotional support—qualities that AI, despite its advances, cannot fully replicate today. This shift completes a historical cycle, reaffirming the enduring value of humanity in medicine and positioning the physician as a central figure in the emotionally nuanced landscape of healthcare.</p>

Unpacking teacher beliefs on feedback: shaping multifaceted teacher feedback literacy

Although the importance of teacher feedback literacy in enhancing student feedback literacy is recognized, the influence of teacher beliefs on teacher feedback literacy at the classroom level remains uncertain. This study aimed to address this issue by examining twenty-two educators’ beliefs in Hong Kong universities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and reflective journals. Thematic analysis revealed four distinct patterns of teacher beliefs: knowledge-oriented, social learning, relationship-building, and technology-mediated feedback beliefs. Teachers with a knowledge-oriented approach position themselves as authoritative figures, emphasizing their expertise and focusing on evaluating students’ performance based on assessment criteria. Those endorsing social learning feedback beliefs highlight the collaborative efforts of peers in enhancing feedback literacy through discussions and reviews. Educators with relationship-building feedback beliefs prioritize supportive interpersonal relationships to alleviate learner anxiety through teacher–student conferences. Lastly, teachers with technology-mediated feedback beliefs leverage technology for efficient feedback exchanges and promote AI tools for evaluating student drafts. While these belief patterns are distinct, each participant holds at least two feedback belief patterns, prioritizing one set over the others. The implications of these findings for teacher development in feedback literacy are discussed.

Critical Discourse Analysis of People’s Daily and the New York Times’ Headlines on the Beijing Winter Olympics

This paper examined the headlines of the Chinese newspaper, People’s Daily, and the American newspaper, the New York Times, about the Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022. To investigate the possible ideological biases of news headlines, this paper performs corpus-based critical discourse analysis. It hypothesizes that Chinese media will use positive strategies to report the event, whereas American media will maintain a neutral stance. Fairclough’s three-dimensional analysis model and sentiment analysis tools via Google apps were applied to analyze news headlines of the two newspapers. With “Beijing Winter Olympics” as the keyword, People’s Daily generated 261 results and a sentiment score of 60.2 whereas the New York Times produced 235 results and a sentiment score of 0.1 from February 3 to 20, 2022. The analysis reveals that People’s Daily predominantly uses positive language and active voice, frequently quoting authoritative figures to reinforce the success and international approval of the Beijing Winter Olympics. Notable features include a high frequency of positive words, reinforce China’s high-power position in the sentence structure. Conversely, the New York Times presents a more balanced perspective, with both positive and negative sentiments. It often employs passive voice and indirect language to highlight controversies and challenges, such as human rights issues and the political implications of the Games. The New York Times’ headlines also exhibit the use of metaphors and euphemisms to subtly convey skepticism about China’s intentions. The conclusion of this study is that People’s Daily is committed to establishing and maintaining the image of a strong and capable Chinese government, while the New York Times, although striving for journalistic objectivity, still exposes ideological differences towards China, which also reflects the geopolitical tensions between China and the United States.

Exploring the use of Khundavhalai in Vhavenda culture

In Vhavenda culture, a child who acts disrespectfully towards society is called “khundavhalai”, which means the one who has overcome those meant to guide them. This paper aims to explore the role of Khundavhalai in Vhavenda culture as they places a great importance on respect for elders and authority figures, and the term "khundavhalai" is frequently used to characterise a child who disobeys them. An exploratory qualitative narrative inquiry was used, and data was collected through interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select six Vhavenda-speaking elders who were knowledgeable about the expression. Data was merged into relevant themes using thematic analysis. This study was grounded in the Sankofa and Afro-centric theory as its theoretical framework. The main findings of the study demonstrated that (i) Khundavhalai” as an expression of Vhavenda culture, (ii) “Khundavhali” refers to a lack of awareness or understanding of the customs and traditions of a particular culture and finally Khundavhalai" refers not just to the child's behaviour, but also to broader social concerns in the Vhavenda community. Preserving culture in Vhavenda and similar societies involves teaching younger generations about their cultural heritage through schools, community programs, and family practices. Encouraging involvement in cultural events and practices to strengthen social bonds and foster a sense of identity and belonging. It’s crucial to maintain traditional practices while also adapting them to fit modern contexts, so they stay relevant and meaningful in today’s world. Neglecting indigenous practices could lead to more disobedient children and the erosion of cultural traditions, potentially causing language decline and further cultural loss.

