Agency Authority Research Articles

Environmental Conservation Based on Community Empowerment: Case Study in Toba Caldera UNESCO Global Geopark

Toba Caldera UNESCO Global Geopark (TCUGG) has not only geological phenomena of international geological significance value but also has outstanding universal value by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The establishment of TCUGG as a national priority and the Lake Toba Authority Agency is a serious commitment from the government to develop this region. Although it is now a super-priority tourism destination, over the last six decades, the water level of Lake Toba has decreased significantly by 2.4 cm per year from 1957 to 2016. The environmental quality index shows a decline from year to year, and environmental conditions of Lake Toba are already very severe due to various factors. The government and local communities are still running independently for the conservation agenda. This empirical research uses a mixed method of sequential explanation. The main objective of the research is to analyze the determinants of local people's choices to participate in conservation activities in TCUGG. From the research results, the significant factors that determine the local communities' participation in conservation activities are water availability, incentives, suitability of seeds, trust level for the initiator, and the success rate of previous conservation. Society does not need promises or rhetoric, especially for those who have participated before and experienced low success rates. Application of reward and punishment as an incentive for the community to participate in conservation activities and to further encourage their motivation. The main key is to serve the needs of the community in conservation practices.

Tourism and culinary: study of identification & tourism development strategy of Pagerharjo village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency

Pagerharjo Village is one of the villages within the working area of the Borobudur Authority Agency, an agency under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy / Tourism and Creative Economy Agency. Pagerharjo Village is trying to become a tourist village that is able to attract as many tourist visits as possible in order to improve the welfare and standard of living of the community for the better through tourism. Tourism and Culinary: Study of Identification Tourism Development Strategy of Pagerharjo Village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency is a research conducted with the objectives: 1) to find out the description of Pagerharjo village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency as a tourist destination; 2) to find out the description of Pagerharjo village tourism destinations, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency as a tourist destination; and 3) to find out the culinary description of Pagerharjo village, Samigaluh sub-district, Kulonprogo district as a tourist destination. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods with descriptive analysis. Data collection is done by means of literature document study, observation, and interviews. The results showed that Pagerharjo village has several potential tourist attractions, namely Nglinggo tourist village, Nglinggo tea garden, Ngisis Hill, Nglinggo viewing post, and also potential culinary tourism, namely ingkung megono, taro criping, pegagan criping, banana criping, various wedhang spices, traditional roast tea, deplok coffee, and geblek. For the development of the Pagerharjo tourism village, it is recommended that the village government intensify promotional activities and also synergize with all tourism sector stakeholders.

Towards an Automated Approach for Monitoring Tree Phenology Using Vehicle Dashcams in Urban Environments.

Trees in urban environments hold significant value in providing ecosystem services, which will become increasingly important as urban populations grow. Tree phenology is highly sensitive to climatic variation, and resultant phenological shifts have significant impact on ecosystem function. Data on urban tree phenology is important to collect. Typical remote methods to monitor tree phenological transitions, such as satellite remote sensing and fixed digital camera networks, are limited by financial costs and coarse resolutions, both spatially and temporally and thus there exists a data gap in urban settings. Here, we report on a pilot study to evaluate the potential to estimate phenological metrics from imagery acquired with a conventional dashcam fitted to a car. Dashcam images were acquired daily in spring 2020, March to May, for a 2000 m stretch of road in Melksham, UK. This pilot study indicates that time series imagery of urban trees, from which meaningful phenological data can be extracted, is obtainable from a car-mounted dashcam. The method based on the YOLOv3 deep learning algorithm demonstrated suitability for automating stages of processing towards deriving a greenness metric from which the date of tree green-up was calculated. These dates of green-up are similar to those obtained by visual analyses, with a maximum of a 4-day difference; and differences in green-up between trees (species-dependent) were evident. Further work is required to fully automate such an approach for other remote sensing capture methods, and to scale-up through authoritative and citizen science agencies.