The Ideology of Islamic Secularization of Muḥammad ʻAbduh, the Most Prominent Pioneer of Enlightenment Thinkers in the Middle East and the Arab World

As is known, secularism is the principle that separates the government, its institutions, and political authority from religious authority or religious figures. Secularism is known as a principle and intellectual approach that sees that human interaction with life should be based on a worldly basis, not a religious one. Secularism is commonly promoted as the separation of religion from state affairs. Here, the title of the article was chosen as The Ideology of Islamic Secularization, because many modern thinkers or reformers have applied this secular mechanism in dealing with Islamic doctrinal, jurisprudential, and historical issues. Such a trend can be called the modern rational school or enlightenment thinkers. Perhaps the most prominent pioneer in this field is the Islamic thinker with a reformist tendency, <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i>, the most prominent pioneer of enlightenment thinkers in the Middle East and the Arab world.<i> Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> is considered the founder of secularism in modern Egypt, but there has been much controversy over his attribution to secular or Salafist thought. This study follows the approach adopted by <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> and his influence on Middle Eastern thought by dividing the study into three fundamental axes. This study is considered the first and only one that deals with the problem of <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> affiliation in a precise manner. <i>ʻMuḥammad's ʻAbduh</i> historical reform and criticism had an ideological character influenced by the Enlightenment movement. He played a role in reforming Al-Azhar, endowments, Sharia courts, Arabic language, religious sciences, and others. He also dealt with historical criticism from a modern perspective. The research focused on some ideological aspects that changed his intellectual path to adopt another conservative ideology transferred by <i>Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā.</i> It can be said that <i>Rida's</i> reformist ideology for Islamic history and thought is a continuation of what <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> began, although he deviated slightly from the intellectual path despite being influenced by his teacher <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh,</i> even though some Salafi reformers considered him a reformer that belonged to the Salafi school of thought.

Rabelaisian Twain or American Rabelais: The Architectonics of the Carn(Evil)esque in The Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts

Abstract The article examines opposed carnivalesque modes in Mark Twain’s The Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts. In so doing, it reveals the way Twain transposes different traditions of the carnivalesque. The literary “generic contact” with François Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel is overwritten with nonliterary local forms of the carnival like the freak show, the charivari, and the minstrel show. The article argues that while the Rabelaisian tropes destabilize the figures of authority and create a sanguine tone, American carnival reinforces hierarchies and establishes what Mikhail Bakhtin calls “reduced laughter.” As a result of this palimpsesteous carnivalization, the moral questions of evil and answerability emerge. The architectonics of the carn(Evil)esque shifts the focus from the traditional political paradigm of counter-culture/safety-valve in carnival theory to moral, psychological, and existential trajectories. More flexible frameworks like cosmic carnival or the dream serve Twain to question the nature of our reality and to engage us in a process of self-examination.

Black knight NGOs and international disinformation

ABSTRACT Movements based on conspiracy theories and a fundamental rejection of liberal values are on the rise in traditionally democratic societies and those with authoritarian legacies. This article develops a theoretical approach that treats non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that generate and spread disinformation on international critical events as black knight NGOs and draws attention to their role online. We ask: whether and, if so, how disinformation by black knight NGOs spreads and what factors may facilitate this process? Empirically, we build on a case of a Swedish NGO, Swedish Doctors for Human Rights, in the context of the Syrian Civil War using X (formerly, Twitter) data from 2015 to 2019. We show that black knight NGOs can be damaging during critical events when information is scarce and uncertainty prevails. Additionally, they may affect the information ecosystem through two distinct mechanisms of legitimation: claiming authority in a particular subject and utilising legitimacy attributes, that is, appealing to authoritative figures and social roles conducive to forming a positive attitude towards the disinformation they provide. The findings contribute to the literature on non-state actors and their role in international disinformation.