The associative approach, a force for progress in a context of Covid-19

The pioneering national association "TousPartenairesCovid" dedicated to Covid long has the singularity of operating in 2.0 and cultivating transversality. In two years, it has built up an unprecedented database based on online surveys, worked with the French National Authority for Health and regional health agencies, and designed digital tools including the "Covid long" adult, child and adolescent referral algorithm in partnership with the French National Health Insurance Fund. Very early on, it proposed positioning the coordination support systems- territorial support platforms as post-Covid cells. Today, its flexibility allows it to address other issues, such as facilitating the return to work of patients with long-standing Covid, or modeling care in medical deserts through hybridization between healthcare professionals and emerging e-health tools.

Special contingent in the USSR coal industry in the 1930s–50s

The article discusses forced labor of the special contingent in the coal industry in the USSR in 1930–1950. The author defines the special contingent (which is a slang word for prisoners of a special category) as a part of the population of the USSR, which existed under tightened inspection from the side of NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) and was subjected to forced and hard manual labor. Historiography offers two views of the subject. The special contingent started from deportation of peasants in the framework of the dekulakization campaign in 1930. The author gives the size of the special settlers by the nationalities and social status categories. The manpower of the coal industry in the 1930s and 1940s is also specified. It was 471208 people in 1940. The special contingent was off the official statistics, and NKVD kept its own record of human resources. The issue of the deported Germans, their number and labor is addressed. For instance, in 1949 almost 100 thousand Germans worked in the coal sector. The special contingent had a certain internal structure categorized into criminal prisoners, deported Germans, prisoners of war, former rich peasants (kulaks), etc. The author emphasizes that contribution made by the special contingent to the total coal production was immense in some coal mining regions and reached 60–70 % in the overall coal output in the 1930s. The author illustrates the severe living and working conditions of the special contingent under absolute indifference, hostility and suppression of the outrage upon justice on the part of all agencies of authority. Sometimes the situation got little better. Ex-managers of mines accentuated that the special settlers always worked with full dedication and heroically even in the worst conditions. Seven special settlers became the Heroes of the Social Labor. The article raises a point on the general contribution of the special settlers in production. In 1950 the size of the manpower in the whole industry in the USSR was 18 million people, while the size of the special contingent was under 2 million people. Their contribution to the overall production was 10–11 %. The system of the GULAG collapsed sweepingly in the late 1940s–early 1 950s. The author lays emphasis on the lessons learnt from the phenomenon of the special settlements, particularly, on the scale of the inter-ethnic relationship in modern Russia. As one of the conclusions says, without the forced labor, the coal industry, that loco of economy, had no chance to meet the challenges the USSR faced that time.

Risk-based approach in food safety monitoring: algorithms for chemical pollutants ranking

A risk-based approach in food safety monitoring suggests that the number analysis of contaminants and (or) products depends on the risk caused by product contamination, first of all for consumer health and economic (prevention of unsafe products realization). Risk-oriented sampling, planning and assignment of studies can be opposed with representative, aimed at obtaining reliable information about the contamination of the main types of products and conducted taking into account the requirements of mathematical statistics. The core of the various risk-based approaches as a rule is the ranking of contaminants/groups of contaminants and combinations of «contaminant-product» according to the risk degree. Ranking algorithms may be subdivided into qualitative (verbal characteristics) and quantitative (scores estimation). Algorithms for food chemical contaminants ranking proposed by authority agencies of the most successful in food safety countries are reviewed in this paper. The proposed approaches have a certain (sometimes limited) scope of application and provide scientifically based data for enhance compound control, unite toxicological characteristics, consumption, identification, and other information about xenobiotics. A serious limitation of the ranking effectiveness may be missing data of veterinary drugs (antibiotics) residues below maximum permissible level. There are additional but important criteria for health risk, the ability of drugs to cause pathogenic microorganisms’ resistance for the example.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS KEWENANGAN HAK ANGKET DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT TERHADAP KOMISI PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI

The authority of the supervisory agency in writing this article, is focused on the authority of the DPR as a supervisory agency in overseeing the performance of other state institutions, by reviewing the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2014 concerning MD3 (MPR, DPR, DPD, and DPRD), Law No. Number 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), and the decision of the Constitutional Court (constitutional court) number 36/PUU-XV/2017. The research in this paper emphasizes the authority of the DPR in providing questionnaires to the KPK. The research method in this paper is a normative juridical approach with a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. The purpose of the research is simply to find out the provisions and regulations regarding the authority of the supervisory agency and to examine from a legal aspect the authority of the DPR as a supervisory agency in providing questionnaires to the KPK as an independent state institution. In carrying out their duties and authorities, they are independent and free from any power. The main results of the research can be concluded that the authority of the DPR as a state institution has three functions, namely, the legislative function, the budget function, and the supervisory function as stated in Article 20A paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, and in carrying out these functions the DPR is also supported by several rights, namely, the right of interpellation, the right of inquiry, and the right to express an opinion, which are also stated in Article 20A paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, but based on law number 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), it is explained that the KPK is an institution independent country. The authority of the DPR as a supervisory agency in supervising state institutions, in this study the DPR gave a questionnaire to the KPK on a case that was considered important, strategic, and had a broad impact on the Indonesian people and nation.

Strategi Pengelolaan Air Terjun Madakaripura Kabupaten Probolinggo Jawa Timur

Madakaripura Waterfall as the highest waterfall in Java Island has shown an increase number of tourists visit every year, however there are still many problems such as lack of facilities, accessibility and quality of human resources. This problem makes research on management strategy at Madakaripura Waterfall important to do. The research aimed to identify the existing conditions of tourist attraction, then the motivates and obstacles for the management and management strategy that will be carried out by stakeholders. This research used qualitative descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis techniques. Data collection was done by observation, interviews, documentation and literature studies. The results showed that the position of Madakaripura Waterfall based on Tourism Area Life Cycle theory is in involvement stage. The motivation behind the management are strengths and opportunities and the obstacle for management are weaknesses and threats. The management strategies by stakeholders are planning, organization, actuating and controlling. From the management strategy by stakeholders, this study offers a new management strategy for consideration and suggestions by the SO, WO, ST, and WT strategy which are compiled as follows: dig and use the potential of Madakaripura Waterfall, designing attractive and affordable tour packages to welcome tourists in the new normal era, the necessity of authority agency to synergize both managers, create strict penalty for local people, improving the quality of human resources, improving mitigation and pay attention to the quality of service for tourists.
 Keywords: madakaripura waterfall, natural tourist attraction, management strategy.

Antitrust Regulation in the Field of IP of MNEs in the New Era: Starting with the Patent Tying Behaviour from the Perspective of Comparative Law

With the vigorous development of patented technology, the problem of some large multinational enterprises implementing monopoly behaviour by abusing intellectual property rights such as patent tying is becoming more and more prominent. This has had a great impact on fair market competition, especially in those developing countries. Combined with the regulation of China’s Antitrust Law and other legal systems on this issue at the present stage, and based on the analysis of its imperfections, this paper explores the excellent achievements in international attempts such as the principle of the rationality of the United States and the comprehensive analysis method of the European Union. In the context of TRIPS, countries all over the world need to pay close attention to how to regulate the monopoly caused by the abuse of intellectual property rights, including patent tying. It is concluded that to better resist the monopoly of abusing intellectual property rights and develop the new driving force of a domestic innovative economy, China needs to start with the substantive concept and clarify the clear meaning, definition standards, and rank order of relevant legal concepts and systems. It also needs to up special authoritative law enforcement agencies to regulate the monopoly of multinational enterprises abusing intellectual property rights, innovate their punishment methods, strengthen the punishment, and better ensure fair market competition.