תמורות בחברה הציונית דתית בראי הייעוץ לרווקים

In this article, I compare the findings of two ethnographic studies on prolonged singlehood in the Religious Zionist community. The first was conducted in the 2000s, and the second more recently. In the present article, I examine the changes in guidance and advice for singles offered by Religious Zionist organizations and authority figures. My goal is to explore the developments in this area, which encapsulate various Religious Zionist attitudes and ideologies, and reflect changes in both the worldview and in the ‘lived religion’ of Religious Zionism. The most significant transformation is to do with the search for a partner. During the 2000s, counselors and mentors attempted to expedite the process by making it more ‘rational’, explaining to singles that love is irrational, and they need not ‘fall in love’ with their partner before deciding to marry him/her. However, by the 2020s they were characterizing the search for love as a spiritual journey of self-discovery. In contrast to this transformation, gender essentialism remained a central message conveyed to singles over the past decades. The study also found that counseling in the 2020’s has a more forgiving and accepting attitude towards deviations from halacha in the realm of premarital sex, without abandoning the ideal of shmirat negiah (refraining from touching). The findings indicate that processes of individualization are transforming the discourse among many lecturers and persona within Religious Zionism. These prominent voices reflect the influence of psycho-therapeutic and New Age spiritual discourses, alongside ongoing efforts to offer an alternative to the prevailing feminist discourse on gender. Contrary to prominent claims in the literature that individualization processes in the religious sphere necessarily lead to the adoption of pluralistic views and a loss of belief in divine revelation and absolute truths, the research’s findings point to the existence of religious arenas where individualization occurs even among conservative religious groups.

Engendering equality: Unraveling the influence of family cues on young men's attitudes toward women's rights

AbstractWhat explains the gender gap in support for the protection and advancement of women's rights? We argue that because boys receive less and more delayed information outside the home about gender inequality than girls, the cues boys receive inside the home play an outsized role in their adult attitudes about women's rights. Using a large national survey, we demonstrate that men's attitudes toward women's rights are, in fact, more heavily influenced by the perceived attitudinal norms within their family than are women's. Through a follow‐up survey experiment with a national sample of U.S. teenagers, we explore this further and illustrate that one‐time statements from a single family member shift support for women's rights among young men, but not young women. Importantly, statements from other authority figures do not impact attitudes. Our findings highlight the gendered manner in which familial socialization shapes the gendered attitudes that frame women's lives.

The Light Verse between Philosophy and Sufism: A Comparative Analysis of the Interpretations by Ibn Sīnā and al-Ghazālī

In this article, we will analyze two treatises written from philosophical and Sufi perspectives as interpretations of the Light Verse. They were authored by Ibn Sīnā and Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, two exceptional authoritative scholarly figures of Islamic sciences with a very high representative power with their writings in multiple dimensions of philosophical and Sufi studies. We will examine the epistemological implications of the philosophical and Sufi ontological designs expressed in the treatises. We will comparatively analyze the contents they present concerning the origin and beginning of existence and the relationship between God and all other beings. Throughout our analyses, we will particularly concentrate on the interpretations regarding the following fundamental questions addressed in the treatises: What is the origin and reality of existence? What kind of ontological and epistemological relationships are there between different kinds of beings? Moreover, what kind of ontological and epistemological connections are there between God and man?