Integrated tourism policy: The Buffer area development impact of Borobudur world heritage

This article addresses the development policy practice by the Borobudur Authority Agency. The policy can synchronize different autonomous local government policies and avoid conflictual approaches to its neighborhoods. Even though a top-down policy may reduce the creativity of local governments to develop their tourism programs, this research shows the impact of the integrated tourism policy of the Borobudur National Tourism Strategic Area benefited accelerating tourism development. The economic impact on the surrounding community is creating job opportunities and increasing people’s financial revenue. The effects on the social dimension show that tourism development activities under borderless policy sites increase interaction and bonds among communities and preserve the cultures and folklores within the research sites that are administratively separated regions. When viewed from the environmental aspect, tourism development activities have implemented a sustainable approach by applying nomadic tourism concepts and building construction that does not damage the soil structure. By informing those impacts, this paper suggests newsworthiness as a guiding principle to communicate the successful implementation of a public policy.

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING AGROPRENEURS’ INTENTION USING TPB: A STUDY OF FERTIGATION PROGRAMME IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Malaysia has been continuously practicing the fertigation system, which is applying fertiliser solutions with irrigation water, typically through a micro-sprinkler or a drip system. This system has helped numerous small and medium-scale agropreneurs (agriculture entrepreneur) develop constant business. At a larger scale, fertigation is a means to address food security issues. Many small and medium-scale agropreneurs apply fertigation techniques in their crop cultivation. What are the underlying factors that cause them to continue using these techniques in their cultivation practices? To what extent do their intentions in crop production using fertigation techniques measured? This study sought to investigate the factors that affect small and medium-scale agropreneurs’ intention to continue practicing fertigation techniques in their agricultural activities. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examined 319 small and medium-scale agropreneurs’ intentions and the moderating effect of personality traits under Farmer’s Organization Authority (FOA) agency. The results revealed that the interests of FOA participants were determined significantly by subjective norms and personality traits while attitude, perceived behavioral control did not affect their intentions. Household income, number of household, age and education similarly provides significant effect of the agropreneurs’ intention. The findings of this study lead to the success of the fertigation program conducted and can further maximise the application of this technique to the cultivation of diverse crops. Additionally, the framework used can be adapted in various agricultural subsectors such as crop production, animal production, fisheries and agribusiness .Keywords: Intention, personality traits, small and medium scale agropreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurship, attitude, Theory of Planned Behavior

Potensi Pengembangan Wisata Edukasi Berbasis Community Based Tourism di Desa Wisata Ngargoretno

Community participation in a tourist village has a major influence on its development as a tourist attraction. The concept of Ngargoretno Village as an edutourism village requires the active role of the community in advancing and developing the existing natural and human potential, so that tourism activities in the village have a positive impact on the prosperity and progress of the village and society. The research was conducted using qualitative research methods, with data collection using structured interviews with tourism village managers, surrounding communities, village governments and tourists. The results showed that the Tourism Village of Ngargoretno can be categorized as educational tourism, because the attractions in the form of tourism and education at the tourist attraction of the Etawa Goat Farm and Manoreh Red Marble Hill have a high educational content. In addition to attractions in the form of edutourism, aspects of tourism products that are already good are accessibility and ancilieries services, while the amenity aspect, namely tourism supporting facilities, needs to be increased in quantity and pay attention to its condition. The Ngargoretno Village community plays an active role in the management and development of tourist villages. namely the community, forming and joining BUMDes POKDARWIS, as well as LPP. In developing the role of the community, training is also given in managing the tourism village business. The training was carried out in collaboration with the Borobudur Authority Agency (BOB), and Educational Institutions.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Motivation and Performance in Selected Public Sector Organizations

Effective Transformational leadership drives an organization’s members to achieve a common purpose. Leaders must influence followers to work to achieve a common vision. Leaders understand their values and the values of their followers. In other to guide and direct behavior. Motivation skills required by managers to impact positively on the performance of employees.
 This study assesses the impact of Transformational leadership on employee motivation and performance. The scope of the study is limited to selected public sector organizations; organizations as; Ghana Standard Authority (GSA), Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The sample consisted of employees of the above-mentioned organizations. A total of 69 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The study found that two of the variables of Transformational leadership that is, inspirational leadership and intellectual stimulation have a strong positive and significant impact on employee motivation whiles the other two variables which are charismatic leadership and individualized consideration have a negative impact on employee motivation. Simply put, fifty percent (50%) of Transformational leadership have a positive impact on employee motivation.
 The study also found that charismatic leadership is the best predictor of employee performance than employee motivation. For public sector organizations to obtain highest employee performance and motivation, managers should use inspirational, intellectual stimulation and charismatic leadership styles of transformational leadership.
 For an organization to gain the competitive edge in its respective industry, needs among other things transformational leaders who would use their charisma, inspirational abilities and intellectual stimulation to motive their followers to obtain employee highest performance for the enhancement of a high productivity to achieve the organizational goals.

Chaos to Clarity: Pragmatic Approaches to Overcome Challenges for Successful Implementation of Additional Risk Minimisation Measures in the European Union and the UK by a Marketing Authorisation Holder.

Most national competent authorities issue guidance on the dissemination and implementation of additional risk minimisation measures (aRMMs), like the European Medicines Agency. However, national competent authorities guidance includes additional regulatory requirements, the reasons for which are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify significant barriers to risk management implementation and methodological challenges encountered by local safety managers in the European Union and the UK owing to differences in country-specific regulations and regional national competent authorities guidance. The European Medicines Agency and national competent authorities guidance for each of the aRMM programme's formative components were compared. A survey was conducted to ascertain the challenges encountered by local safety managers throughout the implementation phases and the responses analysed. Twenty-seven national guidance documents were compared with the European Medicines Agency's guidance, and it was observed that national competent authorities provide additional aRMM dissemination and implementation parameters for the format and layout of aRMM, translation requirements, guidance on aRMM content, submission requirements, monitoring parameters and aRMM update requirements, among others. The survey was completed by 11 out of 21 local safety managers (52.38%). Eight local safety managers rated submission of an implementation plan as the most challenging aspect. Multiple national competent authorities requests, frequent updates, and delayed approval impacted planning and implementation, resulting in modifications and delays. Moreover, the study discovered that managing frequent version updates of digital aRMMs was challenging, and most national competent authorities neglected the post-implementation phase activities. Further, most local safety managers followed both the local and global processes to maintain documentation of aRMM implementation. It was evident that the European Medicines Agency and national competent authorities empower marketing authorisation holders to implement and disseminate aRMM materials tailored to their local healthcare settings. However, this poses a challenge for marketing authorisation holders because of a lack of clarity in guidance in executing an aRMM programme and an added burden of complying with both European Medicines Agency and national competent authority requirements.

The impact of audit committee characteristics, financial performance, and listing age on greenhouse gas emission disclosures of highly emitted industry in Indonesia

Greenhouse gas or carbon emissions produced by manufacturing operations and other highly emitted industries are causes of global warming. Therefore, either in the sustainability reporting or in the corporate social and environmental reporting section, as stated in the annual report, the company usually discloses its activities related to carbon emission handling for sustainable business. In Indonesia, however, the extent of carbon emission disclosures is voluntary. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of audit committee characteristics, financial performance, and listing age on carbon emissions reporting of highly emitted companies in Indonesia. Audit committee characteristics were measured by the number of audit committee members and the number of audit committee meetings, while Altman financial distress model measured financial performance. A checklist based on the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) evaluated the greenhouse gas emissions disclosures. This study uses 99 companies of highly emitted industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the number of audit committee meetings positively affects the greenhouse gas emissions report. The result suggests that the more active the audit committee in the company in conducting meetings, the higher the company’s incentives to disclose carbon emission in the company’s annual report or the sustainability reporting. The study provides insight into the regulation released by the capital market authority agency regarding strengthening factors that may influence listed companies to report their carbon emission.