‘We can fix this. Let’s get you out of trouble, son’: an analysis of the transitivity and appraisal patterns in the Netflix TV show When They See Us

Abstract The fascination with crime, as evident from its extensive coverage in novels and on television, remains a topic of interest for the general public. This fascination often elicits responses rooted in deeply held values and can significantly impact individuals. Consequently, people’s attitudes toward interrogations, trials, and punishments may be strongly influenced by the discourse surrounding crime as portrayed in fictional texts. The primary objective of this article is to contribute to the body of research that has delved into the influential role of ideology in shaping narratives centred on crime stories. Specifically, through a linguistic analysis of transitivity and appraisal patterns in the first episode of the TV series When They See Us, this study addresses two fundamental research questions: 1) What does a transitivity analysis of process and participant types reveal about the construction of ‘a criminal character’ and how may this contribute to a presupposition of guilt? 2) What can an Appraisal analysis tell us about the evaluative portrayal of ‘a criminal character’ and how may this contribute to a presupposition of guilt? The aim is to provide insights into how the discursive representation of specific social groups, exemplified here by black Hispanic teenagers, simultaneously reflects and influences public perceptions, particularly when the discourse emanates from authoritative figures.

Changes in the Use of Sago Masks in the Kaul Serahang Kakan Ritual in Mukah, Sarawak

The Kaul Festival is a festival rich in traditions, arts, and cultures of the Melanau community in Mukah, Sarawak. The main aspect of the Kaul Festival is the Serahang Kakan Kaul Ritual event, which is the event of offerings to Ipok, which is a cleansing ritual carried out to receive blessings and safety for the community. The usage of ‘Topeng Sagu’ (sago mask) is one of the symbols of the event for ceremonial purposes and posesses high aesthetic value in the culture of the Melanau community. However, with the changes of time and significant increased of modern influence, the function and role of the Melanau sago mask has undergone changes. The objective of this study is to identify the use and changes of the sago masks usage in the Kaul Serahang Kakan Ritual. This research uses an ethnographic approach to obtain necessary data. This research was conducted in Mukah over a period of seven days. The ethnographical approach that are used consists of field studies and literature studies. The field study conducted are to obtain data such as observations, participations and interviews. Observational and participatory methods were used to ensure that the data collected were appropriate for the study. The interview method uses a semi-structured interview technique by interviewing some traditional practitioners and seniors whom are the authoritative figure in the Melanau community. Bibliographic research such as journals, books and printed reports are used to support this research as a secondary material. Primary and secondary data need to undergo a screening process which uses thematic analysis techniques to obtain the correct data accordingly. The results of the study discovered that the Melanau community still celebrates the Kaul Serahang Kakan Ritual ceremony and the use of the Sago Mask are still practiced but there occured changes regarding its use. Currently this ritual not only unites the Melanau community, but also unites various other communities who wishes to share the enjoyment. Kaul Serahang Kakan Ritual has also become a platform to generate their economy and elevate Mukah as a heritage tourism destination. Therefore, this research are expected to be a contribution of knowledge to the young generation of Melanau regarding their customs and identity of the Melanau community. The efforts of preserving and documenting the culture of the Melanau community should be continued as national heritage.

A Factual Analysis of the Fundamentals of the Upanshadic Philosophy

Abstract The Upanishads are ancient texts from India that were composed orally in Sanskrit between about 700 B.C.E and 300 B.C.E. The Upanishads are the Philosophical religious texts of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan Dharma meaning “Eternal order” or “Eternal Path”) which develop and explain the fundamental tenets of the religion. The name is translated as to “sit down closely” as one would to listen attentively to instruction by a teacher or other authority figure, but Upanishad has also been interpreted to mean “secret teaching” or revealing underlying truth”. The truths addressed are the concepts expressed in the religious texts known as the Vedas which orthodox Hindus consider the revealed knowledge of creation and the operation of the Universe. The word Veda means “knowledge and the four Vedas are thought to express the fundamental knowledge of human existence. These works are considered Shruthi in Hinduism meaning “what is heard” as they are thought to have emanated from the vibrations of the universe heard by the sages who composed them orally before they were written down between c.1500-c 500 BCE. The Upanishads are considered the “end of the Vedas” (Vedanta) in that they expand upon, explain and develop the Vedic concepts through narrative dialogues and, in so doing, encourage one to engage with said concepts on personal, spiritual level 180-200 Upanishads but the best known are the 13 which are embedded in the four Vedas known as 1.RigVeda 2.Sama Veda 3.Yajur Veda 4.Atharva Veda