ASSESSMENT OF PEOPLE CRITERIA IN PUBLIC SECTOR: A TALE DOCUMENTED THROUGH LENS OF CAF

Growing trends such as globalization, internationalization, and diversity management have increased the use of HRM practices in the South Asian region. In the recent past, various reform initiatives taking place have propelled the public sector HRM in an opportunistic direction. HRM in Pakistan is still passing through a preliminary phase. The culture in Pakistan's public sector organization is highly centralized and bureaucratic with political interference on practices. It is a descriptive study framed in a mixed-method approach. A comparative analysis has been conducted of three semi-autonomous state-owned enterprises of Pakistan which are Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), and Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL). The current research's theoretical bases are taken from the revised version of CAF 2013 model by the European Institute of Public Administration. The research objectives are twofold: To study the people criterion of CAF in WAPDA, WASA and SNGPL, and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of these enterprises required to identify areas of improvement. The qualitative data will be collected through 45 in-depth interviews; analyzed through thematic analysis. The quantitative data is analyzed through scores given by interviewers and documentary secondary evidence. The current research will be significant as it will assist other public sector organizations in using quality management techniques and improve the performance of their organizations by following the footsteps of WAPDA, WASA, and SNGPL. Keywords: HRM system; Pakistan; Common Assessment Framework; Public sector. JEL Codes: M10; O15

Признаки иммунитета от уголовного преследования и его виды

Abstract: Relevance of the research topic. In the Russian Federation, the equality of all persons before the law and the courts is enshrined at the constitutional level. At the same time, it is well known that there are several types of immunity available in criminal proceedings according to the law (in particular, immunity from criminal prosecution, immunity from the application of a number of measures of criminal procedure compulsion, witness immunity). Immunity from prosecution occupies a special place among procedural immunities since it requires additional procedures to address the key and the most universal issue of bringing a person to justice. As an exception to the general rules of the uniform criminal procedure, the law establishes specific criminal proceedings for some categories of persons performing certain types of public legal activities (see chapter 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the features of those persons are not universal. Therefore, there is a need to examine the concept of immunity from prosecution and to classify its types.
 Problem setting. Chapter 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure defines the specifics of judicial proceedings in relation to a very wide range of persons. In respect to some persons, the initiation of a criminal case may be carried out only by the senior investigative authorities. The question arises whether this feature can be considered immunity from criminal prosecution, and if not, what are the essential features of this immunity. Furthermore, immunity from criminal prosecution should be classified, since the court proceedings vary markedly depending on the type of immunity. In the science of criminal procedure, these aspects have not received due attention. Commonly, any complications in the course of the criminal procedure described in chapter 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are declared immunity from criminal prosecution, which does not correspond to the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
 Research objectives and methods. The purpose of the study is to define the essential signs of immunity
 from criminal prosecution and to classify its types.
 The objectives of the study are to explore the legal nature of immunity from criminal prosecution and distinguish the types of immunity according to different grounds.
 The methodological basis of the study is the universal dialectical-materialistic method, as well as the general scientific methods of theoretic inquiry: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal-legal method.
 Results and key findings. Immunity from criminal prosecution entails a decision to prosecute the person with immunity only with the permission of the competent public authority, usually within the legislative or judicial branch of power. Immunity guarantees a certain procedure for obtaining such consent, that grants significant rights to the person in question. Due to the mentioned circumstances, the complication of proceedings limited solely to the initiation of criminal proceedings by the superior authority of the investigative agency cannot be considered immunity from criminal prosecution. This immunity is granted to persons expressly specified in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Its provision to other persons is fundamentally permissible accounting for the restrictions contained in the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk: Results from the NutriNet-Santé population-based cohort study.