“False teeth too, eh? … False identity too, eh?”: Postcolonial identifications in Dambudzo Marechera’s The House of Hunger

ABSTRACT This article reads a selection of stories from Dambudzo Marechera’s The House of Hunger with a focus on images of teeth. Combining a psychoanalytic model with elements of the abject, it argues that Marechera frequently invokes images of displaced or broken teeth as a physical marker of the psychically fragmented self. It reads Marechera’s use of teeth imagery as a means of dismantling psychoanalytically informed models of identification that rely on fixed identities and participate in a colonial dialectic of recognition. It argues that teeth, which are displaced during moments of identification with authority figures such as parents or soldiers, provide clear examples of the fragmented self that refuses to stay in place or cohere to a singular, fixed identity. As such, these moments of identification can be read as a form of resistance to the colonial structures of apartheid that form the backdrop of much of Marechera’s writing.

Barriers and Enablers in Prehospital Pediatric Analgesia

Objectives Children make up 5–10% of emergency medical services (EMS) transports and are at risk for under-recognition and under-treatment of pain. Prior studies have identified enablers to pediatric analgesia including EMS pediatric analgesia education, agency leadership support, the availability of assistive guides and having positive relationships with online medical control. Prior barriers identified were intravenous (IV) line insertion pain, caregiver concerns, difficulty assessing pain, pain medication safety concerns, unfamiliarity with pediatrics, unwanted attention from authority figures and perceived superiority of hospital care. This study’s objective was to evaluate enablers and barriers to prehospital analgesia for children presenting with traumatic pain after the introduction of intranasal (IN) fentanyl into EMS protocols. Methods Focus groups with EMS clinicians were used to elicit perspectives on pediatric analgesia. EMS clinicians discussed transports of children in pain, decision-making regarding analgesic administration, available resources to treat pain including EMS protocols, patient and family reactions, and ways to improve pediatric oligoanalgesia. Themes were explored until thematic saturation was reached using a deductive approach with open-ended yet structured questions. Results Enablers for pediatric analgesia included longer transports, desire to stabilize the patient, vital signs or injuries suggestive of severe pain, and clinician comfort with and availability of IN pain medication. Barriers to analgesia included concerns that the child was not stable enough for pain medication, avoiding masking symptoms prior to hospital arrival, lack of pediatric experience, lack of access to opiates in some ambulances, poor suspension in ambulances causing difficulty with IV access, patient refusal for an IV, caregivers’ discomfort with opiates and caregivers’ lack of knowledge of available prehospital medications. Focus group themes identified were that there was a lack of experience with pediatric patients, medical control was a helpful resource and training that approximated real-world situations was important. Conclusions New enablers for pediatric analgesia identified were longer transports and EMS clinician comfort with IN pain medications. While many barriers to pediatric analgesia persist, new barriers identified were poor suspension in ambulances causing difficulty with IV access and caregivers’ lack of knowledge of available prehospital medications. Additional EMS pediatric training and experience may improve pediatric oligoanalgesia.

Sexual Assault Gossip: Who Do We Share with and Why?