The food industry uses artificial sweeteners in a wide range of foods and beverages as alternatives to added sugars, for which deleterious effects on several chronic diseases are now well established. The safety of these food additives is debated, with conflicting findings regarding their role in the aetiology of various diseases. In particular, their carcinogenicity has been suggested by several experimental studies, but robust epidemiological evidence is lacking. Thus, our objective was to investigate the associations between artificial sweetener intakes (total from all dietary sources, and most frequently consumed ones: aspartame [E951], acesulfame-K [E950], and sucralose [E955]) and cancer risk (overall and by site). Overall, 102,865 adults from the French population-based cohort NutriNet-Santé (2009-2021) were included (median follow-up time = 7.8 years). Dietary intakes and consumption of sweeteners were obtained by repeated 24-hour dietary records including brand names of industrial products. Associations between sweeteners and cancer incidence were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, height, weight gain during follow-up, diabetes, family history of cancer, number of 24-hour dietary records, and baseline intakes of energy, alcohol, sodium, saturated fatty acids, fibre, sugar, fruit and vegetables, whole-grain foods, and dairy products. Compared to non-consumers, higher consumers of total artificial sweeteners (i.e., above the median exposure in consumers) had higher risk of overall cancer (n = 3,358 cases, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.13 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.25], P-trend = 0.002). In particular, aspartame (HR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.28], P = 0.002) and acesulfame-K (HR = 1.13 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.26], P = 0.007) were associated with increased cancer risk. Higher risks were also observed for breast cancer (n = 979 cases, HR = 1.22 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.48], P = 0.036, for aspartame) and obesity-related cancers (n = 2,023 cases, HR = 1.13 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.28], P = 0.036, for total artificial sweeteners, and HR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.32], P = 0.026, for aspartame). Limitations of this study include potential selection bias, residual confounding, and reverse causality, though sensitivity analyses were performed to address these concerns. In this large cohort study, artificial sweeteners (especially aspartame and acesulfame-K), which are used in many food and beverage brands worldwide, were associated with increased cancer risk. These findings provide important and novel insights for the ongoing re-evaluation of food additive sweeteners by the European Food Safety Authority and other health agencies globally. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03335644.

Politik Hukum Kewenangan Badan Pengawasan Pemilihan Umum

The purpose of writing this article is to analyze every birth of General Election Law against The General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) authorities. The existence of the election supervisor institution from time to time has been more independent and more integrated from the terms of political law. This research uses a juridical normative research methode which use statutory approach, conceptual approach, and historical approach. The results of this article indicates that the current Bawaslu institution that has been regulated in Law No. 22 of 2007, Law No. 15 of 2011, and Law No. 7 of 20017 is much better from the terms of its institutional nature which is already fixed at central Bawaslu level, provincial Bawaslu level and currently there are regency/city Bawaslu level, which previously were only ad hoc. The authority Bawaslu has been strengthened with a dispute resolution authority, that is an important authority as the general election supervisory agency

OWNERSHIP AND ACCESS ON BEACH: A CASE STUDY ON AVANI SEPANG GOLD COAST, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Private beach is a global practice in enhancing tourism industry activity but relatively new concept in Malaysia. While tourism is under responsibility of the federal government, utilization and use of land belong to state authority’s power and control pursuant to Federal Constitution 1957. This including land consist of beach pursuant to National Land Code 1965. However, Malaysia is yet to have specific statutory governance on beach or coastal. This paper focuses on State of Selangor government practice in land administration regarding practice of private ownership existence on beach. It will discuss on the government’s reason, present administration and management for the practice and uptake on public access to private owned beach. A qualitative methodology has been adopted by using case study strategy on AVANI Sepang Gold Coast (SGC), Bagan Lalang, Sepang, Selangor. Data has gathered through document analysis and semi-structured interviews on purposive key informants including local authority and state agency representatives. It was found that the practice of ‘private beach’ in Selangor exist through state land alienation and transfer process to ‘joint venture’ entity which include state agency for ‘eco-tourism’ redevelopment in Bagan Lalang’s coastal area which comprises of soil land, beach land and water. This practice was found in line with State of Selangor government guideline on ‘Pekeliling Pengarah Tanah Dan Galian Selangor Bilangan 14/2010: Panduan Pemberimilikan Tanah Dasar Laut Bagi Tujuan Pembangunan Di Atas Dasar Air Di Negeri Selangor.’ Further findings were explained in SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis. To conclude, key informants agree this complex issue requires intense caution when considering the implications, models, and administrative processes associated for beach redevelopment and sustainable.