Despite its bad reputation, gossip plays an important role in communicating and policing the social norms, morals, and values of a community. People are likely to be particularly attuned to gossip that helps solve recurrent adaptive challenges. Among women, sexual assault is a pervasive threat to reproductive choice that exacts serious costs on women's reproductive fitness. Research has demonstrated that women fear sexual assault and are motivated to engage in behaviors to reduce the threat of being victimized. Here we propose that women may gossip about sexual assault as a means of protecting themselves and others. Participants read a series of vignettes describing instances of sexual assault of a female victim and were asked to indicate how likely they would be to share that information with a variety of recipients, and what factors motivated their sharing intentions. Results indicated that, overall, sexual assault gossip was especially likely to be shared with proximal female family and friends, as well as authority figures. Women were more likely to share sexual assault gossip than men, and this gender effect was strongest when sharing gossip with female family and friends. The strongest motivations for sharing gossip were to warn the recipient, damage the reputation of the perpetrator, and check agreement with the recipient, with women being more motivated to damage the perpetrator's reputation than men were. Women who expressed a greater fear of rape were more likely to share the information with all recipients except proximal male friends, and reported stronger motivations to share in order to damage the perpetrator's reputation and check agreement with the recipient. Results are consistent with the idea that women may use gossip to create a whisper-network of information exchange that helps women protect themselves and others.

Children and Adults Hold Leaders as Both Responsible and Entitled

AbstractLeadership hierarchies are one form of social hierarchical relationships that are ubiquitous in human social lives. Little is known about children's perceptions of leadership hierarchies in the context of group collaboration and how these perceptions change with age. Across three studies, we examined these questions in 5–8‐year‐old children (N = 175; 49.14% girls) and adults (N = 79; 53.16% women). Children and adults heard stories about group cooperation involving both resource allocation and labor contributions. Studies 1 and 2 showed that in resource allocation situations, 5–8‐year‐olds and adults expected leaders to take more resources from a joint pool than non‐leaders and expected authoritative figures (i.e., teachers) to allocate more resources to leaders than non‐leaders. In labor contribution situations, where participants were asked who would clean an additional desk, children and adults expected leaders to undertake additional tasks compared to non‐leaders. Study 3 ruled out the possibility that younger children's responses were driven by the social salience of the leader compared to non‐leaders, rather than the leadership status. Overall, these results provide evidence that children and adults hold leaders both as both more responsible and entitled individuals than non‐leaders.

Emotional Stability as a Predictor of Compliance to Authority in Students of Public Junior High School 2 Pare Kediri District

Emotional stability is one of the factors that influence compliance with authority in junior high school students. However, at this time there are many phenomena where students do not obey authority figures at school. Many of the students dare to break the rules, commit acts of violence, oppose, and rebel against the authority enforcers to do things that disturb and disturb the community. This study uses quantitative methods with descriptive correlational research type of cause and effect, using descriptive analysis and simple linear regression. Using simple random sampling techniques in each class VIII SMP Negeri 2 Pare and obtained 201 students as respondents. Data collection was carried out with the help of scales, namely the Emotional Stability Test for Children Scale and the Obedient-Disobedient Tendency Scale. The results of the analysis showed that 96.52% of the subjects had a low level of compliance with authority and 113 subjects had high emotional stability. From the results of hypothesis testing, a significance value of 0.037 <0.05 is obtained, which means that the hypothesis is accepted, it is also known that the R-Square value is 0.022, which means that emotional stability contributes to the emergence of compliance with authority by 2.2%. Keywords: emotional stability, compliance with authority, students

Quantifying social media predictors of violence during the 6 January US Capitol insurrection using Granger causality.

Protests involving brute force are growing in number and are viewed as a likely source of increased collective violence in industrialized nations. Yet, our scientific understanding of how violent protests are related to a leader's social media communications during protests remains nascent. Here, we analyse new data from the 6 January 'march on the US Capitol' to quantify the links between leadership, social media and levels of violence. Using data on thousands of live footage videos, Trump's tweets and rally speech, other rally speeches and #StopTheSteal tweets, we apply Granger regression methods to analyse the links between former President Trump's tweets, #StopTheSteal tweets, rally speeches and the severity and duration of outbreaks of violence and weapons use during the riot. We find that Trump's tweets predict bursts in rioters' levels and duration of violence and weapons use. Trump's tweets also predict changes in the volume and sentiments of #StopTheSteal tweets, which in turn explain additional variance in levels of violence and weapons use over the course of the riot. Our findings reveal new patterns of behaviour that link an authority figure's online behaviour during a protest and the shift from peaceful protesting to violence.